Allegations of apartheid have been made, informally, against societies beyond South Africa in the years since the international condemnation of the now dismantled South African Apartheid system. Activists and political theorists have adopted the term "apartheid" to describe other perceived social or political discrimination. Apartheid has been used in compound phrases coined to compare actual or alleged forms of segregation, discrimination or disparity to South African Apartheid. An allegation is a statement of a fact by a party in a pleading, which he or she claims they will prove. ... For the legal definition of apartheid, see the crime of apartheid. ... This article is about discrimination in the social science context. ... Segregation means separation. ...

History

The term apartheid (meaning separateness in Afrikaans) referred to a system of segregation used in South Africa between 1947 and 1994 and "Separate Development", the political program of the now defunct National Party of South Africa. Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Headline text the separation development was a plan to designate independent states. ... The National Party (sometimes called the Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from 1948 to 1994. ...

As a result of international attention and widespread opposition to the apartheid system in South Africa the concept of the crime of apartheid was developed internationally and recognized in 1973 by the United Nations in the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid.^[1] "As such, apartheid was declared to be a crime against humanity, with a scope that went far beyond South Africa. While the crime of apartheid is most often associated with the racist policies of South Africa after 1947, the term more generally refers to racially based policies in any state."^[2] In light of South African Apartheid being dismantled by the end of 1993, legal scholars discussed whether the convention could be invoked by other victimized indigenous peoples.^[3] The U.N. again defined the crime in the 2002 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the treaty establishing the International Criminal Court.^[4] The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 treaty establishing the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or... In international law, a crime against humanity consists of acts of persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ... The term indigenous people has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Opened for signature June 17, 1998[1] at Rome Entered into force July 1, 2002 Conditions for entry into force 60 ratifications Parties 99[2] The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (or Rome Statute) is the treaty which established the International... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ...

Alternate uses

Activists and political theorists have adopted the term apartheid to describe other social or political discrimination.

The term apartheid has been used in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to allege systematic discrimination against Palestinians by Israel; see allegations of Israeli apartheid. In France the word apartheid has been used to describe the social situation in the French suburbs where Arab immigrants are not integrated with the general French population and live with inferior social services and housing.^[5][6] Social apartheid in Brazil has been used to describe the social segregation of the poor (who are mostly dark-skinned) from wealthier classes.^[7] Israel, with the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which is often claimed to be at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is an ongoing dispute between two peoples, Jewish Israelis and Arab Palestinians, who both claim the right to sovereignty over the Land... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... This article or section seems to contain too many quotations for an encyclopedia entry. ... The social situation in the French suburbs, called banlieues, is a complex topic. ... Social apartheid in Brazil invokes the memory of South African apartheid to describe and interpret racial, economic, and social discrimination in Brazil. ... Segregation means separation. ...

Other countries whose practices have been compared to apartheid include Australia for its White Australia policy and treatment of aborigines,^[8][9] Bosnia and Herzegovina,^[10] Canada for its treatment of native peoples,^{[11] [12]} the People's Republic of China in regards to the Hukou pass system for peasant population,^[13] as well as Tibet.^[14] Cuba has been accused of practicing tourist apartheid,^[15] India for its caste system which has been described as a "hidden apartheid,"^[16] Jordan for its nationality law which excludes Jews from citizenship^[17] and its two-tiered citizenship system in general,^[18] New Zealand for allegedly giving preferential treatment to Maoris,^[19][20] Pakistan,^[21] Puerto Rico,^{[22] [23]} the Baltic states of the former Soviet Union,^[24][25][26] the Crimea,^[27] Sri Lanka,^[28] as well as the proposed state of Tamil Eelam,^[29] and the United Kingdom.^[30] This badge from 1906 shows the use of the expression White Australia at that time The White Australia policy is a generic term used to describe a collection of historical legislation and policies, intended to restrict non-white immigration to Australia, and to promote European immigration, from 1901 to 1973. ... ... A hùkÇ’u (Chinese: ) or hùjí (Chinese: ) refers to residency permits (household registration) issued in mainland China (by the Peoples Republic of China) and Taiwan (by the Republic of China). ... Tibet (see Name section below for other spellings) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the indigenous home to the Tibetan people. ... Tourist segregation in Cuba, in which local people are often barred from state-owned tourist facilities, is a controversial aspect of tourism in Cuba. ... The Indian caste system is the traditional system of social stratification on the Indian Subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by a number of endogamous, hereditary groups often termed as jātis or castes. ... Te Puni, Māori Chief Māori is the name of the indigenous people of New Zealand, and their language. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ... Area of Sri Lanka claimed for Tamil Eelam Political status Unrecognized state Languages      Tamil (de facto official) English Capital Trincomalee[1][2] Time zone UTC +5:30 Tamil Eelam (Tamil: தமிழ் ஈழம், tamiḻ īḻam) is the name given by Tamil separatists to the independent state to which they aspire in the Northern...

Muslim countries accused of gender apartheid (see below) include Afghanistan,^[31] Iran,^[32] Malaysia,^[33] and Saudi Arabia.^[34] The term gender apartheid or sexual apartheid is used to describe sexual discrimination, particularly strict gender-based segregation[1] in countries such as Iran[2], Saudi Arabia[3] or Afghanistan under the Taliban[4] where women are segregated on the basis of sex from men in public and do not...

Subtypes

The word "apartheid" has been used in compound phrases coined to compare actual or alleged forms of segregation, discrimination or disparity to South African apartheid.

Terms such as "Islamic apartheid", "Muslim apartheid" or "religious apartheid" have been used to describe discrimination against non-Muslims in Muslim countries.^{[35] [36] [37] [38][39]} "Gender apartheid" (or "sexual apartheid") has been used to describe sexual segregation and discrimination against women^[40][41], particularly sexual segregation in Islamic countries.^[42] The term "sexual apartheid" has also been used to describe discrimination against gays and lesbians.^[43][44] Religious segregation involves the separation of people on the basis of religion. ... The term gender apartheid or sexual apartheid is used to describe sexual discrimination, particularly strict gender-based segregation[1] in countries such as Iran[2], Saudi Arabia[3] or Afghanistan under the Taliban[4] where women are segregated on the basis of sex from men in public and do not... Sex segregation is the separation, or segregation, of people according to sex or gender. ... The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage Sexism is commonly considered to be discrimination and/or hatred against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, but can also refer to any and all systemic differentiations based on the sex of the... This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Sex segregation Islam discourages social interaction between men and women but not all interaction between men and women. ...

"Global apartheid" has been used by advocates for the developing world, including President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki, to describe what they believe is an "international system of minority rule"^[45] and the disparity between a minority of the world's population in developed countries and the rest of the world.^[46] It has been suggested that one solution has to be found for a series of articles including this article. ... The President of South Africa, in full, the President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under South Africas Constitution. ... Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born June 18, 1942) is the current President of the Republic of South Africa. ...

Disparities between rich and poor in various countries has been described as social apartheid, urban apartheid or economic apartheid, particularly in countries where the poor are more likely to have darker skin than the rich^[47] or in European countries to describe the disparity and perceived ghettoization of Muslim immigrants.^[48] Social apartheid refers to de facto segregation on the basis of class or economic status in which an underclass develops which is separated from the rest of the population. ... Allegations of apartheid have been made against numerous countries. ...

The lack of access of many of the world's poor to clean water has been called "water apartheid" ^[49] while the government of Iran has used the term "nuclear apartheid" to denounce international attempts to stop the country's nuclear program.^{[50] [51]} This article is about Irans nuclear power program. ...

Countries whose practices have been compared to apartheid

• Afghanistan
• Australia
• Brazil
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Canada
• China
• Cuba
• France
• French Algeria
• India
• Iran
• Israel
• Jordan
• Malaysia
• Pakistan
• Puerto Rico
• Saudi Arabia
• Sri Lanka
• United Kingdom
• United States

French rule in Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962, under a variety of governmental systems. ...

See also

• Racial segregation
• Sex segregation
• Religious segregation
• Crime of apartheid

The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterized by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home[1]. Segregation... Sex segregation is the separation, or segregation, of people according to sex or gender. ... Religious segregation involves the separation of people on the basis of religion. ... The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 treaty establishing the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or...

References