NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Algeria

¹ French is equally used as an administrative language though not on an official basis. Algerian Arabic, an Arabic vernacular is the most common native language. Berber languages, are recognized as "national languages", and are co-official in Kabylia (specifically the Kabyle language.)

Algeria (Arabic: الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir IPA: [ælʤæˈzæːʔir], Berber: , Dzayer [ldzæjər]), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is the second largest country on the African continent^[1] and the 11th largest country in the world in terms of total area.^[2] It is bordered by Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the southwest, a few kilometers of the Western Sahara in the west, Morocco in the northwest, and the Mediterranean Sea in the north. Image File history File links Flag_of_Algeria. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... Arabic redirects here. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Kassaman or Qassaman (The Pledge) (Arabic: â€Ž) is the national anthem of Algeria. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... Arabic redirects here. ... A regional language is a language spoken in a part of a country, be it may be a small area, a federal state or province, or a wider area. ... The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces. ... Abdelaziz Bouteflika (IPA: ) (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² Ø¨ÙˆØªÙÙ„ÙŠÙ‚Ø©) (born March 2, 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President of Algeria since 1999. ... The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria. ... Abdelaziz Belkhadem (born November 8, Algeria) is an Algerian politician. ... The fertile coastal plain of North Africa, especially west of Tunisia, is often called the Maghreb (or Maghrib). ... The Hammadids, an offshoot of the Zirids, were a Berber dynasty who ruled an area roughly corresponding to modern Algeria for about a century and a half, until, weakened by the Banu Hilals incursions, they were destroyed by the Almohads. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Ä°stanbul (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different surface areas here is a list of areas between 1 million kmÂ² and 10 million kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... World map of GDP (Nominal and PPP). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... Map of countries by 2006 GDP (nominal) per capita (IMF, October 2007). ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... The dinar is the currency of Algeria. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries that do not observe summer time Central European Time (CET) is one of the names of the time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .dz is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Algeria. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Algerian Arabic is the dialect or dialects of Arabic native to Algeria. ... The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... A national language is a language (or language variant, i. ... This article focuses on the geographical area of Kabylie and its people. ... Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle: , , pronounced ) spoken by the Kabyle people. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing languages such as Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and others. ... The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ...

Algeria is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Arab League, and OPEC. It also contributed towards the creation of the Arab Maghreb Union. Constitutionally, Algeria is defined as an Islamic, Arab, and Amazigh (Berber) country.^[3] UN redirects here. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Working languages Arabic English Spanish French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman Jakaya Kikwete - Jean Ping Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29,757,900 kmÂ² (1st1... Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders - Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001) - Council of the Arab League Sudan - Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment - Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945 Area - Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041... The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a large group of countries[1][2] made up of Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Ecuador (which rejoined OPEC in November 2007). ... The Arab Maghreb Union is a Pan-Arab trade agreement aiming for economic and political unity in northern Africa. ... -1... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Language(s) Berber languages Religion(s) Islam (mostly Sunni), Christianity (mostly protestant), Judaism Imazighen(in Kabyle and other Berber languages: ImaziÎ³en) are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. ...

Etymology

Al-jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name jazā’ir banī mazghannā, "the islands of (the tribe) Bani Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi. Al_Idrisis world map from 1154. ... Yaqut (Yaqut ibn-Abdullah al-Hamawi) (1179 - 1229) was an Arab biographer and geographer. ...

History

Main article: History of Algeria

The fertile coastal plain of North Africa, especially west of Tunisia, is often called the Maghreb (or Maghrib). ...

Ancient history

Roman arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria

Algeria has been inhabited by Berbers (or Imazighen) since at least 10,000 BC. After 1000 BC, the Carthaginians began establishing settlements along the coast. The Berbers seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, and Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably Numidia. In 200 BC, however, they were once again taken over, this time by the Roman Republic. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Berbers became independent again in many areas, while the Vandals took control over other parts, where they remained until expelled by the generals of the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I. The Byzantine Empire then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the Arabs in the eighth century. Roman Arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria - late 1800s TITLE: Timgad - Arch of Triumph de Trajan côte nord ouest CALL NUMBER: LOT 13560-2, no. ... Roman Arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria - late 1800s TITLE: Timgad - Arch of Triumph de Trajan côte nord ouest CALL NUMBER: LOT 13560-2, no. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Carthage (disambiguation). ... The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC.[1] They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). ... Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in North Africa that later alternated between a Roman province and a Roman client state, and is no longer in existence today. ... This article is about the state which existed from the 6th century BC to the 1st century BC. For the state which existed in the 18th century, see Roman Republic (18th century). ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... Vandal and Vandali redirect here. ... This is a list of the Emperors of the late Eastern Roman Empire, called Byzantine by modern historians. ... This article is about the Roman emperor. ... Byzantine redirects here. ...

Islamization and Berber (Amaari) dynasties

Having converted the Kutama of Kabylie to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt. They left Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals; when the latter rebelled and adopted Sunnism, the Shia Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them. This initiated the Arabization of the region. The Almoravids and Almohads, Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers, brought a period of relative peace and development; however, with the Almohads' collapse, Algeria became a battleground for their three successor states, the Algerian Zayyanids, Tunisian Hafsids, and Moroccan Marinids. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Spanish Empire started attacking and subsuming a few Algerian coastal settlements. The Kutama were a Berber tribe,in the region of Jijel, a member of the great Bavares orientaux confederation of the Maghreb. ... Location of Kabylie Largest city BÃ©jaÃ¯a Government Not an administrative unit Area - Total 44 000 kmÂ² sq mi Population - estimate 7000000[1] (2004) - Density 170 /kmÂ² /sq mi Great Kabylie in 1857 Kabylie or Kabylia (Kabyle: Tamurt n Leqbayel) is a cultural region in the north of Algeria. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... The Fatimids, Fatimid Caliphate or al-FÄtimiyyÅ«n (Arabic Ø§Ù„ÙØ§Ø·Ù…ÙŠÙˆÙ†) is the Shia dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant from 5 January 910 to 1171. ... The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) dynasty of Ibadi Kharijite imams ruled the central Maghreb for a century and a half from their capital Tahert, until destroyed by the Fatimids. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The Banu Hilal were an Arab tribe that migrated from Arabia into North Africa in the 11th century, having been sent by the Fatimids to punish the Zirids for abandoning Shiism. ... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ... The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØØ¯ÙˆÙ† al-Muwahhidun, i. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Succession of states. ... Zayyaneyoon (in Arabic: Ø²ÙŠØ§Ù†ÙŠÙˆÙ†), A berber dynasty that ruled western Algeria between 1236-1554 AD. They were based in Tlemcen. ... Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya (1229-1574) Significant Rulers: Abu Zakariyya Yahya I. (1229-1249) Muhammad I. al-Mustansir (1249-1277) Yahya II. al-Watiq (1277-1279) Ibrahim I. (1279-1283) Ibn Abi Umara (1283-1284) Abu Hafs Umar I. (1284-1295) Abu Bakr II. (1318-1346) Ishaq II. (1350-1369... Marinid was the Dynasty that replaced the Almohad Dynasty in Morocco in 1196. ... An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ...

Ottoman rule

Hoggar

Main article: History of Ottoman Algeria

Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj in 1517, and they established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801–1805) and Second Barbary War (1815) with the United States. The piracy acts forced people captured on the boats into slavery; alternatively when the pirates attacked coastal villages in southern and western Europe the inhabitants were forced into slavery.^[4] Raids by Barbary pirates on Western Europe did not cease until 1816, when a Royal Navy raid, assisted by six Dutch vessels, destroyed the port of Algiers and its fleet of Barbary ships. Spanish occupation of Algerian ports at this time was a source of concern for the local inhabitants. Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Ahaggar Mountains Categories: Algeria images ... Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Ahaggar Mountains Categories: Algeria images ... The Ahaggar Mountains (Arabic: â€Ž), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. ... Painting of Khair ad Din, founder of modern Algeria At about the time Spain was establishing its presidios in the Maghreb, the Muslim privateer brothers Aruj and Khair ad Din -- the latter known to Europeans as Barbarossa, or Red Beard--were operating successfully off Tunisia under the Hafsids. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Ä°stanbul (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin PaÅŸa or HÄ±zÄ±r Hayreddin PaÅŸa; also HÄ±zÄ±r Reis before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kaptan-Ä± Derya (Fleet Admiral) of the Ottoman Navy) (c. ... OruÃ§ Reis captures a galley Aruj or Oruc Reis (Turkish: OruÃ§ Reis) (c. ... The Moorish ambassador of the Barbary States to the Court of Queen Elizabeth I of England. ... For other uses, see Privateer (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... Belligerents United States Sweden(until 1802) Barbary States (Ottoman Empire regencies) Commanders Richard Dale William Eaton Edward Preble Hassan Bey Murad Reis Strength 7 Ships 10 US Marines and Soldiers Christian Mercenaries Arab Mercenaries 4000 Casualties and losses 2 Ships destroyed 2 Marines killed, 3 wounded Christian/Arab Mercenaries killed... Combatants United States British Empire (from 1815) Barbary states: Algiers Tripoli Tunis Commanders Stephen Decatur, Jr. ... Slave redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islam and slavery. ... The Moorish ambassador of the Barbary States to the Court of Queen Elizabeth I of England. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ...

French colonization

Constantine, Algeria 1840

Main article: French rule in Algeria

On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded Algiers in 1830.^[5] In contrast to Morocco and Tunisia, the conquest of Algeria by the French was long and particularly violent and resulted in the disappearance of about a third of the Algerian population.^[6] France was responsible for the extermination of 1.5 million Algerians. According to Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, the French pursued a policy of extermination against the Algerians. Image File history File links Constantine_Algerien_002. ... Image File history File links Constantine_Algerien_002. ... French rule in Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962, under a variety of governmental systems. ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... Olivier LeCour Grandmaison (September 19, 1960, Paris) is a French historian. ...

The French conquest of Algeria was slow due to intense resistance from such as Emir Abdelkader, Ahmed Bey and Fatma N'Soumer. Indeed the conquest was not technically complete until the early 1900s when the last Tuareg were conquered. `Abd al-Qādir al-Jazāirī. ... Ahmed Bey or Hadj Ahmed Bey (1784 - 1850) was the last Bey of Constantine. ... A painting from Kabylia, 1990 showing Lalla Fatma NSoumer Lalla Fadhma (or Fatma) nSoumer (Werja, Kabylie 1830 - BÃ©ni Slimane 1863) was an important figure of the Algerian resistance movement during the first years of the French colonial conquest of Algiers. ... For other senses of this name, see Tuareg (disambiguation). ...

Meanwhile, however, the French made Algeria an integral part of France, a status that would end only with the collapse of the Fourth Republic in 1958. Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Spain, Italy, and Malta moved in to farm the Algerian coastal plain and occupy significant parts of Algeria's cities. These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land, and the application of modern agriculture techniques that increased the amount of arable land.^[7] Algeria's social fabric suffered during the occupation: literacy plummeted,^[8] while land confiscation uprooted much of the population. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Starting from the end of the nineteenth century, people of European descent in Algeria (or natives like Spanish people in Oran), as well as the native Algerian Jews (typically Sephardic in origin), became full French citizens. After Algeria's 1962 independence, they were called Pieds-Noirs. In contrast, the vast majority of Muslim Algerians (even veterans of the French army) received neither French citizenship nor the right to vote. Spaniard redirects here. ... View of Oran Coat of arms of Oran Oran (Arabic:, pronounced Wahran) is a city in northwestern Algeria, situated on the Mediterranean coast. ... In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal: ספרד, Standard Hebrew Səfárad, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄áraḏ / Səp̄āraḏ), or whose ancestors were among the Jews expelled from... Pied-noir is a term for the former French colonists of North Africa, especially Algeria. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

Post-independence

In 1954, the National Liberation Front (FLN) launched the Algerian War of Independence which was a guerrilla campaign. By the end of the war, newly elected President Charles de Gaulle, understanding that the age of empire was ending, held a plebiscite, offering Algerians three options. This resulted in an overwhelming vote for complete independence from the French Colonial Empire. Over one million people, 10% of the population, then fled the country for France in just a few months in mid-1962. These included most of the 1,025,000 Pieds-Noirs, as well as 81,000 Harkis (pro-French Algerians serving in the French Army).^[9] The National Liberation Front , (Arabic: Jabhat al-Taá¸©rÄ«r al-WaÅ£anÄ«, French: Front de LibÃ©ration Nationale aka FLN) is a socialist political party in Algeria. ... Combatants FLN (1954-62) MNA (1954-62) France (1954-62) FAF (1960-61) OAS (1961-62) Commanders Mostefa BenboulaÃ¯d Ferhat Abbas Hocine AÃ¯t Ahmed Ahmed Ben Bella Krim Belkacem Larbi Ben MHidi Rabah Bitat Mohamed Boudiaf Messali Hadj General Jacques Massu General Maurice Challe Bachaga Said Boualam... Guerrilla redirects here. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... For other uses, see Charles de Gaulle (disambiguation). ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A referendum (plural referendums or referenda), ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... Harki (from the Arabic Haraka: movement) was the generic term for Muslim Algerians serving as auxiliaries with the French Army, during the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. ...

Algeria's first president was the FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella. He was overthrown by his former ally and defence minister, Houari Boumédienne in 1965. Under Ben Bella the government had already become increasingly socialist and authoritarian, and this trend continued throughout Boumédienne's government. However, Boumédienne relied much more heavily on the army, and reduced the sole legal party to a merely symbolic role. Agriculture was collectivised, and a massive industrialization drive launched. Oil extraction facilities were nationalized. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the 1973 oil crisis. However, the Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil which led to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut. Ahmed Ben Bella Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella (Muhammad Ahmad Bin Balla) (Arabic: ) (born December 25, 1918?, Maghnia, Algeria) was the first President of Algeria, and seen by many as the Father of the Nation. ... Houari BoumÃ©dienne (original name Mohamed Ben Brahim Boukharouba) (August 23, 1932 â€“ December 27, 1978) (Arabic: Ù‡ÙˆØ§Ø±ÙŠ Ø¨ÙˆÙ…Ø¯ÙŠÙ†) served as as Algerias in his position as as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976, and from then on as President of Algeria to his death... Religious socialism Key Issues People and organizations Related subjects Socialism refers to a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: This article applies to political and organizational ideologies. ... Collective farming regards a system of agricultural organization in which farm laborers are not compensated via wages. ... Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ... Synthetic motor oil For other uses, see Oil (disambiguation). ... The 1973 oil crisis began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum...

In foreign policy, Algeria was a member and leader of the Non-Aligned Movement. A dispute with Morocco over the Western Sahara nearly led to war. While Algeria shares much of its history and cultural heritage with neighbouring Morocco, the two countries have had somewhat hostile relations with each other ever since Algeria's independence. This is for two reasons: Morocco's disputed claim to portions of western Algeria (which led to the Sand War in 1963), and Algeria's support for the Polisario Front, an armed group of Sahrawi refugees seeking independence for the Moroccan-ruled Western Sahara, which it hosts within its borders in the city of Tindouf. Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... moroco, different maps. ... Combatants Morocco Algeria The Sand War occurred along the Algerian-Moroccan border in October 1963, and was a Moroccan attempt to claim the Tindouf and the Bechar areas that France annexed to French Algeria a few decades earlier. ... The Polisario, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Popular de LiberaciÃ³n de SaguÃa el Hamra y RÃo de Oro (Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and [[RÃo de Oro]]) is a Sahrawi rebel movement working for the separation... â€œSahraouiâ€ redirects here. ... Tindouf, also written Tinduf, (Arabic: ØªÙ†Ø¯ÙˆÙ) is a city and wilaya in the west of Algeria, population 30,000. ...

Within Algeria, dissent was rarely tolerated, and the state's control over the media and the outlawing of political parties other than the FLN was cemented in the repressive constitution of 1976.

Boumédienne died in 1978, but the rule of his successor, Chadli Bendjedid, was little more open. The state took on a strongly bureaucratic character and corruption was widespread. Chadli Bendjedid (Arabic: ) (born April 14, 1929 at Zeitouna, near Annaba) was President of Algeria from February 9, 1979 to January 11, 1992. ... In sociological theories, bureaucracy is an organizational structure characterized by regularized procedure, division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. ...

The modernization drive brought considerable demographic changes to Algeria. Village traditions underwent significant change as urbanization increased. New industries emerged, agricultural employment was substantially reduced. Education was extended nationwide, raising the literacy rate from less than 10% to over 60%. There was a dramatic increase in the fertility rate to 7-8 children per mother. Map of countries by population Population growth showing projections for later this century Demography is the statistical study of all populations. ... Children reading. ... The (total) fertility rate of a population is the average number of child births per woman. ...

Therefore by 1980, there was a very youthful population and a housing crisis. The new generation struggled to relate to the cultural obsession with the war years and two conflicting protest movements developed: left-wingers, including Berber identity movements; and Islamic 'intégristes'. Both groups protested against one-party rule but also clashed with each other in universities and on the streets during the 1980s. Mass protests from both camps in Autumn 1988 forced Bendjedid to concede the end of one-party rule. Elections were planned to happen in 1991. In December 1991, the Islamic Salvation Front won the first round of the country's first multi-party elections. The military then intervened and cancelled the second round. It forced then-president Bendjedid to resign and banned all political parties based on religion (including the Islamic Salvation Front). A political conflict ensued, leading Algeria into the violent Algerian Civil War. States in which a single party is constitutionally linked to power are coloured in brown. ... FIS emblem The Islamic Salvation Front (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø¨Ù‡Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÙŠØ© Ù„Ù„Ø¥Ù†Ù‚Ø§Ø°, al-Jabhah al-IslÄmiyah lil-InqÄdh) (French: Front Islamique du Salut) is an outlawed Islamist political party in Algeria. ... The Algerian National Assembly elections of 1991 were cancelled by a military coup after the first round, triggering the Algerian Civil War. ... Combatants Algerian government Islamic Armed Movement (MIA) Islamic Salvation Army (AIS) others. ...

More than 160,000 people were killed between 17 January 1992 and June 2002. Most of the deaths were between militants and government troops, but a great number of civilians were also killed. The question of who was responsible for these deaths was controversial at the time amongst academic observers; many were claimed by the Armed Islamic Group. Though many of these massacres were carried out by Islamic extremists, the Algerian regime also used the army and foreign mercenaries to conduct attacks on men, women and children and then proceeded to blame the attacks upon various Islamic groups within the country.^[10] is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique ArmÃ©; Arabic al-Jamaah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) is a Khawarij terrorist organization that wants to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. ...

Algiers

Elections resumed in 1995, and after 1998, the war waned. On 27 April 1999, after a series of short-term leaders representing the military, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the current president, was elected.^[11] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 272 KB) La cÃ´te dAlger (AlgÃ©rie), vue depuis la basilique Notre-Dame dAfrique. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 272 KB) La cÃ´te dAlger (AlgÃ©rie), vue depuis la basilique Notre-Dame dAfrique. ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Abdelaziz Bouteflika (IPA: ) (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² Ø¨ÙˆØªÙÙ„ÙŠÙ‚Ø©) (born March 2, 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President of Algeria since 1999. ...

By 2002, the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or surrendered, taking advantage of an amnesty program, though sporadic fighting continued in some areas (See Islamic insurgency in Algeria (2002–present)). Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Combatants Algeria Mauritania[1] Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb Free Salafist Group (GSL) Commanders Amari Saifi Nabil Sahraouiâ€ Abou Mossaab Abdelouadoud Strength 300 fighters Casualties 4,000-6,000 dead on both sides The Islamic insurgency in Algeria (2002â€“present) is...

The issue of Berber language and identity increased in significance, particularly after the extensive Kabyle protests of 2001 and the near-total boycott of local elections in Kabylie. The government responded with concessions including naming of Tamazight (Berber) as a national language and teaching it in schools. The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... The Kabyles are a Berber people whose traditional homeland is highlands of Kabylie (or Kabylia) in northeastern Algeria. ... Location of Kabylie Largest city BÃ©jaÃ¯a Government Not an administrative unit Area - Total 44 000 kmÂ² sq mi Population - estimate 7000000[1] (2004) - Density 170 /kmÂ² /sq mi Great Kabylie in 1857 Kabylie or Kabylia (Kabyle: Tamurt n Leqbayel) is a cultural region in the north of Algeria. ...

Much of Algeria is now recovering and developing into an emerging economy. The high prices of oil and gas are being used by the new government to improve the country's infrastructure and especially improve industry and agricultural land. Recently, overseas investment in Algeria has increased^{[citation needed]}. The term emerging markets is commonly used to describe business and market activity in industrializing or emerging regions of the world. ... For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ...

Geography

Topographic map of Algeria

Main article: Geography of Algeria

Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural harbours. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a steppe landscape, which ends with the Saharan Atlas; further south, there is the Sahara desert. The Ahaggar Mountains (Arabic: جبال هقار‎), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 miles) south of the capital, Algiers and just west of Tamanghasset. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 626 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1574 Ã— 1507 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 626 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1574 Ã— 1507 pixel, file size: 2. ... Map of Algeria Algeria comprises 2,381,741 square kilometers of land, more than four-fifths of which is desert, in northern Africa, between Morocco and Tunisia. ... A harbor (or harbour) or haven is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... This article is about the ecological zone type. ... The Aurès Mountains also known as the Saharan Atlas of Algeria is the eastern portion of the Atlas Mountains. ... The Ahaggar Mountains (Arabic: â€Ž), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. ... Tamanghasset (Arabic: ÙˆÙ„Ø§ÙŠØ© ØªÙ…Ù†Ø±Ø§Ø³Øª ) is an oasis city and wilaya in southern Algeria, in the Ahaggar Mountains. ...

Algiers, Oran , Constantine, and Annaba are Algeria's main cities. This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... This article is about the city in Algeria. ... Position of Constantine in Algeria. ... A small beach in Annaba with the city skyline in background. ...

Climate and hydrology

Northern Algeria is in the temperate zone and has a mild, Mediterranean climate. Its broken topography, however, provides sharp local contrasts in both prevailing temperatures and incidence of rainfall. Year-to-year variations in climatic conditions are also common. For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ... Areas with Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate is a climate that resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. ... For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ...

In the Tell Atlas, temperatures in summer average between 21 and 24 °C and in winter drop to 10 to 12 °C. Winters are not particularly cold, but the humidity level is high. In eastern Algeria, the average temperatures are somewhat lower, and on the steppes of the High Atlas plateaux, winter temperatures are only a few degrees above freezing. A prominent feature of the climate in this region is the sirocco, a dusty, choking south wind blowing off the desert, sometimes at gale force. This wind also occasionally reaches into the coastal Tell.^[1] This article is about the ecological zone type. ... Village in the high atlas High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains (or Haut Atlas), is a mountain range in central Morocco. ... Sirocco, scirocco, jugo or, rarely, siroc is a strong southerly to southeasterly wind in the Mediterranean that originates from the Sahara and similar North African regions. ...

The Ahaggar Mountains

In Algeria, only a relatively small corner of the torrid Sahara lies across the Tropic of Cancer in the torrid zone. In this region even in winter, midday desert temperatures can be very hot. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. Image File history File links Auteur : Bertrand Devouard Lieu : Sud de lAlgÃ©rie Date : dÃ©cembre 2004-janvier 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Ahaggar Mountains ... Image File history File links Auteur : Bertrand Devouard Lieu : Sud de lAlgÃ©rie Date : dÃ©cembre 2004-janvier 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Ahaggar Mountains ... The Ahaggar Mountains (Arabic: â€Ž), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. ... For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Cancer (novel). ... A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the Sun is almost directly overhead. ...

Rainfall is fairly abundant along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1000 mm in some years. Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Prevailing winds that are easterly and north-easterly in summer change to westerly and northerly in winter and carry with them a general increase in precipitation from September through December, a decrease in the late winter and spring months, and a near absence of rainfall during the summer months. Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes between mountains, which in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to 110 °F (43 °C). The prevailing winds are the trends in speed and direction of wind over a particular point on the earths surface. ... Issaouane Erg, Algeria. ...

Politics

Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria.

Main article: Politics of Algeria

The head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected to a five-year term, renewable once. Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age.^[1] The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers. Image File history File links Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_2001. ... Image File history File links Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_2001. ... Abdelaziz Bouteflika (IPA: ) (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² Ø¨ÙˆØªÙÙ„ÙŠÙ‚Ø©) (born March 2, 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President of Algeria since 1999. ... The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces. ... Algeria has a long history of revolution and regime change, making the political climate dynamic and often in a state of change. ... The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ... The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria. ...

The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members; and an upper chamber, the Council Of Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every five years. The House of Representatives Chamber of the Parliament of Australia in Canberra. ... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ...

Under the 1976 constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. All parties must be approved by the Ministry of the Interior. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender or region."

Maghreb Arab Union

Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara conflict have put great obstacles in the way of tightening the Maghreb Arab Union, which was nominally established in 1989 but carried little practical weight with its coastal neighbors.^[12] // The Western Sahara area has never formed a state in the modern sense of the word. ... Arab Maghreb Union Pan Arab project aming at economic and political union in northern Africa, initiated in 1989. ...

Provinces and districts

Main articles: Provinces of Algeria and Districts of Algeria

Further information: Municipalities of Algeria

Map of the provinces of Algeria numbered according to the official order

Algeria is currently divided into 48 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (communes, baladiyahs). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is mostly also the largest city. Map of the provinces of Algeria in alphabetical order. ... This is a list of all communes in the North African country of Algeria, currently (As of 1983), there are 1,541 communes in the country, the population data is from June, 25th 1998. ... Image File history File links Algeria_wilayas. ... Image File history File links Algeria_wilayas. ... Map of the provinces of Algeria in alphabetical order. ... A wilaya is an administrative subdivision of several countries, including Algeria, Morocco, Sudan, and Oman. ... A DaÃ¯ra (Arabic: â€Ž circle; plural DawaÃ¯r) is a subdivision of a wilaya in Algeria and in Western Sahara. ... This is a list of all communes in the North African country of Algeria, currently (As of 1983), there are 1,541 communes in the country, the population data is from June, 25th 1998. ... This is a list of all communes in the North African country of Algeria, currently (As of 1983), there are 1,541 communes in the country, the population data is from June, 25th 1998. ... Baladiyah is an arab subdivision term that can be translated as municipality. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ...

According to the Algerian constitution, a province is a territorial collectivity enjoying some economic freedom. The People's Provincial Assembly is the political entity governing a province, which has a "president", who is elected by the members of the assembly. They are in turn elected on universal suffrage every five years. The "Wali" (Prefect or governor) directs each province. This person is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the PPA's decisions. Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ... WÄli is an administrative title that was used during the Muslim Empire to designate governers of administrative divisions. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria. ...

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