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The Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (not "institute; abbreviated AdTI) is a Washington, D.C.-based commercial think-tank and consultancy that produces reports at the behest of its sponsors. It is named after the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville. AdTI's reports are intended primarily to influence legislators, and are also sometimes used by newspaper editors and talk show hosts. Founded in 1988, its president is Ken Brown and its chairman is Gregory Fossedal. It has 14 staff researchers. Flag Seal Nickname: the District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ...
A think tank is a research institute or other organization providing advice and ideas on problems of policy, commerce, and military interest, and are often associated with military laboratories, corporations, academia, or other institutions. ...
Management consulting is the process of helping companies to improve or transform themselves. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Kenneth P. Brown, Jr. ...
Gregory Fossedal is the chairman of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI). ...
It is well known for publishing research supporting the tobacco industry. Its detractors claim that the AdTI is a freelance "astroturfing" organization and that these reports are written at the behest of its financial backers and various lobbyists. A freelancer or (freelance worker) is a self-employed person working in a profession or trade in which full-time employment is also common. ...
In American politics and advertising, the term astroturfing describes formal public relations projects which deliberately seek to engineer the impression of spontaneous, grassroots behavior. ...
Lobbying is the practice of private advocacy with the goal of influencing a governing body, in order to ensure that an individuals or organizations point of view is represented in the government. ...
Funding sources
The AdTI refuses to reveal its backers and funding streams. 2002, Greg Fossedal stated, "it isn't our general policy to discuss who does and doesn't fund de Tocqueville, except in the case of qualified press or public officials who are willing to make symmetrical disclosures." (communication with David Skoll of Roaring Penguin Software)
Ken Brown summarized the Institution's funding policy: "We don't talk about money with anybody ... but we'll accept money from anybody." (LinuxInsider, 19 May 2004)
Brown later denied influence from the Institution's backers: "I publish what I think and that's it. I don't work for anybody's PR machine." (ZDNet, 20 May 2004)
As reported by MediaTransparency, the AdTI's backers from 1988 to 2002 include: MediaTransparency is a project which monitors the financial ties of Conservative groups. ...
Projects funded include: The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is a large and influential right-wing foundation with about half a billion US dollars in assets. ...
The Koch Family Foundations, consisting of the David H. Koch Foundation, the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, and the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, are a major funder of libertarian and free market-oriented institutions. ...
The Carthage Foundation is one of the American Scaife Foundations. ...
- numerous grants from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation "to support education-reform research and activities";
- a number of grants to support the Teacher Choice Project;
- $50,000 in 2000 to "support research on teacher unions and education reform" from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation;
- in 1998, $168,750 from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation and the John M. Olin Foundation "to support research and writing on new tactics of U.S. progressive movement in the Post-Cold War era";
- A total of $30,000 in 1995 and 1996 from the John M. Olin Foundation for "the Action Plan for Defense Privatization, conducted by the Committee for the Common Defense";
- In 1998 $5,000 from the John M. Olin Foundation to "support promotion for The Democratic Century, a book by Gregory Fossedal."
The Capital Research Center reports funding by the Fannie Mae Foundation, the AT&T Foundation, and the Amoco Foundation. Progressive Movement is the term used to refer collectively to several various movements around the world that adhere to progressivism. ...
Privatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or, especially in India, disinvestment) is the process of transferring property from public ownership to private ownership and/or transferring the management of a service or activity from the government to the private sector. ...
Gregory Fossedal is the chairman of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI). ...
Capital Research Center or CRC was founded in 1984 by Willa Johnson, former Senior Vice President of the Heritage Foundation, Deputy Director of the Office of Presidential Personnel in the first Reagan administration, and as a legislative aide in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. ...
Microsoft and Linux The AdTI rose to notoriety with a controversial book (funded by Microsoft) that claimed that Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux, had stolen source code from Professor Andrew Tanenbaum. Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is an international computer technology corporation with 2005 global annual sales of US$42. ...
Linus Benedict Torvalds (born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish software engineer best known for initiating the development of Linux. ...
Linux (also known as GNU/Linux) is a computer operating system. ...
Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ...
Andrew S. Tanenbaum Andrew Stuart Andy Tanenbaum (born 1944) is the head of Department of Computer Systems, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands. ...
This claim has been repeatedly refuted by Professor Andrew Tanenbaum and by independent source code analysis. It has also published reports attacking Linux and open source software. Tanenbaum, an operating systems theorist, produced an account of how the institution wrote a book about the history of Unix. [1]. Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ...
Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ...
An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer. ...
Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas McIlroy. ...
Microsoft has been one of the Institution's backers for five years, although a Microsoft spokesman said they had not funded any specific research [2]. Microsoft funds several think tanks, including the American Enterprise Institute, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Heritage Foundation and the Cato Institute. [3] [4] The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research is a conservative think tank founded in 1943 whose stated mission is to support the foundations of freedom - limited government, private enterprise, vital cultural and political institutions, and a strong foreign policy and national defense. ...
The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is a Washington, D.C.-based foreign policy think tank. ...
The Heritage Foundation, a think tank located in Washington, D.C., is an influential public policy research institute whose stated mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. ...
The Cato Institute is a large libertarian, non-profit public policy research foundation (think tank) headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and...
Open source and Linux The AdTI is known for publishing a series of studies beginning in 2002 on the theme of intellectual property in the software industry. The Institution's reputation among free software advocates suffered when it emerged that it had obtained funding from Microsoft concurrent with authoring Opening the Open Source Debate (June 2002), a report critical of Microsoft's open-source rivals. This report claimed that open source software was inherently less secure than proprietary software and hence a particular target for terrorists. In law, intellectual property (IP) is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain types of information, ideas, or other intangibles in their expressed form. ...
Computer security is a field of computer science concerned with the control of risks related to computer use. ...
Proprietary software is software that has restrictions on using and copying it, usually enforced by a proprietor. ...
Terrorism refers to the use of violence for the purpose of achieving a political, religious, or ideological goal. ...
These studies culminated in Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code (prereleased May 2004, but unreleased as of November 2004), questioning the generally accepted provenance of Linux and other open source projects, and recommending that government-funded programming should never be licensed under the GNU General Public License but under the BSD license or similar simple permissive licenses. Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the Source of Open Source Code is a book by Kenneth Brown, which was prereleased in May 2004 and was to be published later that year by the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI). ...
2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The GNU logo Wikisource has original text related to this article: GNU General Public License The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a widely-used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. ...
The BSD license is a permissive license and is one of the most widely used free software licenses. ...
The book claims that Linus Torvalds used source code taken from Minix, a small Unix-like operating system used in teaching computer science, to create Linux 0.01, on the theory that no mere student could write an entire Unix-like kernel single-handedly — although writing a kernel of similar size and capabilities is a standard part of many computer science degrees. These claims have been seriously questioned, including by many of those quoted in support, such as Andrew S. Tanenbaum, author of Minix; Dennis Ritchie, one of the creators of Unix; and Richard Stallman, leader of the GNU project. Others have said that quotes attributed as being from an "interview with AdTI" were in fact from prerelease papers (Ilkka Tuomi) or from messageboard posts (Charles Mills, Henry Jones). Alexey Toptygin said he had been commissioned by Brown to find similarities between Minix and Linux 0.01 source code, and found no support for the theory that Minix source code had been used to create Linux; this study is not mentioned in the book. Minix is an open source, Unix-like operating system based on a microkernel architecture. ...
A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ...
An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer. ...
Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...
In computer science, the kernel is the core piece of most operating systems. ...
Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...
Dr. Andrew Stuart Andy Tanenbaum (born 1944) is a professor of Computer Science at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam in the Netherlands. ...
Ken Thompson (left) with Dennis Ritchie (right) Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (born September 9, 1941) is a computer scientist notable for his influence on ALTRAN, B, BCPL, C, Multics, and Unix. ...
Richard Matthew Stallman (frequently abbreviated to RMS) (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU Project, and the Free Software Foundation. ...
Ilkka Tuomi - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
After the technical press gave the book a month of almost universal derision, Microsoft also repudiated it in mid-June, a spokesman calling it "an unhelpful distraction from what matters most — providing the best technology for our customers." (WSJ, 14 June 2004)
Unfazed by the response to Samizdat, the AdTI was preparing a new study in November 2004, tentatively titled Intellectual Property Left, to argue that "the IT industry sector's reluctance to pursue rampant IP infringement against public domain software developers and users is going to precipitate billions of dollars in balance sheet downgrades by Wall Street." [5]
The later papers stand in contrast to the Institution's 2000 paper, The Market Place Should Rule on Technology, which discusses Linux as a direct competitor to Microsoft Windows. ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ...
Tobacco industry work As part of the 1998 Tobacco Settlement Agreement, the Philip Morris corporation released millions of pages of documents concerning their operations. These detail how, after the Environmental Protection Agency moved in 1993 to have second-hand tobacco smoke declared a carcinogen, Philip Morris hired the AdTI to campaign against the move. This resulted in the 1994 paper Science, Economics, and Environmental Policy: A Critical Examination. Altria Group, Inc. ...
EPA redirects here. ...
Tobacco smoking is the act of smoking tobacco products, especially cigarettes and cigars. ...
In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. ...
In 1994, part of the Clinton administration's health plan proposed an increase in cigarette sales tax from 24¢ a packet to 99¢ a packet. Merrick Carey, then president of the AdTI, put a plan to Philip Morris whereby, for $30,000 a month, the Institution would conduct a campaign for them. The AdTI presented itself as a "bipartisan" economic think tank presenting an analysis of the Clinton plan, nowhere mentioning they were directly hired by Philip Morris to oppose the tax increase. William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...
A lit cigarette A full ashtray. ...
A sales tax is a tax on consumption. ...
Tobaccodocuments.org [6] contains a number of searchable documents produced as court discovery linking AdTI to Lorillard and Phillip Morris corporations. AdTI is linked to Dr. Fred Singer in the tobacco documents [7], the Cooler Heads Coalition [8], Consumer Alert [9], Heartland Institute [10] [11] and the Competitive Enterprise Institute [12] [13] [14]. Lorillard Tobacco Company is an American tobacco company which holds a significant share of the American tobacco market. ...
Siegfried Frederick Singer (born September 27, 1924 in Vienna) is an atmospheric physicist. ...
The Cooler Heads Coalition is a sub-group of the National Consumer Coalition, formed May 6, 1997. ...
Consumer Alert is a term used in TV news broadcasts, to designate a report which involves dangerous products or scams. ...
The Heartland Institute is a free-market oriented public policy think tank based in Chicago. ...
The Competitive Enterprise Institute is a non-profit public policy organization founded in 1984, funded by donations from corporations, foundations and individuals. ...
Education The AdTI has produced a considerable number of papers on education policy. It runs a program called the Teacher Choice Project, advocating vouchers for education and marking unions as bad for teachers. Most of these were produced during 2000 and 2001. A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...
Defense When the B-2 bomber program was threatened in 1995, the AdTI organised a letter to President Bill Clinton signed by seven former Pentagon chiefs: Dick Cheney, Caspar Weinberger, Frank Carlucci, Harold Brown, James Schlesinger, Donald Rumsfeld and Melvin Laird [15]. A pre-9/11 view of The Pentagon, looking east with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in the distance. ...
Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is the 46th Vice President of the United States, serving under the President George W. Bush. ...
Caspar Weinberger in his official Department of Defence publicity photo circa 1983. ...
Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18, 1930) was a government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party. ...
Harold Brown is the name of several notable people: Harold P. Brown, inventor of the electric chair, a form of capital punishment used in the United States as a predecessor of the fatal injection. ...
James Rodney Schlesinger (born 15 February 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1974 under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. ...
Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is currently serving as the 21st United States Secretary of Defense, since January 20, 2001, under President George W. Bush. ...
Melvin Robert Laird (born September 1, 1922) was a Republican congressman from Wisconsin who served as Richard Nixons Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973. ...
Staff (2004) - Ken Brown, President
- Mike Gravel, Chairman
- Gregory Fossedal, Chairman
- Chris Cox, Co-Chairman, AdTI Board of Advisors
- John Norquist, Co-Chairman, AdTI Board of Advisors
- Gordon Macklin, Co-Chairman, Market History Research Program
- Robert Toricelli, Co-Chairman, IMF Assessment Project
- Donald Payne, Co-Chairman, Opportunity Africa
- Alveda King, Senior Fellow, Education Policy and Civil Rights
- Becky Norton Dunlop, Director, Democracy and the Environment Research Program
- David Kirkpatrick, Fellow, Education Policy
- Dan Evans, Teacher Choice Fellow
- Don Koniezco, Teacher Choice Fellow
- Marilyn Ketter Rittmeyer, Teacher Choice Fellow
- Sahir Zuberi, Webmaster
- Dan Buck Board member
- Sita Mazumder, Director
- Philip Peters
- Merrick Carey Alexis de Tocqueville Institution former president
- Cesar Conda executive director of AdTI, currently on Board of Empower America.
- Jack Kemp Co-Chairman, Alexis de Tocqueville Institution and Co-Director, Empower America
Addresses: 1611 N. Kent Street room 901, Arlington, VA 22209 (almost the same as the Emerging Markets Group) Kenneth P. Brown, Jr. ...
Maurice Robert Gravel (born May 13, 1930 in Springfield, Massachusetts), better known as Mike Gravel, was a Democratic U.S. Senator from Alaska for two terms, from 1969 to 1981. ...
Gregory Fossedal is the chairman of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI). ...
Chris Cox For other people named Chris Cox, see Chris Cox (disambiguation). ...
John Olof Norquist (born October 22, 1949) is an American politician and 37th mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. ...
Gordon S. Macklin was born (~1928) in Cleveland. ...
Donald Milford Payne (b. ...
Dr. Alveda C. King-Tookes is the niece of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ...
David Gordon Slim Dusty Kirkpatrick, OBE (June 13, 1927—September 19, 2003) was an iconic Australian country music singer and songwriter. ...
Dan Evans is the name of at least three individuals: Daniel J. Evans, former Governor of Washington, former United States Senator, former President of The Evergreen State College Dan Evans, a baseball executive, presently with the Seattle Mariners Daniel Evans is a 25 year old New Zealand based entrepreneur (presently...
Jack Kemp Jack French Kemp, Jr. ...
External links SourceWatchs former logo features a magnifying glass through which its previous name, somewhat distorted, can be seen. ...
SourceWatchs former logo features a magnifying glass through which its previous name, somewhat distorted, can be seen. ...
AdTI writings
Tobacco
Education - A Fiscal and Public Policy Profile of The American Federation of Teachers (John E. Berthoud, AdTI Issue Brief No. 128, 2 August 1996)
- Rush Limbaugh speaking on his nationally syndicated radio program (radio transcription, Rush Limbaugh, 7 February 2000)
- "The State of American Education — An Opposition Response and School Choice Manifesto" (Richard Armey, House Majority Leader, March 2000)
- Don't let intellectual-property protection slide (9 May 2000)
- Chartering the right course in D.C. Schools (Larry Parker, Letters, Washington Times, 5 March 2001)
- Education standards win (Larry Parker and Gregory Fossedal, Washington Times, 20 March 2001)
- President Stuffs More Into Education's Maw (Gregory Fossedal, Letters, Wall Street Journal, 19 April 2001)
- "There's more than one way to teach" (Donna Garner, Amarillo Globe-News, 26 May 2001)
- Schools plan fails accountability test (Ken Evans, The Columbian, 27 May 2001)
- The Best Gift for Mothers and Fathers (Marilyn Keller Rittmeyer, EducationNews.org, 6 June 2001)
- Why Bush’s School Testing Provisions Are Worth A Fight (Larry Parker, EducationNews.org, August 2001)
- Bush Has a Chance to Lead on Education (Gregory Fossedal, Colorado Springs Gazette, 1 August 2001)
- Timing Probably Key In Education Reform (Larry Parker, Providence Journal, 11 August 2001)
- The Bush education reform: learning from experience (Gregory Fossedal, 14 May 2002)
- Offer school choice to all city children (John O. Norquist, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 12 October 2002)
- Bush and Paige: More than "just being there" in Milwaukee (Gregory Fossedal, EducationNews.org, November 2002)
- Leave No Teacher Behind (Jimmy Kilpatrick, EducationNews.org, 20 January 2003)
- Time to focus special education on reading achievement (Jimmy Kilpatrick, EducationNews.org, 17 March 2003)
- Education Debate (September 8, 2000)
Rush Limbaugh. ...
Richard Keith Dick Armey (born July 7, 1940 in Cando, North Dakota) is a former U.S. Representative and House Majority Leader from Texas. ...
Technology, open source and intellectual property
Other
Criticism
Science, Politics and Environmental Policy: A Critical Examination (1994) In American politics and advertising, the term astroturfing describes formal public relations projects which deliberately seek to engineer the impression of spontaneous, grassroots behavior. ...
SourceWatchs logo features a magnifying glass through which its name can be seen. ...
Opening the Open Source Debate (2002) - MS-funded think tank propagates open-source lies (Thomas C. Greene, The Register, 10 June 2002)
- "Opening The Open Source Debate" — Is open source insecure? (David F. Skoll, Roaring Penguin Software, Inc.)
- Followup (David F. Skoll)
- Comments on "Opening The Open Source Debate" (PDF) (Julião Duartenn, Security Skill Center, Oblog Software SA)
- Dispelling Myths about the GPL and Free Software (PDF) (John Viega and Bob Fleck, Cyberspace Policy Institute)
- Alexis de Tocqueville Serves Up a Red Herring (Richard Forno, SecurityFocus, 19 June 2002)
- Alarmed: The Open Source (Non-) Debate (Scott Berinato, CSO Online, 20 June 2002)
- Anti-Open Source lobbyists need love too (Robin Miller, Newsforge, 25 Oct 2002)
AdTI notes recent attacks on web site (2004)
Samizdat's critics ... Brown replies (2004)
News coverage - Did MS Pay for Open-Source Scare? (Wired News, 5 June 2002)
- Report Flays Open-Source Licenses (Farhad Manjoo, Wired News, 11 June 2002)
- White Paper Attacks GPL (eWeek, 11 June 2002)
- Think tanks at risk for corruption (Christian Bourge, United Press International, 28 Dec 2002)
- Accusatory Study: Many Open-Sourcers Steal Code (LinuxInsider, 19 May 2004)
- Is Torvalds really the father of Linux? (ZDnet, 19 May 2004)
- Report on Linux origins falls at the starting gate (ZDnet UK, 20 May 2004)
- Tanenbaum Disputes Methods of Controversial Report (LinuxInsider, 21 May 2004)
- ADTI: Open-Sourcers Skirt Copyrights (Lisa Stapleton, LinuxInsider, 16 June 2004)
- Announcement (MP3 of broadcast) (The Linux Show, 13 July 2004)
- ADTI: Ready for Round Three with Open Sourcers (Lisa Stapleton, LinuxInsider, 01 December 2004)
- This article uses content from the SourceWatch article on Alexis de Tocqueville Institution under the terms of the GFDL.
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