Alice Mary Robertson (January 2, 1854 – July 1, 1931) was an American educator, social worker, government official, and politician who became the second woman to serve in the United States Congress, and the first and only from the state of Oklahoma. She was known for her strong personality, commitment to Native American issues, and an anti-feminist stance. January 2 is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... A social worker is a person employed in the administration of charity, social service, welfare, and poverty agencies, advocacy, or religious outreach programs. ... A politician is an individual involved in politics. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... State nickname: Sooner State Other U.S. States Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Governor Brad Henry Official languages None Area 181,196 km² (20th)  - Land 178,023 km²  - Water 3,173 km² (1. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... Feminism is a body of social theory and political movement primarily based on and motivated by the experiences of women. ...

Education, teaching, and early public service

Robertson was born at the Tullahassee Mission (now Tullahassee, Oklahoma), which was part of the Creek Nation in the Indian Territory, to William Schenck Robertson and Ann Eliza Worcester. Her parents were missionaries who translated many works into the Creek language, including the Bible. Mary Alice Robertson was self-taught in early life under the supervision of her parents, and attended Elmira College, in Elmira, New York. Tullahassee is a town located in Wagoner County, Oklahoma. ... Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Territory in 1891 Indian Territory, also known as Indian Country, Indian territory or the Indian territories, was the land set aside within the United States for the use of Native Americans (Indians). The general borders were set by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language—the called the source text—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language—called the target text, or the translation. ... The Creek Language is a Muskogean language spoken by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation in Florida and Oklahoma. ... The Bible (From Greek (τα) βιβλια, (ta) biblia, (the) books, plural of βιβλιον, biblion, book, originally a diminutive of βιβλος, biblos, which in turn is derived from βυβλος—byblos, meaning papyrus, from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported this writing material), is a word applied to sacred scriptures. ... Elmira College is a coeducational, liberal arts college located on the Southern Tier of New York, south of the Finger Lakes. ... Elmira is a city located in Chemung County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 30,940. ...

Robertson was a clerk in the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. from 1873 to 1879. She returned to the Indian Territory and taught in the school at Tullahassee, and later in the Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania from 1880 to 1882. Afterwards, she again returned to the Indian Territory and established the Nuyaka Mission. She engaged in teaching at Okmulgee, Oklahoma, and had charge of a Presbyterian boarding school for Native American girls, which developed into Henry Kendall College (now the University of Tulsa). A clerk can be someone who works in an office and whose duties include record-keeping or correspondence. ... The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) responsibility is the administration and management of 55. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... In education, teachers are those who teach students or pupils, often a course of study or a practical skill. ... Carlisle is a borough located in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. ... Okmulgee is a city located in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... A boarding school is a self-contained educational total institution where students not only study but where some or all students may live. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... The University of Tulsa is a private (affiliated with the Presbyterian Church USA), comprehensive university awarding bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ...

Robertson was appointed the first government supervisor of Creek Indian schools from 1900 to 1905. She was the postmaster of Muskogee, Oklahoma from 1905 to 1913. Her canteen service to the troops during World War I later led to the formation of the Muskogee Chapter of the American Red Cross. Creek can be: A native American tribe, see Creek (people) The language of that tribe, see Creek language In US and Australian usage, a waterflow, smaller than a river, see Creek (stream) In UK usage, a tidal watercourse, usually drying to little or no flow at low tide, see Creek... Muskogee is a city located in Muskogee County, Oklahoma. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ...

Representative

Robertson was elected by the 2nd District of Oklahoma as a Republican Representative to the 67th Congress, defeating the incumbent William Hastings. She served from March 4, 1921 to March 3, 1923, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 to the 68th Congress against Hastings. The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ... The incumbent, in politics, is the current holder of a political office. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Robertson became the second woman to hold a seat in Congress, after Representative Jeannette Rankin from Montana who served from 1917 to 1919. Before the expiration of her term, Rebecca Felton was appointed for one day to the Senate, and Representatives Winnifred Huck from Illinois, and Mae Nolan from California both won special elections, respectively becoming the 3rd, 4th, and 5th women to serve in Congress. During her term Robertson also became the first woman to preside over the House of Representatives, on July 20, 1921. As of 2005 she is still the only female member of Congress to serve the state of Oklahoma. Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Rankin (June 11, 1880 - May 18, 1973) was the first woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. ... State nickname: Treasure State Other U.S. States Capital Helena Largest city Billings Governor Brian Schweitzer Official languages English Area 381,156 km² (4th)  - Land 377,295 km²  - Water 3,862 km² (1%) Population (2000)  - Population 902,194 (44th)  - Density 2. ... Rebecca Latimer Felton (June 10, 1835-January 24, 1930) was the first woman to serve in the United States Senate. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... State nickname: Land of Lincoln, The Prairie State Other U.S. States Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Governor Rod Blagojevich Official languages English Area 149,998 km² (25th)  - Land 143,968 km²  - Water 6,030 km² (4. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ... A by-election or bye-election is a special election held to fill a political office when the incumbent has died or resigned. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... State nickname: Sooner State Other U.S. States Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Governor Brad Henry Official languages None Area 181,196 km² (20th)  - Land 178,023 km²  - Water 3,173 km² (1. ...

Roberston was also the first woman elected to Congress after the 19th Amendment to the Constitution passed on August 26, 1920, guaranteeing women the right to vote. Despite this, she opposed women's rights groups like the League of Women Voters and the National Women's Party, and voted against bills funding maternity and childcare on the grounds that they were an unwarranted governmental intrusion on personal rights. This earned her the opposition of the organizations like the Daughters of the American Revolution. Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Amendment XIX (the Nineteenth Amendment) to the United States Constitution was passed by a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress on June 4, 1919, and was ratified by the last state necessary on August 18, 1920. ... August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Suffrage is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ... Feminism is a body of social theory and political movement primarily based on and motivated by the experiences of women. ... The League of Women Voters is a United States non-partisan political organization founded in 1920 by Carrie Chapman Catt during a meeting of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. ... National Womans Party - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... An Act of Congress is a bill or resolution adopted by both houses of the United States Congress to which one of the following events has happened: Acceptance by the President of the United States, Inaction by the President after ten days from reception (excluding Sundays) while the Congress is... Maternity is the social and legal acknowledgment of the parental relationship between a mother and her child. ... Childcare is the act of caring for and supervising minor children. ... The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) is a sororal association dedicated to historic preservation, education, and patriotic endeavor. ...

Later life

Afterwards, Roberston was appointed by President Warren G. Harding as a welfare worker at Veterans Hospital Number 90 at Muskogee in May 1923. She retired to run a dairy farm. Order: 29th President Vice President: Calvin Coolidge Term of office: March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 Preceded by: Woodrow Wilson Succeeded by: Calvin Coolidge Date of birth: November 2, 1865 Place of birth: Near Blooming Grove, Ohio Date of death: August 2, 1923 Place of death: San Francisco, California First... Welfare has four main meanings. ... A veteran refers to a person who is experienced in a particular area, particularly referring to people in the armed forces. ... A hospital today is an institution for professional health care provided by physicians and nurses. ... Dairy farm near Oxford, New York, July 2001 In many northern-hemisphere countries a dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk (mostly from cows, sometimes from buffaloes or goats) for human consumption. ... Bales of hay on a farm near Ames, Iowa A farm is the basic unit in agriculture. ...

Robertson died in Muskogee, and was interred in Greenhill Cemetery. She bequeathed her personal library and family papers to the University of Tulsa, where they became part of the collection of the McFarlin Library. The papers include Creek translations by her parents and her grandfather, Samuel Austin Worcester. Roberston Hall, a dormitory at the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma in Chickasha, bears her name[1]  (http://www.usao.edu/~campus-map/robertson.html). The University of Science and Arts is located in Chickasha, Oklahoma, southwest of Oklahoma City. ... Chickasha is a city located in Grady County, Oklahoma. ...

References

• This article incorporates facts obtained from the public domain Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. [2]  (http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000318)