Ali ibn Husayn (Arabic: علي بن حسين) (Approximately: January 6, 659 AD - October 20, 713 AD) ^[1] is the fourth Shi'a Imam. He is brother to Ali Asghar ibn Hussain and Ali Akbar ibn Husayn, the son of Husayn ibn Ali and Shahrbanu bint Yazdgerd III, and the great-grandson of Muhammad. He is known to both Shi’a and Sunni Muslims as Zainul Abedin (Jewel of the Worshippers) and only to Shi’a as Imam Sajjad (The prostrating Imam). January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ... Events Ealdormen in Mercia proclaim Wulfhere king, and throw off Northumbrian rule. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Byzantine Emperor Philippicus deposed. ... The Shia Imam is considered by the Shia sect of Islam to be the rightful successor to Muhammad, and is similar to the Caliph in Sunni Islam only with regards to the aspect of political leadership. ... Imam Hussains Shrine where Ali Asghar is buried with his father Ali Asghar ibn Hussain was the youngest child of Hussain ibn Ali (the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and the third Imam in Shi’as) and Rubab, the daughter of the chief of the Kinda Imraul Qays tribe. ... Ali Akbar ibn Hussain ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: علي اكبر ابن حسين) (Martyrdom) Sketch Showing Ali Akbar lying on Imam Husayn laps Ali Akbar ibn Hussain was born on 11th of Shabaan 44 AH and he was the son of Imam Hussain and Bibi Umm-e-Laila. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Shahrbanu (or Shahr Banu), is a[] personage described in weak historic sources[] to have been the eldest daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Emperor of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia/Iran. ... Yazdgerd III (Persian: یزدگرد سوم, made by God), last king of Sassanid dynasty, a grandson of Khosrau II (590–628), who had been murdered by his son Kavadh II of Persia in 628, and was raised to the throne in 632 after a series of internal conflicts. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...

Birth and family life

Ali ibn Hussain was born in Medina in 659. His father, Hussain ibn Ali; Hussain was the grandson of Muhammad. Shi'ah Muslims believe that Ali ibn Hussain's mother was Shahrbanu, the daughter of the last Sassanid emperor. ^[2] Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Shahrbanu (or Shahr Banu), is a[] personage described in weak historic sources[] to have been the eldest daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Emperor of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia/Iran. ... The Sassanid Empire in the time of Shapur I; the conquest of Cappadocia was temporary Official language Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Dominant Religion Zoroastrianism Capital Ctesiphon Sovereigns Shahanshah of the Iran (Eranshahr) First Ruler Ardashir I Last Ruler Yazdegerd III Establishment 224 AD Dissolution 651 AD Part of the History of...

Because of the belief in his royal Sassanid heritage, he is sometimes called Ibn al-Khiyaratayn ("son of the best two"), meaning the Quraish among the Arabs and the Persians among the non-Arabs. Quraish (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Meccan tribe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to before he received the revelations of Islam. ...

In the period of the second Sunni caliph, `Umar ibn al-Khattāb, the Muslims conquered Iran. The daughters of Yazdgerd III were brought to Medina. For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Yazdgerd III (Persian: یزدگرد سوم, made by God), last king of Sassanid dynasty, a grandson of Khosrau II (590–628), who had been murdered by his son Kavadh II of Persia in 628, and was raised to the throne in 632 after a series of internal conflicts. ...

All had gathered in the mosque of Medina to see what the decision of the caliph, about the captives was. He wanted to sell them but Ali ibn Abi Talib ( the fourth Sunni Caliph) stopped him from doing so and said to Umar, "leave the girls free so that they marry whosoever they wish."

One of the girls chose Hussain ibn Ali and the other chose Hassan ibn Ali. Ali ibn Abi Talib said to Hussain, "Look after this woman very well, because, from her an Imam will come into existence who will be the best of the Allah's creations upon the earth and the father of all the Imams (after himself).

Learning

He dedicated his life to learning and became an authority on prophetic traditions and Sharia. He is regarded as the source of the third holiest book in Shi'a Islam after the Quran and the Nahj al Balagha. The Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, commonly referred to as the Psalms of the Household of Muhammad. Ali ibn Hussain had many supporters such as Sa'id ibn Jubayr. Sharia (Arabic: transliteration: ) is the body of Islamic law. ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... The Nahj al Balagha (Peak of Eloquence) is the most famous collection of speeches (sermons) and letters attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, accepted as the fourth of the Caliphs by Sunni Muslims and the first of the Imams by Shia Muslims. ... Sa’īd bin Jubayr (665-714), also known as AbÅ« Muhammad, was originally from Kufa, in modern-day Iraq. ...

He was beside his father right from the moment of his migration towards Karbala and followed his father. Hussain ibn Ali step by step so that, when his father asked for help on day of Ashura got up to extend help to his father. Zaynab bint Ali stopped him and said, "You are the only memorial remnant of this family and the Imam after Hussain ibn Ali and you are the guardian of all of us. Your divine mission is to convey the message of the martyrs to the people. The Day of Ashura ( transliteration: , Ashura, Ashoura, and other spellings) is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax of the Remembrance of Muharram but not the Islamic month. ... Zaynabs name in Arabic Calligraphy Zaynab bint Ali (Arabic: زينب بنت علي ) (Urdu: زينب بنت على ) was the daughter of the 4th Caliph, the first Shia imam, Ali, and granddaughter of Muhammad. ...

Although a segment of the people who are unaware consider Ali ibn Hussain to be a sick, invalid, handicapped, and a weak person. But they are seriously mistaken because the illness of Ali ibn Hussain was an expedience and policy of Allah, so that he may remain safe from the harm of the enemy's sword, and become the living history of Karbala. Therefore, after the death of Hussain ibn Ali and his companions, Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawsha came into the encampment of the Ahl Al-Bayt along with a group of his soldiers so that he may kill the remaining ones of the camp of Hussain ibn Ali. Since he was ill, Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawsha's companions objected upon him and Umar ibn Sa'ad came after them and reprimanded Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawsha regarding this decision and turned him out of the encampment and said, "Ali ibn Hussain is an ill man and because of that he cannot do a thing, leave him alone." Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: ) is a phrase meaning People of the House, or family. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Piety

One of the special features of Ali ibn Hussain character was his piety and abstinence. Ja'far al-Sadiq (the sixth Shi’ah Imam) said, "Ali ibn Hussain resembled most of all the sons of Bani Hashim, with Ali ibn Abi Talib". Jafar al-Sadiq (Arabic جعفر الصادق, April 20, 702 – December 4, 765), in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn, is considered the sixth Shia imam by Twelver Shia Muslims. ...

Muhammad al-Baqir (the son of Ali ibn Hussain and the fifth Shi’ah Imam) said, "One day I happened to see my father, I saw him (completely) immersed and (thoroughly pre occupied) in the prayers and with all the attention towards Allah. His color was faded and his eyes were sore and red due to weeping, his feet were swollen by (prostration) and legs, and knees had developed corns. I said humbly "Oh father, why do you lose your self control during the prayers and put yourself in such an inconvenience and discomfort. My father wept and said, "Oh son however and whatsoever amount of prayers I perform even then it is meager and very little as compared to the prayers of your grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muhammad al-Baqir Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (676 - January 31, 743) was the fifth Shia Imam. ...

Taous Yamni says, I saw Ali ibn Hussain lying in prostration saying, "Oh God your servant, needy towards you, is in your house waiting for your blessing, forgiveness and favor".

Attention to the life and training of people

Ali ibn Hussain, like his grandfather, cultivated land and palm date orchards. All the human qualities and attributes were collectively present in his personality. He was the complete specimen of tolerance, forgiveness and self-sacrifice. During the prayers he would get himself so absorbed that he did not have any attention towards anything except Allah.

He traveled to Mecca, on foot, twenty times. And continuously guided and conducted people through the attractive melody of the Qur'anic verses.

As the son of Hussain ibn Ali, he was under great scrutiny and could not directly guide those who (secretly) followed the household of Muhammad. But he conveyed his understanding of the relationship between human and God by the prayers and supplications that he offered God during his extensive nighttime vigils in the mosque of the Prophet in Medina. These prayers and supplications were written down and then disseminated by his sons and the subsequent generations. Among them is the Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, which is known as the Psalms of Islam. Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib (c. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya is the oldest prayer manual in Islamic sources and one of the most seminal works of Islamic spirituality of the early period. ... Psalms (from the Greek: Psalmoi (songs sung to a harp, originally from psallein play on a stringed instrument), Ψαλμοί; Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים) is a book of the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh or Old Testament. ...

He looked after and administrated hundreds of houses of the poor and hunger stricken. Daily a number of goats were slaughtered in his house and he distributed all their meat among the afflicted. He dressed the naked and the destitute ones and paid their debts and loans. But he himself took simple meals and put on simple dress.

When the nights would become dark and all the people went to sleep, Ali ibn Hussain would get up put the food in a sack and on his shoulder. He covered his face so that he is not recognized. Then he took that food to the houses of the inflicted and have-nots and gave it to them.

He administrated and looked after nearly a hundred guardians-less family in Medina; most of them comprised indigent, helpless and crippled, handicapped and paralytic ones. None of these families knew that Ali ibn Hussain was the one who managed and run their lives. But after his death, when the aids were discontinued they came to know that Ali ibn Hussain was their helper and friend.

A person came to Ali ibn Hussain and started addressing him with filthy and abusive language. Ali ibn Hussain turned his face towards him without the slightest anger and quarrel or strife and said, "Oh brother, if what you say is right and correct and these vices are present in me then Allah may pardon and forgive my sin. And if you are telling a lie then Allah may forgive you and pardon your sin." The man was very much ashamed and asked Ali ibn Hussain to pardon him.

Abu Hamza Somali, who was one of the friends of Ali ibn Hussain, asked his servant to briefly define the character and morals of Ali ibn Hussain. He said: "I am at his service for so many years. Whatever I saw was righteousness, piety and purity. My lord helps and assists the people and solves their problems, with all the difficulties worries and preoccupations that he himself faces." Zaid ibn Usama was lying on the deathbed. Ali ibn Hussain visited him, Zaid was weeping. When Ali ibn Hussain asked him the reason of his weeping he said, "I have to pay fifteen thousand Dinars as my loan and debt and my wealth is not so much as to pay off the debt." Ali ibn Hussain said, "Do not weep and be contented, I will pay your entire loan."

The Day of Ashura

At the Battle of Karbala on the day of Ashura, Hussain ibn Ali and most of his family were killed. Ali ibn Hussain survived because he was too sick to fight, and was bedridden. Afterwards, he was taken prisoner by the Umayyad forces and transported to Damascus where he was made a prisoner of the Caliph, Yazid I. After some years, he was freed, and returned to Medina where he lived a quiet life as a scholar and a teacher. The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, 61 AH (October 9 or 10, 680 CE) [1] [2] in Karbala, in present day Iraq. ... The Day of Aashurah, sometimes spelled ‘Ashurah or Aashoorah, falls on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar. ... Damascus ( transliteration: , also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ... Yazid Ibn Muawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan (July 23, 645 - 683) (Arabic: يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان) was the second Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty. ...

It is said that for Forty years, whenever food or water was placed before him, he would weep. One day, a servant said to him,

'"O son of Allah's Messenger! Is it not time for your sorrow to come to an end?" He replied, "Woe upon you! Jacob the prophet had twelve sons, and God made one of them disappear. His eyes turned white from constant weeping, his head turned grey out of sorrow, and his back became bent in gloom, though his son was alive in this world. But I watched while my father, my brother, my uncle, and seventeen members of my family were slaughtered all around me. How should my sorrow come to an end?"

Ali ibn Hussain, along with the left behind families of the fallen, was besieged by the enemy, came out on the morning of eleventh Muharram, 61 AH. They had chained his hands and feet and placed the heads of the dead in front of him so that his sorrow and grief was increased. Muharram (Arabic: محرم ) is the first month of the Islamic calendar. ...

The family of Hussain ibn Ali, as against the concept of a foolish and silly group who think they were defeated, where ever they set foot, they would announce the success of their revolution and the defeat of Yazid. What more and superb conquest could be imagined about, than this that the enemy was highly afraid of them. Where ever they opened their lips to speak people would manifest their feelings and emotions and paid them respect and homage and rebuked, reproached, and cursed their enemies.

Ali ibn Hussain and the Umayyad Caliph

After committing crimes for many long years, Abd al-Malik passed away and his son Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik was enthroned in his father's place. One day, he traveled to Mecca in the Hajj season so as to perform Hajj. He wanted to perform circumambulation but he could not do it, because there was such a big and huge gathering. So he was forced to sit in a corner to wait for the huge crowd and gathering to get thin. All of a sudden Ali ibn Hussain arrived to the Haram and people recited benediction for him, and cleared the way for him. He, after performing circumambulation moved towards the al-Hajar-ul-Aswad (the Black Stone) to rub his hand on it. Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik witnessed this scene and was greatly annoyed and uncomfortable. He said with carelessness and inattentively "who is this man"? "I do not know him?" Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646-705) (Arabic: عبد المالك بن مروان ) was an Umayyad caliph. ... Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (691–743) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743. ... The Hajj (Arabic: , transliteration: ; Turkish: ; Ottoman Turkish: حاج, Hāc; Malay: , Bosnian: ) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ... This article covers the word as used in Islamic urban planning. ... The Black Stone, surrounded by its silver frame and the black cloth kiswa on the Kaaba in Mecca This article is about the Islamic holy relic. ...

Farzdak who was a freedom-loving poet at once turned his face towards Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and said, "Oh Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, I am surprised why you do not recognize him? If you do not know him, I know him very well. Listen, so that I introduce him to you."

He is someone that the land of Mecca and the House of the Allah know him. "He is the one whose grandfather is the Islamic Prophet Muhammad of Islam. Allah keeps on bestowing his benediction and blessings upon them continuously. He is the son of the best of the servants of Allah. He is that famous and well known pious. When you say you do not know him this thing does not harm him. If you do not know him (so what) the Arab and Ajam (Non Arab World) knows him."

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik was very enraged and got highly flared up by the words of Farzdak, and ordered him to be imprisoned. Ali ibn Hussain sent him a gift in the prison and appreciated his inconveniences and one day he got freed from the prison.

Death

Ali ibn Hussain resided in Medina until his death on Twenty-fifth of Muharram, 95 AH (Approximately: October 20, 713 AD). Shi’ahs claim that he was poisoned by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. He was buried in Jannat al-Baqi, the cemetery in Medina where other important figures of Islamic history are buried. Muharram (Arabic: محرم ) is the first month of the Islamic calendar. ... Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (691–743) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743. ... Jannat al-Baqi (جنة البقيع) (also spelt Jannat ul-Baqi) is a cemetery in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, located across from the Masjid al-Nabawi. ...

This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Banū Hāshim (Arabic: بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe. ... Sects Within Shiism there are various sects that differ over the number of Imams, or path of succession. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muhammad al-Baqir Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (676 - January 31, 743) was the fifth Shia Imam. ... Zaiddiyah (also: Zaidi, Zaydi, or in the West Fivers) refers to a sect within Shia Islam. ... Zayd ibn Ali (d. ...

See also

• Muhammad
• Ali ibn Abu Talib
• Hussain ibn Ali
• Muhammad al-Baqir
• Musa al-Kazim
• Ali al-Rida
• Muhammad al-Taqi
• Ali al-Hadi
• Hasan al-Askari
• Muhammad al-Mahdi
• Abbas ibn Ali*Hashemites
• Ahl Al-Bayt
• Nahj al Balagha
• Aban ibn abi-Ayyash
• Azadari

Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) (c. ... Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib (c. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muhammad al-Baqir Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (676 - January 31, 743) was the fifth Shia Imam. ... Imam Musa al Kazim (November 10, 745 - September 4, 799) was the seventh Shia Imam (he is not accepted by the Ismailis as the seventh Imam). ... Imām ˤAlÄ« ibn-MÅ«sā ar-Riđā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (January 1, 766 - May 26, 818) was the eighth Shīˤa Imām. ... Imam Muhammad al-Taqi (Arabic: امام محمد التقي)(April 12, 811 - November 27, 835) was the ninth Shia Imam in the Ithna Ashari (Twelver) tradition. ... Imam Ali al-Hadi (September 8, 828 _ July 1, 868) was the tenth Shia Imam. ... Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الإمام الحسن بن علي العسكري) (December 6, 846 – January 1, 874), was the eleventh Shia Imam. ... It has been suggested that Mahdi be merged into this article or section. ... Abbas ibn Ali (Arabic: العباس بن علي) (fourth of Shabaan 26th A.H., at Medina - tenth of Muharrum 61 A.H., at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph and the first Shiah Imam, Ali ibn Abu Talib and Fatima binte Hizam, commonly known as Ummul Baneen. ... The name of this Arab dynasty should not be confused with Hashem one of the names for God in Judaism Hashemite traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or clan of Hashim, a clan within the larger Quraish tribe. ... Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: ) is a phrase meaning People of the House, or family. ... The Nahj al Balagha (Peak of Eloquence) is the most famous collection of speeches (sermons) and letters attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, accepted as the fourth of the Caliphs by Sunni Muslims and the first of the Imams by Shia Muslims. ... Aban ibn Abi-Ayyash (Arabic: ) was a Persian companion of Sulaym ibn Qays and several Shia Imams. ... Azadari means mourning for Imam Husayn ibn Ali , his family and companions. ...

References

1. ^ Ketab Al Irshad, Sheikh Mufid
2. ^ http://al-islam.org/masoom/bios/4thimam2.html

See also

• Ali ibn Abu Talib
• Hassan ibn Ali
• Hussain ibn Ali
• Abbas ibn Ali
• Hashemites
• Ahl Al-Bayt
• Nahj al Balagha
• Aban ibn abi-Ayyash
• Azadari

Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) (c. ... Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib (c. ... Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib (c. ... Abbas ibn Ali (Arabic: العباس بن علي) (fourth of Shabaan 26th A.H., at Medina - tenth of Muharrum 61 A.H., at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph and the first Shiah Imam, Ali ibn Abu Talib and Fatima binte Hizam, commonly known as Ummul Baneen. ... The name of this Arab dynasty should not be confused with Hashem one of the names for God in Judaism Hashemite traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or clan of Hashim, a clan within the larger Quraish tribe. ... Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: ) is a phrase meaning People of the House, or family. ... The Nahj al Balagha (Peak of Eloquence) is the most famous collection of speeches (sermons) and letters attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, accepted as the fourth of the Caliphs by Sunni Muslims and the first of the Imams by Shia Muslims. ... Aban ibn Abi-Ayyash (Arabic: ) was a Persian companion of Sulaym ibn Qays and several Shia Imams. ... Azadari means mourning for Imam Husayn ibn Ali , his family and companions. ...

External links

Shi'a references

• al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
• Ketab Al Irshad, By Sheikh Mufid
• Imam Sajjad
• Ali ibn Al-Husayn
• The Fourth Imam
• The Fourth Imam
• The life of Imām Zayn al ‘Abidin by Bāqir Sharif al-Qarashi.

Sunni references

• Life of Imam az-Zayn al-Abideen as-Sajjad (Alayhim ar-Ridhwaan wa Salam) by Ahlus Sunnah Scholar Mawlana Shaykh as-Sayyid Muhammad bin Yahya al-Muhaddith Al-Husayni Al-Ninowy as-Shadhiliy Hafidhullah .