Alfred DuPont Chandler, Jr. (born 15 September 1918--died 9 May 2007). Born in Guyencourt, Delaware, Chandler is a professor of business history at Harvard Business School, who has written extensively about the scale and the management structures of modern corporations. Professor Chandler graduated from Harvard College in 1940. After wartime service in navy he returned to Harvard to get his Ph.D. in History. He taught at M.I.T. and Johns Hopkins University before arriving at Harvard Business School in 1970. Official language(s) None Capital Dover Largest city Wilmington Area  Ranked 49th  - Total 2,491 sq mi (6,452 km²)  - Width 30 miles (48 km)  - Length 100 miles (161 km)  - % water 21. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Business history is the branch of economic history that deals with the history of business organizations, methods, government regulation, labor relations, and impact on society. ... Look up Management in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (130th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... Official language(s) None Capital Dover Largest city Wilmington Area  Ranked 49th  - Total 2,491 sq mi (6,452 km²)  - Width 30 miles (48 km)  - Length 100 miles (161 km)  - % water 21. ... Harvard Business School, officially named the Harvard Business School: George F. Baker Foundation, and also known as HBS, is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. ... Harvard Yard Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, having been founded in 1636. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... MIT redirects here. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... Harvard Business School, officially named the Harvard Business School: George F. Baker Foundation, and also known as HBS, is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Chandler began looking at large-scale enterprise in the early 1960s. His Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (1962) examined the organization of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Standard Oil of New Jersey, General Motors, and Sears, Roebuck and Co. He found that managerial organization developed in response to the corporation's business strategy. This article is about the DuPont company. ... Exxon Mobil Corporation or ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM), headquartered in Irving, Texas, is an oil producer and distributor formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. ... General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM), also known as GM, is an American automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab and Vauxhall. ... Sears, Roebuck and Company (NYSE: S) was founded in Chicago, Illinois as a catalog merchandiser in 1886 by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck. ...

This emphasis on the importance of a cadre of managers to organize and run large-scale corporations was expanded into a "managerial revolution" in The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977) for which he received a Pulitzer Prize. He pursued that book's themes in Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, (1990) and co-edited an anthology on the same themes, with Franco Amatori and Takashi Hikino, Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (1997). The Pulitzer Prize is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in print journalism, literary achievements, and musical composition. ... Franco Amatori is professor of economic history at Bocconi University, Milan, Italy. ... Takashi Hikino is associate professor of industrial and business organization at the Graduate School of Economics at Kyoto University where he teaches industrial organization, business economics, and corporate strategy, and comparative management. ...

The thesis of each of these works is this: during the 19th century the development of new systems based on steam power and electricity created a Second Industrial Revolution, which resulted in much more capital intensive industries than had the industrial revolution of the previous century. The mobilization of the capital necessary to exploit these new systems required a larger number of workers and managers, and larger physical plants than ever before. More particularly, the thesis of The Visible Hand is that, counter to popular dogma regarding how capitalism functions, administrative structure and managerial coordination replaced Adam Smith's "invisible hand" (market forces) as the core developmental and structuring impetus of modern business. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914) is a phrase used by some historians to describe an assumed second phase of the Industrial Revolution. ... Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ...

In the wake of this increase of industrial scale, three successful models of capitalism emerged, which Prof. Chandler associates with the three leading countries of the period: Great Britain ("personal capitalism"), the United States ("competitive capitalism") and Germany ("cooperative capitalism.") It has been suggested that Definitions of capitalism be merged into this article or section. ...

Despite the important differences in these three models, the common thread in the successfully developed nations is that the large industrial firm has been the engine of growth in three ways, according to Prof. Chandler and his associates. Its role has been first, to provide focal points for capital and labor on large scales; second, to become the educator whereby a nation learns the pertinent technology and develops managerial skills; third, to serve as the core around which grow medium and small firms that supply and serve it.

Along with economist Oliver Williamson and historians Louis Galambos, Robert H. Wiebe, and Thomas C. Cochran, he is a leading historian of the organizational synthesis. Oliver E. Williamson (born September 27, 1932) is a prominent author in the area of transaction cost economics, a student of Ronald Coase and Herbert Simon. ... Thomas Cunningham Cochran (November 30, 1877–December 10, 1935) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. ...