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Allegations of Israeli apartheid draw an analogy from South Africa's treatment of non-whites during the apartheid era to Israel's treatment of Arabs living in the Occupied Territories or Israel. Those who use the analogy point to the disparate rights and privileges of Israelis and Palestinian Arabs in the Territories, Israel's alleged oppression of Palestinians in its enforcement of those disparate rights or in the name of security, and the physical separation between the two groups. Some also allege second-class status of Arab citizens in Israel proper. Allegations of Islamic apartheid draw an analogy between the treatment of non-Muslims (dhimmis) and/or women in Islamic countries as being comparible to South African style apartheid. ... Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. ... Petty apartheid: sign on Durban beach in English, Afrikaans and Zulu (1989) Apartheid (meaning separateness in Afrikaans, cognate to English apart and hood) was a system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948, and was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1993, culminating in democratic elections... This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geopolitical phenomenon. ...

Some of those who reject the analogy claim that it is political slander intended to malign Israel by singling it out, and say that legitimate Israeli security needs justify the practices that prompt the analogy ^[1]. Ian Buruma has argued that even though there is social discrimination against Arabs in Israel and that the "the ideal of a Jewish state smacks of racism", the simile is "intellectually lazy, morally questionable and possibly even mendacious", as "[n]on-Jews, mostly Arab Muslims, make up 20% of the Israeli population, and they enjoy full citizen's rights" and "[i]nside the state of Israel, there is no apartheid".^[2] Ian Buruma talks with an attendee at the Texas Book Festival. ...

Overview

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Comparisons between Israeli policies and apartheid have been made by groups and individuals, including Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and other South African anti-apartheid leaders, Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States,^[3] former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, leftist Israeli journalists,^[4][5][6] the Syrian government,^[7] pro-Palestinian student groups in the UK, U.S., and Canada,^[8] the Congress of South African Trade Unions,^[9] the Canadian Union of Public Employees, and Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem.^[10] Image File history File links Diamond-caution. ... Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ... In response to an appeal by Albert Luthuli, the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) was founded in London on 26 June 1959 at a meeting of South African exiles and their supporters [1]. Julius Nyerere would summarize its purpose: [2]. Originally called the Boycott Movement, it would expand its focus... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... -1... Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (born March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman. ... The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) is a trade union federation in South Africa. ... The Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE, French: Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique) is a Canadian trade union serving the public sector - although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. ... BTselem (Hebrew: , in the image of, as in Genesis 1:27) is an Israeli non-governmental organization (NGO) that describes itself as The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. ...

Heribert Adam of Simon Fraser University and Kogila Moodley of the University of British Columbia, in their 2005 book-length study Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians, apply lessons learned in South Africa to resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. They divide academic and journalistic commentators on the analogy into three groups:^[11] Heribert Adam is professor emeritus of political sociology at Simon Fraser University, specializing in human rights, comparative racisms, peace studies, Southern Africa, and ethnic conflict. ... Simon Fraser University (SFU) is located in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, part of the metropolitan area of Vancouver, British Columbia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Canadian public university with its main campus located at Point Grey in the unincorporated Electoral Area A, immediately west of Vancouver, British Columbia. ... Israel, with the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which is often claimed to be at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is an ongoing dispute between two peoples, Jewish Israelis and Arab Palestinians, that both claim the right to sovereignty over the Land...

• "The majority is incensed by the very analogy and deplores what it deems its propagandistic goals."
• "'Israel is Apartheid' advocates include most Palestinians, many Third World academics, and several Jewish post-Zionists who idealistically predict an ultimate South African solution of a common or binational state."
• A third group which sees both similarities and differences, and which looks to South African history for guidance in bringing resolution to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.^[12]

Adam and Moodley also suggest that political actors such as former Israeli Prime Ministers Ariel Sharon and Ehud Barak used the analogy "self-servingly in their exhortations and rationalizations" and that such actors "have repeatedly deplored the occupation and seeming 'South Africanization' but have done everything to entrench it."^[12] Soviet Propaganda Poster during the Great Patriotic War. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A multi-national state (most commonly a binational state or a trinational state) is a nation-state that has several distinct and (if the status of the state has come to issue at all) rival cultures within it that compete for control. ... The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: ראש הממשלה, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. ...   (Hebrew: , also known by his diminutive Arik אָרִיק) (born February 27, 1928) is a former Israeli politician and general. ... Ehud Barak (Hebrew: אֵהוּד בָּרָק) (born Ehud Brog on February 12, 1942) is an Israeli politician. ...

Hendrik Verwoerd, then prime minister of South Africa and the architect of South Africa's apartheid policies, said in 1961 that "The Jews took Israel from the Arabs after the Arabs had lived there for a thousand years. Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state." Israel was critical of apartheid through the 1950s and 60s as it built alliances with post-colonial African governments."^[13][14] For example, also in 1961, Israel voted for the General Assembly censure of Eric Louw's speech defending apartheid.^[15][16] Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (8 September 1901 - 6 September 1966) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966, when he was assassinated. ...

Idi Amin Dada, the former President of Uganda, compared Israel to South African apartheid in the United Nations General Assembly in 1975.^[17] Idi Amin Dada General Idi Amin Dada Oumee (May 17, 1928? - August 16, 2003) was the military dictator of Uganda from January 25, 1971, to April 13, 1979. ... The President of Uganda is the head of state in Uganda. ... The United Nations General Assembly (GA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations. ...

Israeli academic and political activist Uri Davis, has written several books on the analogy, including Israel: An Apartheid State in 1987.^[18] Uri Davis is an Israeli-born academic and a one-time Jewish member of the Palestine Liberation Organization. ...

Allegations of apartheid in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

In 2002 Anglican Archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu wrote a series of articles in major newspapers^[19], comparing the Israeli occupation of the West Bank to apartheid South Africa, and calling for the international community to divest support from Israel until the territories were no longer occupied. He drew from his own experience: The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ...

It reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa. I have seen the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about. Many South Africans are beginning to recognize the parallels to what we went through.

– Desmond Tutu, ^[19]

Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States, Camp David Accords negotiator, and Nobel Peace Prize winner and author of the 2006 book entitled Palestine Peace Not Apartheid has stated: James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... The presidential seal was first used in 1880 by President Rutherford B. Hayes and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords (1978): Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... Palestine Peace Not Apartheid is a New York Times Best Seller written by Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and winner of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, and published by Simon and Schuster in November 2006. ...

[Israeli options include]...A system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights. This is the policy now being followed. I would say that in many ways the treatment of the Palestinians by the Israeli occupying forces is as onerous - and in some cases more onerous - as the treatment of black people in South Africa by the apartheid government"

– Jimmy Carter, ^{[20] [21]}

and:

The six rabbis...and I...discussed the word "apartheid," which I defined as the forced segregation of two peoples living in the same land, with one of them dominating and persecuting the other. I made clear in the book's text and in my response to the rabbis that the system of apartheid in Palestine is not based on racism but the desire of a minority of Israelis for Palestinian land and the resulting suppression of protests that involve violence...my use of "apartheid" does not apply to circumstances within Israel.

– Jimmy Carter, ^[22][23]

Other prominent South African anti-apartheid activists have used apartheid comparisons to criticize the occupation of the West Bank, and particularly the construction of the separation barrier. These include Farid Esack, a Muslim writer who is currently William Henry Bloomberg Visiting Professor at Harvard Divinity School, ^[24] Ronnie Kasrils, ^[25] Winnie Madikizela-Mandela,^[26] Dennis Goldberg,^[27] and Arun Ghandhi, ^[28] In response to an appeal by Albert Luthuli, the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) was founded in London on 26 June 1959 at a meeting of South African exiles and their supporters [1]. Julius Nyerere would summarize its purpose: [2]. Originally called the Boycott Movement, it would expand its focus... Farid Esack is a South African Progressive Muslim writer and scholar. ... Harvard Divinity School is one of the constituent schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States. ... Ronald Kasrils (commonly known as Ronnie Kasrils or Red Ronnie) (born November 15, 1938) has been the South African Minister for Intelligence Services since 29 April 2004. ... Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (born September 26, 1934 or 1936 as Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela) is the ex-wife of former South African president and African National Congress (ANC) leader Nelson Mandela. ... DENNIS gOLDBERG IS STILL ACTIVE IN sOUTH aFRICAN POLITICS , ALBEIT AT A VERY LOW LEVEL. hE IS A MINISTERIL ADVSER TO A sOUITH aFRICAN cABINET mINISTR ? ... Arun Gandhi Arun Manilal Gandhi (born April 14, 1934, Durban, South Africa) is the fifth grandson of Mahatma Gandhi through his second son Manilal. ...

"When I come here and see the situation [in the Palestinian territories], I find that what is happening here is ten times worse than what I had experienced in South Africa. This is Apartheid".

– Arun Ghandi, ^[29]

Zbigniew Brzezinski, former National Security Agency (NSA) advisor to President Carter commented that the absence of a resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict is likely to produce a situation which de facto will resemble apartheid.^[30] Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (born March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman. ... Lt. ...

Yakov Malik, the Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations accused Israel--an ally of the US in the Cold War against the Soviets-- of promulgating a "racist policy of apartheid against Palestinians" following the imposition of Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip after the Six-Day War of 1967.^[31] Jacob Alexandrovich Malik, or Yakov Malik (1906 - 1980) was a Ukrainian Soviet diplomat. ... Soviet redirects here. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Saudi Arabia Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ...

In 1973, the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. It limited the definition of the "crime of apartheid" to "inhuman acts committed for the purpose of establishing and maintaining domination by one racial group ... over another racial group ... and systematically oppressing them."^[32] 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 treaty establishing the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or... The United Nations General Assembly (GA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations. ...

In 2002, the definition of apartheid was expanded by Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The "crime of apartheid" was listed as one of several "crimes against humanity," and was defined as including inhumane acts such as torture, imprisonment, or persecution of an identifiable group on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, or other grounds, "committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime."^[32] For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Opened for signature June 17, 1998[1] at Rome Entered into force July 1, 2002 Conditions for entry into force 60 ratifications Parties 99[2] The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (or Rome Statute) is the treaty which established the International... This article is in need of attention. ...

Jamal Zahalka, an Israeli-Arab member of the Knesset, argued that the West Bank and Gaza Strip separated into "cantons," and Palestinians required to carry permits to travel between them.^[33] Azmi Bishara, another Arab member of the Knesset, argued that the Palestinian situation had been caused by "colonialist apartheid."^[34] Dr. Jamal Zahalka (Arabic: ‎, Hebrew: ‎, born January 11, 1955) is an Israeli Arab politician and member of the Knesset. ... The modern Knesset building, Israels parliament, in Jerusalem Though similar-sounding, Beit Knesset (בית כנסת) literally means House of Assembly, and refers to a synagogue. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Michael Ben-Yair, attorney-general of Israel from 1993 to 1996 referred to Israel establishing "an apartheid regime in the occupied territories", in an essay included in the anthology The Other Israel, Voices of Refusal and Dissent.^[35][36] Michael Ben-Yair was attorney-general of Israel from 1993 to 1996. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General or Attorney-General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ...

John Dugard, a South African professor of international law and an ad hoc Judge on the International Court of Justice, serving as the Special Rapporteur for the United Nations on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories described the situation in the West Bank as "an apartheid regime ... worse than the one that existed in South Africa."^[37] In 2007, in advance of a report from the United Nations Human Rights Council, Dugard wrote that "Israel's laws and practices in the OPT [occupied Palestinian territories] certainly resemble aspects of apartheid." Referring to Israel's actions in the occupied West Bank, he wrote, "Can it seriously be denied that the purpose [...] is to establish and maintain domination by one racial group (Jews) over another racial group (Palestinians) and systematically oppressing them? Israel denies that this is its intention or purpose. But such an intention or purpose may be inferred from the actions described in this report."^[38][39] John Dugard (born in 1936 in Fort Beaufort) is a South African professor of international law. ... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... Special Rapporteur is a title given to individuals working on behalf of the United Nations who bear a specific mandate from the former UN Commission on Human Rights to investigate, monitor and recommend solutions to human rights problems. ...

Some Israelis have compared the separation plan to apartheid, such as political scientist Meron Benvenisti,^[40] and journalist Amira Hass.^[41] Ami Ayalon, Israeli admiral and former leader of the Israel Security Agency criticized the model, claiming it "ha[d] some apartheid charertistics."^[42] Shulamit Aloni, former education minister, Israel Prize winner, and a former leader of Meretz, said that the state of Israel is "practicing its own, quite violent, form of Apartheid with the native Palestinian population."^[43] Meron Benvenisti is an Israeli political scientist who was Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem under Teddy Kollek from 1971 to 1978 and administered East Jerusalem and its largely Arab neighbourhoods[1]. He has long been a critic of Israels policies towards Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and... Amira Hass Amira Hass (born 1956) is an Israeli journalist and author, mostly known for her columns in the daily newspaper Haaretz. ... Ami Ayalon (Hebrew: , born 27 June 1945) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not include all significant viewpoints. ... Shulamit Aloni (born November 29, 1928) is a human rights activist, lawyer and former Israeli politician. ... The Israel Prize is the most prestigious award handed out by the State of Israel. ... Meretz (מרצ, Hebrew: vitality, energy) was an Israeli leftist secular political party. ...

Palestinians living in the non-annexed portions of the West Bank do not have Israeli citizenship or voting rights in Israel, but are subject to the policies of the Israeli government. Israel has created roads and checkpoints in the West Bank for security reasons, to prevent uninhibited movement of suicide bombers and militants in the region. According to the pro-Palestinian human rights NGO B'Tselem, such policies isolate some Palestinian communities.^[44] Marwan Bishara, a teacher of international relations at the American University of Paris, has claimed that the restrictions on the movement of goods between Israel and the West Bank as "a defacto apartheid system".^[45] BTselem (Hebrew: , in the image of, as in Genesis 1:27) is an Israeli non-governmental organization (NGO) that describes itself as The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. ... Founded in 1962, the American University of Paris (AUP) is the oldest American institution of higher learning in Europe. ...

According to Leila Farsakh, associate professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts Boston, after 1977, "[t]he military government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) expropriated and enclosed Palestinian land and allowed the transfer of Israeli settlers to the occupied territories: they continued to be governed by Israeli laws. The government also enacted different military laws and decrees to regulate the civilian, economic and legal affairs of Palestinian inhabitants. These strangled the Palestinian economy and increased its dependence and integration into Israel." Farsakh states that "[m]any view these Israeli policies of territorial integration and societal separation as apartheid, even if they were never given such a name." ^[46] Dr. Leila Farsakh is Assistant Professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts Boston. ... University of Massachusetts Boston, or UMass Boston is a university in Boston, Massachusetts in the northeastern United States. ...

Guardian journalist Chris McGreal has written, "[t]here are few places in the world where governments construct a web of nationality and residency laws designed for use by one section of the population against another. Apartheid South Africa was one. So is Israel."^[13] According to Juan Cole, "The end game for [Sharon] is the division of the West Bank Palestinians into three Bantustans completely surrounded by Israeli forces or settlements, and the maintainance of Gaza as a permanent slum that advertises Palestinians as wretched and dangerous...The horrible implications for the state of Israel is its descent into a permanent Apartheid state."^[47] John Dugard has argued that the West Bank is being fragmented into areas "which increasingly resemble the Bantustans of South Africa".^[48] The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Chris McGreal is a reporter for The Guardian who frequently covers Middle East issues. ... John Juan Ricardo I. Cole (born October 1952 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a professor of modern Middle Eastern and South Asian history at the University of Michigan. ... John Dugard (born in 1936 in Fort Beaufort) is a South African professor of international law. ... Bantustan refers to any of the territories designated as tribal homelands for black South Africans during the Apartheid era. ...

Former Italian prime minister Massimo D'Alema told the Israeli press in 2003 that in a visit to Rome, Prime Minister Sharon had "explained at length that the Bantustan model was the most appropriate solution to the conflict" between Israel and the Palestinians. Akiva Eldar of Haaretz wrote:

Supplementary evidence backing D'Alema's story can be found in an expensively produced brochure prepared for Tourism Minister Benny Elon, who is promoting a two-state solution - Israel and Jordan. Under the title "The Road to War: a tiny protectorate, overpopulated, carved up and demilitarized," the Moledet Party leader presents "the map of the Palestinian state, according to Sharon's proposal." Sharon's map is surprisingly similar to the plan for protectorates in South Africa in the early 1960s. Even the number of cantons is the same - 10 in the West Bank (and one more in Gaza).

– Akiva Eldar, ^[49]

The Israeli human rights group B'Tselem also alleges that the legal system is reminiscent of apartheid.^[50] B'Tselem wrote in 2004 that "Palestinians are barred from or have restricted access to 450 miles of West Bank roads, a system with 'clear similarities' to South Africa's former apartheid regime". ^[51] In October 2005 the Israel Defense Force stopped Palestinians from driving on the main road through the West Bank; B'Tselem described this as a first step towards "total 'road apartheid'".^[52] Jimmy Carter has stated that the prohibition of Palestanians using this road "perpetrates even worse instances of apartness, or apartheid, than we witnessed even in South Africa." ^[53] BTselem (Hebrew: , in the image of, as in Genesis 1:27) is an Israeli non-governmental organization (NGO) that describes itself as The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. ... BTselem (Hebrew: , in the image of, as in Genesis 1:27) is an Israeli non-governmental organization (NGO) that describes itself as The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (Hebrew: צבא ההגנה לישראל Tsva Ha-Haganah Le-Yisrael ([Army] Force [for] the Defense of Israel), often abbreviated צהל Tsahal, alternative English spelling Tzahal, is the name of Israels armed forces...

On April 14, 2002, during Israel's Operation Defensive Shield, "launched after a spate of suicide attacks against Israeli civilians", the Israeli cabinet announced that it would construct "fences and other physical obstacles" to "prevent Palestinians crossing into Israel".^[54] This effort, which became the West Bank barrier, has been described as an "apartheid wall".^[55] Leila Farsakh argues that the barrier "is establishing a unilaterally defined Israeli border that encroaches on the 1967 boundaries and cuts Palestinian areas off from each another".^[46] Operation Defensive Shield (In Hebrew, מבצע חומת מגן) was a large-scale military operation conducted by the Israeli Defence Forces in April 2002. ... The barrier route as of May 2005. ... Dr. Leila Farsakh is Assistant Professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts Boston. ...

A permit and closure system was introduced in 1990 by the Oslo Accords, intended to reduce suicide bombings and other Palestinian violence. Leila Farsakh, states that this imposes "on Palestinians similar conditions to those faced by blacks under the pass laws. Like the pass laws, the permit system controlled population movement according to the settlers’ unilaterally defined considerations." In response to the al-Aqsa intifada, Israel modified the permit system and fragmented the WBGS [West Bank and Gaze Strip] territorially. "In April 2002 Israel declared that the WBGS would be cut into eight main areas, outside which Palestinians could not live without a permit."^[46] John Dugard has said these laws "resemble, but in severity go far beyond, apartheid's pass system".^[56] The West Bank closure system comprises a series of obstacles including checkpoints, partial checkpoints, agricultural and road gates, observation towers, earthmounds, roadblocks, tunnels, earth walls, road barriers, trenches and permit restrictions placed by the the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). ... Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993. ... Dr. Leila Farsakh is Assistant Professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts Boston. ... Pass Laws were introduced by the British governors in South Africa in 1923 to regulate movement of black Africans into urban areas. ... For other uses, see al-Aqsa (disambiguation). ... John Dugard (born in 1936 in Fort Beaufort) is a South African professor of international law. ...

The debate on the two-state solution

See also: Israel's unilateral disengagement plan#Pro-withdrawal criticism Israels unilateral disengagement plan (termed in Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in the Disengagement Plan Implementation Law), also known as the disengagement plan, Gaza Pull-Out plan, and Hitnatkut) was a proposal by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, adopted by the government and enacted in August 2005, to...

Some have also predicted that aspects of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan would also lead to apartheid-like conditions. These predictions are raised both by those who advocate a two-state solution and by those who advocate a one-state binational solution. These opponents of the plan generally agree with the principle of making territorial concessions, but object to the limited scope of the plan, which would leave much of the currently-occupied territory under some level of Israeli control. Israels unilateral disengagement plan (termed in Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in the Disengagement Plan Implementation Law), also known as the disengagement plan, Gaza Pull-Out plan, and Hitnatkut) was a proposal by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, adopted by the government and enacted in August 2005, to... The two-state solution is the name for a class of proposed resolutions of the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict now explicitly backed by the Israeli and United States governments. ... The binational solution, also known as the One-State Solution, is a proposed resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ...

• Desmond Tutu has advocated a two-state solution, saying, "Israel has three options: revert to the previous stalemated situation; exterminate all Palestinians; or - I hope - to strive for peace based on justice, based on withdrawal from all the occupied territories, and the establishment of a viable Palestinian state on those territories side by side with Israel, both with secure borders."^[57]

• In January 2004, Ahmed Qureia, then the Palestinian Prime Minister, said that the building of the West Bank barrier, and the associated Israeli absorption of parts of the West Bank, constituted "an apartheid solution to put the Palestinians in cantons." ^[58] He predicted that Israel's unilateralism could prompt an end to the Palestinian efforts towards a two-state solution, and instead shift favour towards a one-state solution.

• When asked for comment on Qureia's statement, Colin Powell, then U.S. Secretary of State, responded by affirming U.S. commitment to a two-state solution while saying, "I don't believe that we can accept a situation that results in anything that one might characterize as apartheid or Bantuism." ^[59]

• Ehud Olmert, then Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, commented in April 2004 that, "More and more Palestinians are uninterested in a negotiated, two-state solution, because they want to change the essence of the conflict from an Algerian paradigm to a South African one. From a struggle against 'occupation,' in their parlance, to a struggle for one-man-one-vote. That is, of course, a much cleaner struggle, a much more popular struggle - and ultimately a much more powerful one. For us, it would mean the end of the Jewish state."^[60]

• An academic paper by Professor Oren Yiftachel Chair of the Geography Department at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev predicted that Israel unilateral disengagement plan will result in "creeping apartheid" in the West Bank, Gaza, and in Israel itself. Yiftachel argues that, "Needless to say, the reality of apartheid existed for decades in Israel/Palestine, but this is the first time a Prime Minister spells out clearly the strengthening of this reality as a long-term political platform."^[61]. Yiftachel argued that the plan would entrench a situation that can be described as "neither two states nor one," separating Israelis from Palestinians without giving Palestinians true sovereignty.

• Meron Benvenisti, an Israeli political scientist and the former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, predicted that the interim disengagement plan would become permanent, with the West Bank barrier entrenching both the isolation of Palestinian communities and the existence of Israeli settlements. He warned that Israel is moving towards the model of apartheid South Africa through the creation of "Bantustan" like conditions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.^[40]

• The Economist, in an article on the debate over withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza Strip, asserted that "Keeping the occupied land will force on Israel the impossible choice of being either an apartheid state, or a binational one with Jews as a minority."^[62]

Michael Tarazi, a Palestinian proponent of the binational solution has argued that it is in Palestine's interest to "make this an argument about apartheid", to the extent of advocating Israeli settlement, "The longer they stay out there, the more Israel will appear to the world to be essentially an apartheid state".^[63] Ahmed Ali Mohammed Qurei (or Qureia), also known as Abu Alaa, was the Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council and is currently Prime Minister and holds the security portfolio of the Palestinian Authority. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Ehud Olmert (IPA ; Hebrew:אהוד אולמרט; born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel. ... There are currently two Deputy Prime-Ministers in the State of Israel. ... OMOV, an acronym standing for one man, one vote or one member, one vote, is a term used to support wider and more equal participation in political systems. ... The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב) was founded in 1969, in Beer Sheva, Israel. ... Meron Benvenisti is an Israeli political scientist who was Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem under Teddy Kollek from 1971 to 1978 and administered East Jerusalem and its largely Arab neighbourhoods[1]. He has long been a critic of Israels policies towards Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London, UK. It has been in continuous publication since September 1843. ... The binational solution, also known as the One-State Solution, is a proposed resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ... Map of Israeli settlements (magenta) in the West Bank. ...

Allegations of apartheid policies inside Israel

93.5% of the land inside the Green Line is not held by private owners. 79.5% of the land is owned by the Israeli Government through the Israel Land Administration, and 14% is privately owned by the Jewish National Fund. Under Israeli law, both ILA and JNF lands may not be sold, and are leased under the administration of the ILA.^[64] The term Green Line is often used to refer to the 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its opponents (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt) at the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. ... The Israel Land Administration (ILA) is part of the government of Israel responisible for managing the 93% of the land in Israel which is in the public domain. ... The JNF logo found on all JNF charity boxes. ...

Journalist Chris McGreal reported that as a result of the government controlling most of the land, the vast majority of land in Israel is not available to non-Jews.^[13] In response, Alex Safian of the media watch-dog CAMERA has argued that this is not true -- according to Safian, the 79.5% of Israeli land owned directly by the ILA is available for lease to both Jews and Arabs, sometimes on beneficial terms to Arabs under Israeli affirmative action programs. While Safian concedes that the 14% of Israeli land owned by the JNF is not legally available for lease to Israel's Arab citizens, he argues that the ILA often ignores this restriction in practice.^[64] Chris McGreal is a reporter for The Guardian who frequently covers Middle East issues. ... Large format camera lens. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime Genocide · Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing · Pogrom · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party · Hate groups Kahanism · Supremacism Anti...

Safian also noted that although there are formal restrictions on the lease of JNF land, which is privately owned by the JNF, "in practice JNF land has been leased to Arab citizens of Israel, both for short-term and long-term use. To cite one example of the former, JNF-owned land in the Besor Valley (Wadi Shallaleh) near Kibbutz Re'em has been leased on a yearly basis to Bedouins for use as pasture."^[65]

In March 2000, Israel's High Court ruled in Qaadan v. Katzir that the government's use of the JNF to develop public land was discriminatory due to the agency's prohibition against leasing to non-Jews.^[66] According to Alexandre Kedar of the Haifa University Law School "Until the Supreme Court Qaadan v. Katzir decision, Arabs could not acquire land in any of the hundreds of settlements of this kind existing in Israel.^[67].

The Israeli identity card, or Teudat Zehut, is required of all residents over the age of 16, indicate whether holders are Jewish or not by adding the person's Hebrew date of birth. Israeli identity card Teudat Zehut (תעודת ×–הות) is the Israeli compulsory identity document, as prescribed in the Identity Card Carrying and Displaying Act of 1982: [1] // Criminal offence carries a 5,000 NIS fine for not carrying an identity card or for misuse of the document. ...

In a controversial article in the Guardian, journalist Chris McGreal reported that having indications of Jewish ethnicity on Israeli identification cards is "in effect determining where they are permitted to live, access to some government welfare programmes, and how they are likely to be treated by civil servants and policemen."^[13] The same article also compared Israel's Population Registry Act, which calls for the gathering of ethnic data, to South Africa's Apartheid-era Population Registration Act. Similar religion-identifying cards exist in several other Middle Eastern Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, both of which have been accused of apartheid partially based on such identification.^{[citation needed]} Chris McGreal is a reporter for The Guardian who frequently covers Middle East issues. ... Israeli identity card Teudat Zehut (תעודת ×–הות) is the Israeli compulsory identity document, as prescribed in the Identity Card Carrying and Displaying Act of 1982: [1] // Criminal offence carries a 5,000 NIS fine for not carrying an identity card or for misuse of the document. ... The Population Registration Act of 1950 required that all inhabitants of South Africa be classified in accordance with their racial characteristics as part of the system of apartheid [1] [2] [3]. Social rights, political rights, educational opportunities, and economic status were largely determined by which group an individual belonged to. ...

The Nationality and Entry into Israel Law,^[68] passed by the Knesset on 31 July 2003, forbids married couples comprising an Israeli citizen and a Palestinian from the West Bank or Gaza Strip from living together in Israel.^[69] The law does allow children from such marriages to live in Israel until age 12, at which age the law requires them to emigrate.^[70] The law was originally enacted for one year, extended for a six month period on 21 July 2004, and for an additional four month period on 31 January 2005. "On 27 July 2005, the Knesset voted to extend the law until 31 March 2006, with minor amendments."^[71] The law was narrowly upheld in May 2006, by the Supreme Court of Israel on a six to five vote. Israel's Chief Justice, Aharon Barak, sided with the minority on the bench, declaring: "This violation of rights is directed against Arab citizens of Israel. As a result, therefore, the law is a violation of the right of Arab citizens in Israel to equality."^[72] Zehava Gal-On, a founder of B'Tselem and a Knesset member with the Meretz-Yachad party, stated that with the ruling "The Supreme Court could have taken a braver decision and not relegated us to the level of an apartheid state." ^[73] The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) 5763 is an Israeli law first passed on 31 July 2003 and extended in 2005. ... July 31 is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 21 is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... May is the fifth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Supreme Court (Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון, Beit Hamishpat Haelyon ) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. ... Aharon Barak (Hebrew: אהרן ברק) (born September 16, 1936) is a professor of law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and President of the Supreme Court of Israel since 1995. ... BTselem (Hebrew: , in the image of, as in Genesis 1:27) is an Israeli non-governmental organization (NGO) that describes itself as The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Meretz. ...

Adam and Moodley cite the marriage law as an example of how Arab Israelis "resemble in many ways 'Colored' and Indian South Africans." ^[12] They write: "Both Israeli Palestinians and Colored and Indian South Africans are restricted to second-class citizen status when another ethnic group monopolizes state power, treats the minorities as intrinsically suspect, and legally prohibits their access to land or allocates civil service positions or per capita expenditure on education differentially between dominant and minority citizens."

President Carter has reiterated the point that his "use of 'apartheid' does not apply to circumstances within Israel."^[23]

• Regarding the title of his book Carter says: "It's not Israel. The book has nothing to do with what's going on inside Israel which is a wonderful democracy, you know, where everyone has guaranteed equal rights and where, under the law, Arabs and Jews who are Israelis have the same privileges about Israel. That's been most of the controversy because people assume it's about Israel. It's not.^[74]

• "I've never alleged that the framework of apartheid existed within Israel at all ... . So it was a very clear distinction."^[75]

Criticism

Israeli law does not differentiate between Israeli citizens based on ethnicity.^{[citation needed]} Israeli Arabs have the same rights as all other Israelis, whether they are Jews, Christians, Druze, etc. These rights include suffrage, political representation and recourse to the courts. Israeli Arabs are represented in the Knesset (Israel's legislature) and participate fully in Israeli political, cultural, and educational life. In apartheid South Africa, "Blacks" and "Coloureds" could not vote and had no representation in the South African parliament..^[76] The modern Knesset building, Israels parliament, in Jerusalem Though similar-sounding, Beit Knesset (בית כנסת) literally means House of Assembly, and refers to a synagogue. ...

The features of petty apartheid do not exist within Israel,^[77] according to Benjamin Pogrund: Benjamin Pogrund is a South African-born Apartheid expert currently living in Israel. ...

The difference between the current Israeli situation and apartheid South Africa is emphasised at a very human level: Jewish and Arab babies are born in the same delivery room, with the same facilities, attended by the same doctors and nurses, with the mothers recovering in adjoining beds in a ward. Two years ago I had major surgery in a Jerusalem hospital: the surgeon was Jewish, the anaesthetist was Arab, the doctors and nurses who looked after me were Jews and Arabs. Jews and Arabs share meals in restaurants and travel on the same trains, buses and taxis, and visit each other’s homes. Could any of this possibly have happened under apartheid? Of course not.

– Benjamin Pogrund, ^[78]

Arab Israelis are eligible for special perks, as well as affirmative action. The city of Jerusalem gives Arab residents free professional advice to assist with the house permit process and structural regulations, advice which is not available to Jewish residents on the same terms.^[79] Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime Genocide · Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing · Pogrom · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party · Hate groups Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...

StandWithUs, a pro-Israel advocacy organization, has also stated that

Apartheid was an official policy, enacted in law and brutally enforced through police violence, of political, legal and economic discrimination against blacks. Apartheid is a political system based upon minority control over a majority population. In South Africa, blacks could not be citizens, vote, participate in the government or fraternize with whites. Israel, a majority-rule democracy like the U.S., gives equal rights and protections to all of its citizens. It grants full rights and protections to all Arab inhabitants inside of Israel, a reality best exemplified by Israel’s Arab members of parliament. Israeli citizens struggle with prejudices amongst its many minorities, just as all multi-racial, multi-ethnic democracies do, but Israel’s laws try to eradicate – not endorse – prejudices. The Palestinian Authority, not the Israeli government, governs the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. Like many Arab nations, the PA does not offer equal rights and protections to its inhabitants. Branding Israel an apartheid state is inaccurate – and emotional propaganda." Arab citizens of Israel, Arabs of Israel or Arab population of Israel are terms used by Israeli authorities and Israeli Hebrew-speaking media to refer to non-Jewish Arabs who are citizens of the State of Israel. ... The modern Knesset building, Israels parliament, in Jerusalem Though similar-sounding, Beit Knesset (בית כנסת) literally means House of Assembly, and refers to a synagogue. ...

– StandWithUs, ^[80]

Unlike South Africa, where Apartheid prevented Black majority rule, within Israel itself there is currently a Jewish majority.^[77][81]

The allegation was made at the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism.^[17] The conference was criticized by the United States and Israel, who described it as disproportionaly and unfairly demonizing and delegitimizing Israel. The resolution was not supported by a single Western country.^[82] Both Australia and Canada made statements accusing the conference of "hypocrisy". For example, The World Conference against Racism (WCAR) has been held three times: in 1978, 1983, and 2001. ...

Canada is still here today only because we wanted to have our voice decry the attempts at this Conference to de-legitimize the State of Israel and to dishonor the history and suffering of the Jewish people. We believe, and we have said in the clearest possible terms, that it was inappropriate - wrong - to address the Palestinian-Israel conflict in this forum. We have said, and will continue to say, that anything - any process, any declaration, any language - presented in any forum that does not serve to advance a negotiated peace that will bring security, dignity and respect to the people of the region is - and will be - unacceptable to Canada.

– Canadian delegation, ([7], page 119)

Critics of the claim that Israel is racist argue that, unlike apartheid, Israeli practices, even if they deserve to be criticized, are not prompted by racism. Benjamin Pogrund writes: Petty apartheid: sign on Durban beach in English, Afrikaans and Zulu (1989) Apartheid (meaning separateness in Afrikaans, cognate to English apart and hood) was a system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948, and was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1993, culminating in democratic elections... Benjamin Pogrund is a South African-born Apartheid expert currently living in Israel. ...

In any event, what is racism? Under apartheid it was skin colour. Applied to Israel that's a joke: for proof of that, just look at a crowd of Israeli Jews and their gradations in skin-colour from the "blackest" to the "whitest"... Occupation is brutalising and corrupting both Palestinians and Israelis... [b]ut it is not apartheid. Palestinians are not oppressed on racial grounds as Arabs, but, rather, as competitors — until now, at the losing end — in a national/religious conflict for land.

– Benjamin Pogrund, ^[78]

Jimmy Carter and Raja G. Khouri, who support the apartheid analogy, concur that the Israeli policies in question are not motivated by racism.^[83] Raja G. Khouri is a Lebanese born Palestinian-Canadian. ...

British journalist Melanie Phillips has criticized Desmond Tutu for comparing Israel to Apartheid South Africa. Having made the comparison in an article for The Guardian in 2002, Tutu stated that people are scared to say the "Jewish lobby" in the U.S. is powerful. "So what?" he asked. "The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists. Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Pinochet, Milosevic and Idi Amin were all powerful, but in the end they bit the dust."^[84] Phillips wrote of Tutu's article: "I never thought that I would see brazenly printed in a reputable British newspaper not only a repetition of the lie of Jewish power but the comparison of that power with Hitler, Stalin and other tyrants. I never thought I would see such a thing issuing from a Christian archbishop ... How can Christians maintain a virtual silence about the persecution of their fellow worshippers by Muslims across the world, while denouncing the Israelis who are in the front line against precisely this terror?"^[85] Melanie Phillips (born June 4, 1951) is a British journalist and author, best known for her column about political and social issues which currently appears in the Daily Mail. ... Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ... Jewish lobby is a term referring to allegations that Jews exercise undue influence in a number of areas, including politics, government, the media, academia, popular culture, public policy, international relations, and international finance. ... The Israel lobby in the United States is defined by John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, [1] as a loose coalition of individuals and organizations who actively work to steer US foreign policy in a pro-Israel direction, whose core is American Jews who make a significant effort in their daily...

In December, 2006, Maurice Ostroff of the Jerusalem Post criticized Tutu for being well-intentioned, but ultimately misguided: "If he took the opportunity during his forthcoming visit to impartially examine all the facts, he would discover - to his pleasant surprise - that accusations of Israeli apartheid are mean-spirited and wrong-headed... He would find that whereas the apartheid of the old South Africa was entrenched in law, Israel's Declaration of Independence absolutely ensures complete equality of social and political rights to all inhabitants, irrespective of religion, race, or gender.^[86] The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ...

Norman Finkelstein, an assistant professor of political science at DePaul University and author of numerous books relating to the Arab-Israeli conflict and anti-Semitism such as Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict (1995), The Rise and Fall of Palestine: A Personal Account of the Intifada Years (1998), The Holocaust Industry (2003), and Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History (2005), defends Carter's analysis in Palestine Peace Not Apartheid as (in his view) both historically accurate and non-controversial outside the United States: "After four decades of Israeli occupation, the infrastructure and superstructure of apartheid have been put in place. Outside the never-never land of mainstream American Jewry and U.S. media[,] this reality is barely disputed."^[87][88] Finkelstein cited historian Benny Morris, a widely quoted scholar on the Arab-Israeli conflict, twice as one of the "informed commentators" that supports Carter's apartheid analogy. Morris replied to the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America that "Norman Finkelstein is a notorious distorter of facts and of my work, not a serious or honest historian. ... As to the occupied territories, Israeli policy is fueled by security considerations (whether one agrees with them or not, or with all the specific measures adopted at any given time) rather than racism (though, to be sure, there are Israelis who are motivated by racism in their attitude and actions towards Arabs) — and indeed the Arab population suffers as a result. But Gaza's and the West Bank's population (Arabs) are not Israeli citizens and cannot expect to benefit from the same rights as Israeli citizens so long as the occupation or semi-occupation (more accurately) continues, which itself is a function of the continued state of war between the Hamas-led Palestinians (and their Syrian and other Arab allies) and Israel."^[89] Norman Finkelstein on Democracy Now! Norman G. Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American professor of political science and author. ... Not to be confused with DePauw University, a school with a similar spelling. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel and the United... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... A highly acclaimed study of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by Norman Finkelstein; author of the Holocaust Industry. ... The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering is a book by Norman G. Finkelstein, who is jewish, which argues that an industry has exploited the memory of the Holocaust to further Jewish and Israeli interests, and has corrupted the Jewish culture and Jewish heritage of Judaism as... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) is a non-profit, tax-exempt media watchdog group based in Boston chiefly monitoring media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict and focusing primarily on correcting coverage that it considers inaccurate or unfairly skewed against Israel. ...

In an op-ed for the Jerusalem Post, Gerald Steinberg, Professor of Political Studies at Bar Ilan University, argued that "Black labor was exploited in slavery-like conditions under apartheid, in contrast, Palestinians are dependent on Israeli employment due to their own internal corruption and economic failures."^[90] Bar-Ilan University (BIU, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן) is a university in Ramat Gan, a suburb of Tel Aviv, Israel. ...

In "It's Not Apartheid", published in Slate (subtitled: Jimmy Carter's moronic new book about Israel") and the Washington Post (subtitled: "Carter Adds to the List Of Mideast Misjudgments"), columnist Michael Kinsley states that Carter "makes no attempt to explain [the use of the loaded word 'apartheid']" which he calls "a foolish and unfair comparison, unworthy of the man who won -- and deserved -- the Nobel Peace Prize..." Slate is an online news and culture magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael Kinsley and owned by Microsoft (as part of MSN). ... ... Michael Kinsley (born March 9, 1951 in Detroit, Michigan) is a veteran American political journalist and commentator, currently serving as Editorial and Opinion Editor at the Los Angeles Times (since April 2004) (though he announced in July 2005 that he would assume a reduced, but as-yet-undefined, role). ...

To start with, no one has yet thought to accuse Israel of creating a phony country in finally acquiescing to the creation of a Palestinian state. Palestine is no Bantustan... Furthermore, Israel has always had Arab citizens.... No doubt many Israelis have racist attitudes toward Arabs, but the official philosophy of the government is quite the opposite, and sincere efforts are made to, for example, instill humanitarian and egalitarian attitudes in children. That is not true, of course, in Arab countries, where hatred of Jews is a standard part of the curriculum. Map of the black homelands in South Africa as of 1986 Map of the black homelands in Namibia as of 1978 Bantustan is a territory designated as a tribal homeland for black South Africans and Namibians during the apartheid era. ...

– Michael Kinsley

Citing what he calls "the most tragic difference," Kinsley concludes: "If Israel is white South Africa and the Palestinians are supposed to be the blacks, where is their Mandela?"^[91][92] Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, (born 18 July 1918) is a former President of South Africa, was one of its chief anti-apartheid activists, and was also an anti-apartheid saboteur and guerrilla leader. ...

Further information:Commentary on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid

The Human Rights Council, at which John Dugard made his allegations, has been criticized by the United States, Kofi Annan, and several other nations for demonizing Israel, having passed eight resolutions condemning Israel, and none condemning any other country. In a speech that was banned from being put on the Human Rights Council's record, the leader of the NGO UN Watch said that (Arab) dictators in control of the council had turned the original dream of the Human Rights council into a "nightmare", by focusing only on Israel so as to ignore what was going on in their own countries (such as the genocide in Darfur).^[93] See main article: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid Commentary on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006) summarizes and illustrates some representative critical reaction to and commentary on this book by former president Jimmy Carter, which... The United Nations Human Rights Council is an international body within the United Nations System. ... John Dugard (born in 1936 in Fort Beaufort) is a South African professor of international law. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... UN Watch is an Geneva-based NGO that is critical of the United Nations, and in particular what it sees as support for countries opposed to Israel, and also its actions against Israel. ...

Supporters of the West Bank barrier consider it to be largely responsible for reducing incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005.^[94][95][96] Israel's foreign minister, Silvan Shalom, stated in 2004 that the barrier is not a border but a temporary defensive measure designed to protect Israeli civilians from terrorist infiltration and attack, and can be dismantled if appropriate.^[97] The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the barrier is defensive and accepted the government's position that the route is based on security considerations.^[98] The barrier near Jenin, northern West Bank, July 2003 The barrier at Abu Dis, east of Jerusalem, June 2004 The Israeli West Bank barrier (also called the West Bank Security Fence or the West Bank wall) is a physical barrier consisting of a network of fences, walls, and trenches, which... The Supreme Court (Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון, Beit Hamishpat Haelyon ) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. ...

David Matas and Jean-Christophe Rufin argue that the term is inaccurate, dangerous, and used as a rhetorical device to isolate Israel. They also call it antisemitic, and potentially a means to justify acts of terrorism.^[99][1] David Matas (b. ... Jean-Christophe Rufin (born June 28, 1952) is a French physician and novelist. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism · Supremacism Anti...

Ian Buruma, Professor of Democracy, Human Rights & Journalism at Bard College, New York, finds the comparison to be "intellectually lazy, morally questionable, and possibly even mendacious." Though he disagrees with Israel's policies in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, in his view: Ian Buruma talks with an attendee at the Texas Book Festival. ... For other meanings of the word Bard, see Bard (disambiguation). ...

Inside the state of Israel, there is no apartheid. In proportion to its population, Israel has the largest minority within its borders of any country in the Middle East. The official figure for Copts in Egypt is 10%. Non-Jews, mostly Arab Muslims, make up 20% of the Israeli population, and they enjoy full citizen's rights. Israel is one of the few Middle Eastern states where Muslim women are allowed to vote.

– Ian Buruma, ^[2]

In 2002, in response to a proposed academic boycott of Israel, Lee Bollinger, President of Columbia University, said that the analogy of Israel to South Africa at the time of apartheid, "is both grotesque and offensive".^[100] Juan Cole also wrote "The supporters of the European academic boycott often make an analogy to South Africa and its apartheid policies. Yet while Arab Israelis are discriminated against in many ways in Israeli society, there is nothing like apartheid.^[101] The academic boycotts of Israel refer to a series of proposals to boycott Israeli universities and academics, which have been put forward first by a group of academics via an open letter in 2002, and later members of two teaching unions in the UK, one Irish group, and a Palestinian... Lee C. Bollinger is an American lawyer, educator and is currently serving as the 19th president of Columbia University. ... Columbia University is a private research university in the United States. ... John Juan Ricardo I. Cole (born October 1952 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a professor of modern Middle Eastern and South Asian history at the University of Michigan. ...

David Matas, senior counsel to B'nai Brith Canada, argues that the starting point for anti-Zionists is the "vocabulary of condemnation", rather than specific criticism of the practises of Israel. He writes that "any unsavoury verbal weapon that comes to hand is used to club Israel and its supporters. The reality of what happens in Israel is ignored. What matters is the condemnation itself. For anti-Zionists, the more repugnant the accusation made against Israel the better."^[1] Because apartheid is universally condemned, and a global coalition helped to bring down the South African apartheid regime, anti-Zionists "dream of constructing a similar global anti-Zionism effort", writes Matas. "The simplest and most direct way for them to do so is to label Israel as an apartheid state. The fact that there is no resemblance whatsoever between true apartheid and the State of Israel has not stopped anti-Zionists for a moment."^[1] Bnai Brith Membership Certificate, 1876. ... Anti-Zionism is a term used to describe opposition to Zionism, the movement supporting the right of the State of Israel to exist as a Jewish state. ...

In 2003, South Africa's minister for home affairs Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi said that "The Israeli regime is not apartheid. It is a unique case of democracy".^[102] According to Fred Taub, the President of Boycott Watch, "[t]he assertion ... that Israel is practicing apartheid is not only false, but may be considered libelous. ... The fact is that it is the Arabs who are discriminating against non-Muslims, especially Jews."^[103] Chief Mangosuthu (Gatsha)Ashpenaz Nathan Buthelezi (born August 27, 1928) is a South African Zulu leader, and leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) which he formed in 1975. ...

In 2004, Jean-Christophe Rufin, former vice-president of Médecins Sans Frontières and president of Action Against Hunger, recommended in a report about anti-Semitism^[104] commissioned by French Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin^[105] that the charge of apartheid and racism against Israel be criminalized in France.^[99] He wrote: Jean-Christophe Rufin (born June 28, 1952) is a French physician and novelist. ... Médecins Sans Frontières ( (help· info)) (English: Doctors Without Borders) is a secular humanitarian-aid non-governmental organisation best known for its projects in war-torn regions and developing countries facing endemic disease. ... Action Against Hunger (also known under French name Action Internationale Contre la Faim) is international non-profit non-governmental organization that fights against hunger, the physiological need to eat, worldwide. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

[T]here is no question of penalising political opinions that are critical, for example, of any government and are perfectly legitimate. What should be penalised in the perverse and defamatory use of the charge of racism against those very people who were victims of racism to an unparalleled degree. The accusations of racism, of apartheid, of Nazism carry extremely grave moral implications. These accusations have, in the situation in which we find ourselves today, major consequences which can, by contagion, put in danger the lives of our Jewish citizens. It is why we invite reflection on the advisability and applicability of a law ... which would permit the punishment of those who make without foundation against groups, institutions or states accusations of racism and utilise for these accusations unjustified comparisons with apartheid or Nazism. In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of making a false statement of fact that injures someones reputation. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime Genocide · Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing · Pogrom · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party · Hate groups Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... National Socialism redirects here. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...

– Jean-Christophe Rufin, ^[99]

In 2004's The Trouble with Islam Today, Irshad Manji argues the allegation of apartheid in Israel is misleading. She writes that there are several Arab political parties; Arab-Muslim legislators have veto powers; and that Arab parties have won overturned disqualifications. She points to Arabs, like Emile Habibi, who have been awarded prestigious prizes. She also states that Israel has a free Arab press; road signs bear Arabic; Arabs live and study alongside Jews; and claims that Palestinans commuting from the West Bank are entitled to state benefits and legal protections.^[106] Original cover of The Trouble with Islam The Trouble With Islam, later republished as The Trouble with Islam Today [1] is a 2004 book critical of Islam written by Irshad Manji, in which she writes: The Trouble with Islam is an open letter from me, a Muslim voice of reform... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Emile Habibi (August, 1921 - May 3, 1996) was a Palestinian-Israeli writer and politician. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...

Benny Morris, one of the most widely quoted scholars on the Arab-Israeli conflict, told CAMERA: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel and the United... Large format camera lens. ...

Israel is not an apartheid state — rather the opposite, it is easily the most democratic and politically egalitarian state in the Middle East, in which Arabs Israelis enjoy far more freedom, better social services, etc. than in all the Arab states surrounding it. Indeed, Arab representatives in the Knesset, who continuously call for dismantling the Jewish state, support the Hezbollah, etc., enjoy more freedom than many Western democracies give their internal Oppositions. (The U.S. would prosecute and jail Congressmen calling for the overthrow of the U.S. Govt. or the demise of the U.S.) The best comparison would be the treatment of Japanese Americans by the US Govt ... and the British Govt. [incarceration] of German emigres in Britain WWII ... Israel's Arabs by and large identify with Israel's enemies, the Palestinians. But Israel hasn't jailed or curtailed their freedoms en masse (since 1966 [when Israel lifted its state of martial law]). Egalitarianism is the moral doctrine that equality ought to prevail among some group along some dimension. ... A social worker is a person employed in the administration of charity, social service, welfare, and poverty agencies, advocacy, or religious outreach programs. ... The modern Knesset building, Israels parliament, in Jerusalem Though similar-sounding, Beit Knesset (בית כנסת) literally means House of Assembly, and refers to a synagogue. ... For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation). ... Jerome War Relocation Center in Jerome, Arkansas Japanese people heading off to an internment camp. ... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ...

– Benny Morris

Morris later added: "Israel ... has not jailed tens of thousands of Arabs indiscriminately out fear that they might support the Arab states warring with Israel; it did not do so in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973 or 1982 — despite the Israeli Arabs' support for the enemy Arab states."

As to the occupied territories, Israeli policy is fueled by security considerations (whether one agrees with them or not, or with all the specific measures adopted at any given time) rather than racism (though, to be sure, there are Israelis who are motivated by racism in their attitude and actions towards Arabs) — and indeed the Arab population suffers as a result. But Gaza's and the West Bank's population (Arabs) are not Israeli citizens and cannot expect to benefit from the same rights as Israeli citizens so long as the occupation or semi-occupation (more accurately) continues, which itself is a function of the continued state of war between the Hamas-led Palestinians (and their Syrian and other Arab allies) and Israel.

– Benny Morris, ^[107]

Other views

Human rights violations exist in other nations, including Arab majority states critical of Israel, and yet, Adam and Moodley suggest, Israel receives disproportionate scrutiny for a number of reasons.^[108] For its Jewish majority and Arab citizens, Israel is a Western democracy and is judged by the standards of one; similarly, Western commentators feel "a greater affinity to a like minded polity than to an autocratic Third World state."^[108] Israel also claims to be a spiritual home for a worldwide Jewish diaspora.^[108] Israel, which "is heavily bankrolled by U.S. taxpayers," is a strategic outpost of the Western world who can be viewed as sharing a collective responsibility for its behaviors.^[108] Radical Islamists "use Israeli policies to mobilize anti-Western sentiment."^[108] "Unconditional U.S. support for Israeli expansionism potentially unites Muslim moderates with jihadists."^[108] As a result of these factors, the West Bank Barrier — nicknamed the "apartheid wall" — has become a critical frontline in the War on Terrorism.^[108] Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut גלות, exile, Yiddish: tfutses) is the expulsion of the Jewish people out of the Roman province of Judea. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For the British Parliamentary discipline, see Collective responsibility Collective Responsibilty is a concept, or doctrine, according to which people are to be held responsible for other peoples actions by tolerating, ignoring, or harboring them, without actively collaborating in these actions. ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Jiaad, or Cihad, (Arabic: IPA: ) as an Islamic term, is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam, although it occupies no official status as such in Sunni Islam. ... The barrier near Jenin, northern West Bank, July 2003 The barrier at Abu Dis, east of Jerusalem, June 2004 The Israeli West Bank barrier (also called the West Bank Security Fence or the West Bank wall) is a physical barrier consisting of a network of fences, walls, and trenches, which... This article is about U.S. actions after September 11, 2001. ...

Adam and Moodley add that many Israelis are Holocaust survivors and their descendants, and are therefore expected to be particularly careful not to repeat ethnic discrimination,^[108] noting that the anti-Apartheid resistance that formed against South Africa was disproportionately Jewish.^[109] This argument is also made by Ali Abunimah, creator of the Electronic Intifada website and author of One Country: A Bold Proposal to End the Israeli-Palestinian Impasse. Abunimah writes that "[m]any liberal Zionists were active in the antiapartheid struggle and cannot accept that the Israel they love could have anything in common with the hated apartheid regime."^[110] “Shoah” redirects here. ... Ali Hasan Abunimah (Arabic: ‎) is a Palestinian-American, born of a mother made a refugee in 1948 from the village of Lifta now in Israel, and a father from the village of Battir in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, who co-founded Electronic Intifada, a not-for-profit, independent online... ei logo The Electronic Intifada (ei) is a not-for-profit, independent online publication about the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from a Palestinian perspective, offering an alternative analysis to Mainstream media. ... Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where Jewish nationhood is thought to have evolved somewhere between 1200 BCE and late Second Temple times,[1][2] and where Jewish kingdoms existed up to the 2nd century CE. Zionism is...

At the same time, Adam and Moodley note that Jewish historical suffering has imbued Zionism with a subjective sense of moral validity that the whites ruling South Africa never had: "Afrikaner moral standing was constantly undermined by exclusion and domination of blacks, even subconsiously in the minds of its beneficiaries. In contrast, the similar Israeli dispossession of Palestinians is perceived as self-defense and therefore not immoral."^[109] They also suggest that academic comparisons between Israel and apartheid South Africa that see both dominant groups as "settler societies" leave unanswered the question of "when and how settlers become indigenous," as well as failing to take into account that Israeli's Jewish immigrants view themselves as returning home.^[111] "In their self-concept, Zionists are simply returning to their ancentral homeland from which they were dispersed two millenia ago. Originally most did not intend to exploit native labor and resources, as colonizers do." Adam and Moodley stress that "because people give meaning to their lives and interpret their worlds through these diverse ideological prisms, the perceptions are real and have to be taken seriously."^[111] Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה, ascent or going up) is a term widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). ...

Adam and Moodley also argue that Afrikaner leaders who justified their policies by claiming to be fighting against ANC communism found that excuse outdated after the collapse of the Soviet Union, whereas "continued Arab hostilities sustain the Israeli perception of justifiable self-defense."^[112] For political parties with similar names in other countries, see Northern Rhodesian African National Congress and Zambian African National Congress. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ...

Adam and Moodley argue that notwithstanding universal suffrage within Israel proper, "if the Palestinian territories under more or less permanent Israeli occupation and settler presence are considered part of the entity under analysis, the comparison between a disenfranchised African population in apartheid South Africa and the three and a half million stateless Palestinians under Israeli domination gains more validity." ^[12]

Adam and Moodley contend that the relationship of South African apartheid to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been misinterpreted as "justifying suicide bombing and glorifying martyrdom." They argue that the ANC "never endorsed terrorism," and stress that "not one suicide has been committed in the cause of a thirty-year-long armed struggle, although in practice the ANC drifted increasingly toward violence during the latter years of apartheid."^[113]

Adam and Moodley conclude their book by arguing that

Mandela's vision succeeded because it evoked a universal morality. Common ideological and economic bonds existed between the antagonists inside South Africa. An outdated racial hierarchy eventually clashed with economic imperatives when the costs exceeded the benefits of racial minority rule in a global pariah state. In the Israeli case, outside support sustains intransigence. Only when the colonial policies of occupation embarrass and threaten their stronger patrons abroad or can no longer be so easily contained inside (as apartheid racial capitalism did in the Cold War competition) can outside pressure on Israel be expected. This turning of the tables will impact the Israeli public as much as outside perception is affected by visionary local leaders and events. Despite gains in global empathy, Palestinians are still at the mercy of a superior adversary in every respect, which even a Mandela would not have been able to overcome. In this impasse, hope is offered by Israeli progressive moral dissent on the Left as well as opportunistic calculations on the Right that the occupation harms the occupier. Israel has the capacity to reach a meaningful compromise, but has yet to prove its willingness. The Palestinian mainstream has the willingness, but lacks the capacity, to initiate a fair settlement.

– Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, ^[114]

White supremacist David Duke,^[115] Holocaust denier and Paul Grubach of the Institute for Historical Review,^[116] have both described Israel as an apartheid state. White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is a former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, a candidate in presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties, and former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. ... Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ... Logo/Banner of the Institute for Historical Review (Acronym IHR) The Institute for Historical Review (IHR), founded in 1978, is an American Holocaust denial[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] organization which describes itself as a public-interest educational, research and publishing center dedicated to promoting greater public awareness...

See also

• Crime of apartheid
• Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority
• Academic boycotts of Israel
• Allegations of apartheid for other uses of the term
• Antisemitism
• Arab anti-Zionism
• Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law
• Hafrada (Separation)
• Intifada
• Israeli West Bank barrier
• Jewish exodus from Arab lands
• New antisemitism
• New Historians

The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 treaty establishing the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or... This article outlines the human rights record of the Palestinian Authority leadership in the West Bank and Gaza. ... The academic boycotts of Israel refer to a series of proposals to boycott Israeli universities and academics, which have been put forward first by a group of academics via an open letter in 2002, and later members of two teaching unions in the UK, one Irish group, and a Palestinian... The term apartheid commonly refers to South African apartheid, a former official policy of political, legal, and economic racial discrimination against nonwhites. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party Kahanism · Supremacism Anti... Anti-Zionism is a term used to describe opposition to Zionism, the movement supporting the right of the State of Israel to exist as a Jewish state. ... The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) 5763 is an Israeli law first passed on 31 July 2003 and extended in 2005. ... Hafrada (Hebrew: ) is the English transliteration of the Hebrew word for separation. ... Intifada (also Intefadah or Intifadah; from shaking off) is an Arabic term for uprising. It came into common usage in English as the popularized name for two recent Palestinian campaigns directed at Israel. ... The barrier route as of May 2005. ... The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century emigration and expulsion of Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from majority Arab lands. ... New antisemitism is the concept of an international resurgence of attacks on Jewish symbols, as well as the acceptance of antisemitic beliefs and their expression in public discourse, coming from three political directions: the political left, far-right, and Islamism. ... The New Historians are a loosely-defined group of Israeli historians who have declared as their goal the reexamination of the history of Israel and Zionism. ...

References

Ian Buruma talks with an attendee at the Texas Book Festival. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... “UNSC” redirects here. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... The Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE, French: Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique) is a Canadian trade union serving the public sector - although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. ... Yediot Ahronoth house in Tel Aviv, Israel Yedioth Ahronoth (Hebrew: , meaning latest news) is a major Hebrew language tabloid newspaper published in Israel. ... Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for desktop publishing use. ... Chris McGreal is a reporter for The Guardian who frequently covers Middle East issues. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Chris McGreal is a reporter for The Guardian who frequently covers Middle East issues. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lebanon is a city located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. ... Brandeis University is a private university in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A business day is a duration of time standardized to the seven-day work week, used to differentiate calendar days, based on a seven-day week, from the time period when a company is in operation. ... Uri Davis is an Israeli-born academic and a one-time Jewish member of the Palestine Liberation Organization. ... Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... This article is about the U.S publication. ... Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ... Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper. ... Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where Jewish nationhood is thought to have evolved somewhere between 1200 BCE and late Second Temple times,[1][2] and where Jewish kingdoms existed up to the 2nd century CE. Zionism is... For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... Arun Gandhi Arun Manilal Gandhi (born April 14, 1934, Durban, South Africa) is the fifth grandson of Mahatma Gandhi through his second son Manilal. ... Arun Gandhi Arun Manilal Gandhi (born April 14, 1934, Durban, South Africa) is the fifth grandson of Mahatma Gandhi through his second son Manilal. ... The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink broadsheet paper. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Middle East Policy Council or MEPC is a Washington DC based 501(c)3 non-profit organization that deals with issues concerning the Middle East. ... Haaretz (הארץ, The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for desktop publishing use. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... Meron Benvenisti is an Israeli political scientist who was Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem under Teddy Kollek from 1971 to 1978 and administered East Jerusalem and its largely Arab neighbourhoods[1]. He has long been a critic of Israels policies towards Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Democracy Now! logo. ... BTselem (Hebrew: , in the image of, as in Genesis 1:27) is an Israeli non-governmental organization (NGO) that describes itself as The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. ... Dr. Leila Farsakh is Assistant Professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts Boston. ... Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. ... John Juan Ricardo I. Cole (born October 1952 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a professor of modern Middle Eastern and South Asian history at the University of Michigan. ... John Dugard (born in 1936 in Fort Beaufort) is a South African professor of international law. ... The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the only major daily newspaper in Atlanta and its suburbs. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... The URL bbc. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Muhammad Sarwar Mohammad Sarwar (born 18 August 1952, Pirmahal Pakistan) is a politician in the United Kingdom, the Labour member of Parliament for Glasgow Central, Scotland. ... For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... John Pilger John Pilger (born October 9, 1939) is an Australian journalist and documentary filmmaker from Sydney, primarily based in London, UK. // Life and career Pilgers career in journalism began in 1958, and he has developed his reputation through both his reporting and the various books and documentary films... The New Statesman is a left-of-centre political weekly published in London. ... Mustafa Barghouti Mustafa Barghouti (also often written Mustafa Barghouthi, Mustafa Al Barghuthi, Dr Barghuthi; born 1954) is a Palestinian democracy activist. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion (US$7. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ... The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the only major daily newspaper in Atlanta and its suburbs. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Haaretz (Hebrew: (help· info), The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ... Haaretz (Hebrew: (help· info), The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ... Haaretz (Hebrew: (help· info), The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ... The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London, UK. It has been in continuous publication since September 1843. ... The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes reportage, criticism, essays, cartoons, poetry and fiction. ... The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) is a non-profit, tax-exempt media watchdog group based in Boston chiefly monitoring media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict and focusing primarily on correcting coverage that it considers inaccurate or unfairly skewed against Israel. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... The Jewish Virtual Library is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), notable for its strong pro-Israel views. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Benjamin Pogrund is a South African-born Apartheid expert currently living in Israel. ... Organization logo StandWithUs is a pro-Israel advocacy organization based in Los Angeles. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... 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Melanie Phillips (born June 4, 1951) is a British journalist and author, best known for her column about political and social issues which currently appears in the Daily Mail. ... Melanie Phillips (born June 4, 1951) is a British journalist and author, best known for her column about political and social issues which currently appears in the Daily Mail. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... Norman Finkelstein on Democracy Now! Norman G. Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American professor of political science and author. ... Counterpunch can refer to: In traditional typography, a counterpunch is a type of punch used to create the negative space in or around a character. ... December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Ali Hasan Abunimah (Arabic: ‎) is a Palestinian-American, born of a mother made a refugee in 1948 from the village of Lifta now in Israel, and a father from the village of Battir in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, who co-founded Electronic Intifada, a not-for-profit, independent online...

Further reading