Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
25 August 1888 – 27 August 1963
Place of birth:	Amritsar, British India
Place of death:	Lahore, Pakistan
Movement:	Pakistan movement
Major organizations:	Khaksars

Allama Mashriqi (Urdu: علامہ مشرقی) (Inayatullah Khan) (Urdu: عنایت اللہ خان) (born in Amritsar, 25 August 1888; died in Lahore, 27 August 1963) was an Islamic scholar and founder of the Khaksar movement. is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Allama_Mashriqi. ... Image File history File links Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Punjab was a province of British India. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) is a name given to the Movement carried out by the Muslims of British India to create a separate homeland. ... Image File history File links Khaksari_flag. ... Khaksari Flag The Khaksar Tahrik, based in Lahore, British India, was established by Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1930. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Khaksari Flag The Khaksar Tahrik, based in Lahore, British India, was established by Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1930. ...

Mashriqi was a noted intellectual who became a college Principal at the age of 25, and then became an Under Secretary, at the age of 29, in the Education Department of the Government of India. He wrote an exegesis of the Qur'an which was nominated for the 1925 Nobel Prize. He was offered an Ambassadorship to Afghanistan at age 32 and Knighthood at the age of 33 years, but he declined all honours. Exegesis (from the Greek to lead out) involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a holy scripture, such as of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, the Talmud, the Midrash, the Quran, etc. ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ), as designated in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, are awarded for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. ... For other uses, see Ambassador (disambiguation). ... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... The honours system of the United Kingdom is a means of rewarding personal bravery, achievement or service to the country. ...

He subsequently resigned government service and in 1930 founded the Khaksar Movement, aiming to advance the condition of the masses irrespective of any faith, sect, or religion.^[1] As its leader, he was imprisoned several times. Through his philosophical writings, he asserted that the Science of Religions was essentially the science of collective evolution of mankind. Khaksari Flag The Khaksar Tahrik, based in Lahore, British India, was established by Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1930. ... For other uses, see Faith (disambiguation). ... This article is about religious groups. ... Various religious symbols Religious studies is the designation commonly used in the English-speaking world for a multi-disciplinary, secular study of religion that dates to the late 19th century in Europe (and the influential early work of such scholars as Friedrich Max Müller, in England, and Cornelius P...

Family background

Mashriqi was born into an eminent Muslim Rajput family in Amritsar on 25 August 1888. His father, Khan Ata Mohammad Khan, had inherited a large property from his father. His ancestors had held prominent positions during the Mughal Empire. Khan Ata was also well-connected with the Muslim luminaries of the time such as Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Jamal Ud Din Afgahani, Shibli Nomani, and Mirza Ghalib.^[2] Rajputs (Urdu: راجپوت) were the rulings clans of India during the classical period, i. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy List of Mughal emperors  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605–1627 Jahangir  - 1628–1658 Shah Jahan  - 1659–1707 Aurangzeb History  - Established April 21, 1526  - Ended September 21... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur, GCSI (Urdu: سید احمد خان بہا در; October 17, 1817 – March 27, 1898), commonly known as Sir Syed, was an Indian educator and politician who pioneered modern education for the Muslim community in India by founding the Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College, which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University. ... Jamāl al-DÄ«n al-AfghānÄ«, also known as Sayyid JamāluddÄ«n AsadābādÄ« and Sayyid Muhammad Ibn Safdar al-Husayn (1838[1]-1897), was one of the founders of Islamic modernism,[2] and a political activist and Islamic nationalist in Afghanistan, Iran (then Persia), Egypt... Mawlana Shibli Numani (in Arabic: شبلي نعماني) was an Indian Muslim scholar (1857 - 1914). ... Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan (Urdu/Persian: مرزا اسد اللہ خان ), pen-name Ghalib (Urdu/Persian: غالب, Ä¡hālib) and Asad (former pen-name)(27 December 1796 — 15 February 1869), was an all time great classical Urdu and Persian poet of the subcontinent. ...

Khan Ata owned a bi-weekly publication, Vakil ("Lawyer"), published from Amritsar. Vakil discussed political issues with a Muslim focus. Shibli Nomani requested that Khan Ata let Abul Kalam Azad work at Vakil. Azad went on to work as an editor of Vakil. Mashriqi was thus raised in an intellectual Muslim environment.^[3] Khan Ata Mohammad Khan noticed the genius in his son and he guided him accordingly. Look up biweekly in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mawlana Shibli Numani (in Arabic: شبلي نعماني) was an Indian Muslim scholar (1857 - 1914). ... Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed (11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence movement. ...

Education

Mashriqi had a passion for mathematics from his childhood.^[1] He completed his Master's degree in Mathematics from the University of the Punjab at the age of 19 and broke all previous records. In October 1907 he went to Britain and matriculated at Christ's College, Cambridge, to read for the mathematics tripos. He was awarded a college foundation scholarship in May 1908.^[4] In June 1909 he was awarded first class honours in Mathematics Part I, being placed joint 27th out of 31 on the list of wranglers.^[5] For the next two years, he read for the oriental languages tripos in parallel to the natural sciences tripos, gaining first class honours in the former and third class in the latter.^[6][7] University of the Punjab (abbreviated as PU) (Urdu: جامعه پنجاب), colloquially known as Punjab University, is located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. ... College name Christ’s College Named after Jesus Christ Established 1505 Previously named God’s-house (1437-1505) Location St. ... The University of Cambridge, England, divides the different kinds of honours bachelors degree by Tripos, a word which has an obscure etymology, but which may be traced to the three-legged stool candidates once used to sit on when taking oral examinations. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... At the University of Cambridge, a wrangler is a student who has completed the third year (called Part II) of the Mathematical Tripos with first-class honours. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

After three years' residence at Cambridge he had qualified for his Bachelor of Arts degree, which he took in 1910. In 1912 he completed a fourth tripos in mechanical sciences, and was placed in the second class.^[8] He left Cambridge and returned to India in December 1912.^[9]. During his stay in Cambridge his religious and scientific conviction was inspired by the works and concepts of the professor Sir James Jeans.^[10] This article is about the city in England. ... A B.A. issued from the University of Tennessee. ... Sir James Hopwood Jeans (born Ormskirk, September 11, 1877, died Dorking, September 16, 1946) was a British physicist, astronomer and mathematician who was the first to propose the theory of continuous creation of matter in the universe. ...

Career

On his return to India, Mashriqi was offered the premiership of Alwar, a princely state, by the Raja. He declined owing to his interest in education. At the age of 25 he was appointed Vice Principal of Islamia College, Peshawar, by Chief Commissioner Sir George Roos-Keppel. He was made Principal of the same college in 1917.^[11] In Oct 1917 he was appointed Under Secretary to the Government of India in the Education Department in succession to Sir George Anderson (1876-1943).^[12] He became headmaster of the High School, Peshawar on 21 October 1919. Alwar is famous for its scenic landscape Alwar is a city in the Rajasthan state of western India. ... A princely state or native state was a feudal monarchy in British India ruled by a hereditary ruler, who was nominally sovereign. ... Islamia College, Peshawar Islamia College is an educational institution located in the city of Peshawar of the North West Frontier Province NWFP, Pakistan. ...   (Urdu: پشاور; Pashto: پښور) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ... Sir George Olof Roos-Keppel (7 September 1866 - 1 December 1921) served in the capacities of Political Agent to the Governor-General in Kurram and Khyber, and later as Chief Commissioner, North West Frontier Province from 1908 till 1919. ... is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Aged 32, he was offered an ambassadorship to Afghanistan, which he decline. The following year, he was offered a British knighthood, which he also turned down.^[13] Mashriqi was among the youngest Indians to have been offered such positions. A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ...

In 1930 he was passed over for a promotion in the government service, following which he went on medical leave. In 1932 he resigned, taking his pension, and settled down in Ichhra, Lahore.^[14] Ichhra (also called the Heart of Lahore) is a commercial and residencial locality in Lahore, Pakistan. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...

Nobel nomination

In 1924, at the age of 36, Mashriqi completed the first volume of his book, Tazkirah. It is a commentary on the Qur'an in the light of science. It was nominated by the Nobel Prize Committee in 1925,^[15] subject to the condition it was translated into one of the European languages.^[11] Mashriqi, however, declined the suggestion of translation.^[16] For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ), as designated in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, are awarded for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... European languages are the object of Eurolinguistics. ...

Fellowships

Mashriqi's fellowships included:^[10]:

• Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, 1923
• Fellow of the Geographical Society (F.G.S), Paris
• Fellow of Society of Arts (F.S.A), Paris
• Member of the Board at Delhi University
• President of the Mathematical Society, Islamia College, Peshawar
• Member of the International Congress of Orientalists (Leiden), 1930
• President of the All World's Faiths Conference, 1937

The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution, based in London. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... University of Delhi,New Delhi The University of Delhi is a university in India. ... Islamia College, Peshawar Islamia College is an educational institution located in the city of Peshawar of the North West Frontier Province NWFP, Pakistan. ...   (Urdu: پشاور; Pashto: پښور) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ... Coordinates: , Country Province Area (2006)  - Municipality 23. ...

Mashriqi's philosophy

Mashriqi was interested in the conflict within various religions. Instead of getting disgusted with the conflict and discarding Religion, he tried to fathom the fallacy. To him, messengers from the same Creator could not have brought different and conflicting messages to the same creation. He could not conceive of a contradictory and conflicting state of affairs in the Universe, nor could he accept the conflict within various religions as real. Either Religion was a fraud and the prophets were impostors who misguided and disrupted mankind, or they were misprojected by their followers and misunderstood by the mankind. For other senses of this word, see Prophet (disambiguation). ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ... For other senses of this word, see Prophet (disambiguation). ... Look up Mankind in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

He delved into the religious scriptures and arrived at the conclusion that all the prophets had brought the same message to man. He analysed the fundamentals of the Message and established that the teachings of all the prophets were closely linked with evolution of mankind as a single and united species in contrast to other ignorant and stagnant species of animals. Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...

It was on this basis that he declared that the Science of Religions was essentially the science of collective evolution of mankind; all prophets came to unite mankind, not to disrupt it; the basic law of all faiths is the law of unification and consolidation of the entire humanity.^[10] According to Markus Daeschel, the philosophical ruminations of Mashriqi offer an opportunity to re-evaluate the meaning of colonial modernity and notion of post-colonial nation-building in modern times.^[17] Various religious symbols Religious studies is the designation commonly used in the English-speaking world for a multi-disciplinary, secular study of religion that dates to the late 19th century in Europe (and the influential early work of such scholars as Friedrich Max Müller, in England, and Cornelius P... For the idea of global unification, see globalization. ... Consolidation is the act of merging many things into one. ... This article or section should be merged with nation-building Nation building is the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy. ...

Political life

Mashriqi is often portrayed as a controversial figure, a religious activist, a revolutionary, and an anarchist; while at the same time he is described as a visionary, a reformer, a leader, and a scientist-philosopher who was born ahead of his time.^[1] Revolutionary, when used as a noun, is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... Narrowly, a visionary is one who experiences a supernatural vision or apparition. ... Hare Khrisna -/ this is the famous god to indian belief. ... Look up Leader in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Mashriqi and the Freedom of British India

Allama Mashriqi (fourth from right)

After Mashriqi resigned from government service, he laid the foundation of the Khaksar Tehreek (also known as Khaksar Movement) in 1930.^[18] He played a role in directing the Muslims towards the independence of British India. Mashriqi was repeatedly imprisoned, along with his family, and a large number of Khaksars.^[19] Image File history File linksMetadata Mashriqi_with_Khaksars. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Mashriqi_with_Khaksars. ... Khaksari Flag The Khaksar Tahrik, based in Lahore, British India, was established by Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1930. ...

Imprisonments and allegations

Mashriqi was first imprisoned in 1939, by the Congress Government of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (now Uttar Pradesh) during his efforts in resolving the sectarian conflicts between Sunnis and Shias. In 1940, he was arrested during a clash between the police and the Khaksars. The newspapers reported it as the "battle of spades and guns". He was only freed from solitary confinement in 1942 after he fasted for 80 days. United Provinces, 1903 The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, mainly referred to simply as the United Provinces, was a former province of British India, which existed from 1902 to 1947. ... , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... Khaksari Flag The Khaksar Tahrik, based in Lahore, British India, was established by Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1930. ... Solitary confinement, colloquially referred to as the hole (or in British English the block), is a punishment in which a prisoner is denied contact with any other persons, excluding guards, chaplains and doctors. ...

On 20 July 1943, an assassination attempt was made on Muhammad Ali Jinnah by Rafiq Sabir who was assumed to be a Khaksar worker^[20] The attack was deplored by Mashriqi, who denied any involvement. Later, Justice Blagden of Bombay High Court, in his ruling on 4 November 1943 dismissed any association of Khaksars.^[21] is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Urdu:  ) (December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was an Indian Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan and served as its first Governor-General. ... The Bombay High Court was inaugurated on August 14, 1862. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In Pakistan, Mashriqi was imprisoned at least five times: in 1950 prior to election; in 1958 for alleged complicity in the murder of republican leader Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan; and, in 1962 for suspicion on attempt to overthrow President Ayub's government. However, none of the charges were proved, and he was acquitted in each case.^[10] Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (1882 - May 1958) popularly known as Dr Khan Sahib was a pioneer in the Indian Independence Movement and a Pakistani politician. ... This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ...

In 1957 Mashriqi allegedly led 300,000 of his followers to the borders of Kashmir, intending, it is said, to launch a fight for its liberation. However, the Pakistan government persuaded the group to withdraw and the organisation was later disbanded.^[22] Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Government of Pakistan (Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان)The Constitution of Pakistan provides for a Federal Parliamentary System of government, with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected Prime Minister as the chief executive. ...

Death

Mashriqi became ill with cancer of the rectum ^[23] and died on August 27, 1963 in Lahore (Pakistan). Well over 100,000 people attended his funeral.^[24] Condolences were received from, among others, Ayub Khan and Khwaja Nazimuddin. Ayub Khan wrote that Mashriqi was “a great scholar and organiser who had given up a brilliant academic future to serve the people, as he thought right.”^[25] is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ... Khwaja Nazimuddin Khawaja Nazimuddin (July 19, 1894 - 1964) was the second Governor-General of Pakistan, and then the second Prime Minister of Pakistan. ...

Nazimuddin wrote that Mashriqi had been “a very interesting figure who took prominent part in the politics of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent”.^[25]

Mashriqi's works

Mashriqi's prominent works include:^[26]

• Armughan-i-Hakeem, a poetical work
• Dahulbab, a poetical work
• Isha’arat, the "Bible" of the Khaksar movement
• Khitab-e-Misr (The Egypt Address), based on his 1925 speech in Cairo as a delegate to the Motmar-e-Khilafat
• Maulvi Ka Ghalat Mazhab
• Tazkirah Volume I, 1924, discussions on conflicts between religions, between religion and science, and the need to resolve these conflicts
• Tazkirah Volume II. Posthumously published in 1964
• Tazkirah Volume III.

For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ...

Edited works

• God, man, and universe: as conceived by a mathematician (works of Inayatullah Khan el-Mashriqi), Akhuwat Publications, Rawalpindi, 1980 (edited by Syed Shabbir Hussain).

Articles

• Paper at New York Conference on Asian Studies (October 26-27, 2007)"Freedom of British India through the Lens of the Khaskar Movement"^[27]

• "Allama Mashraqi and the Unity of Mankind"^[28]

• "The Khaksar Martyrs of March 19, 1940"^[29]

• "Allama Mashriqi Desired to Erase Sectarianism"^[30]

• "Pakistan Resolution and the Massacre of the Khaksars"^[31]

• "The Khaksar Tehrik"^[32]

• "In Memory of Allama Mashriqi" (On his 41st Death Anniversary)^[33]

References

• Sana Ullah Akhtar, Khaksar Tehreek ki Inqilabi Jiddo Juhad
• Muhammad Azmatullah Bhatti, Al-Mashraqi
• Muhammad Ali Faraq, Angrez Sir Sikandar aur Khaksar Tehreek
• Syed Shabbir Hussain, Al-Mashriqi: The Disowned Genius, Lahore, Jang Publishers, 1991
• Muhammed Aslam Malik (2000), Allama Inayatuyllah Mashraqi, A Political Biography, OUP Karachi, --ISBN 0-19-579158-4
• Shan Muhammed (1973), Khaksar Movement in India, Pub. Meenakshi Prakashan, Meerut,
• Rasheed Nisar, Al-Mashriqi
• Khaksar Sher Zaman, Khaksar Tehrik Ki Jiddo Juhad Vols 1-3

The grandson of Allama Mashriqi, Nasim Yousaf, has written and self-published several books on Mashriqi and his political struggle: Jang Group is Pakistan’s largest group of newspapers and the publisher of the Urdu newspaper the Daily Jang (جنگ), The News International, Mag Weekly, daily Awam, etc. ... Self-publishing is the publishing of books or other media by those who have written them. ...

• Nasim Yousaf (2003), Allama Mashriqi & Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan: Two Legends of Pakistan, Xlibris Corporation (October 2003) --ISBN 1-4010-9097-4
• Nasim Yousaf (2004), Pakistan's Freedom and Allama Mashriqi: Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period: Mashriqi's Birth to 1947, AMZ Publications, (April 2004) --ISBN 0-9760333-0-5
• Nasim Yousaf (2005), Pakistan's Birth & Allama Mashraqi: Chronology & Statements, Period: 1947-1963, AMZ Publications, (August 2005) --ISBN 0-9760333-4-8
• Nasim Yousaf (2007), Hidden Facts Behind British India’s Freedom: A Scholarly Look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid-e-Azam’s Political Conflict. ISBN 978-0-9760333-8-7:^[34]

Notes

Jang Group of Newspapers (colloquially known as simply Jang Group) is Pakistan’s largest group of newspapers and the publisher of the Urdu newspaper the Daily Jang (جنگ), The News International, Mag Weekly, Awam. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Pakistan Times is a newspaper. ...

See also

• Pakistan Movement
• Khaksars

Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) is a name given to the Movement carried out by the Muslims of British India to create a separate homeland. ... Khaksari Flag The Khaksar Tahrik, based in Lahore, British India, was established by Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1930. ...

External links

• http://www.allamamashraqi.com
• http://www.allamamashriqi.info