NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Allegations of state terrorism by United States of America

The United States of America has been accused of sponsoring state terrorism by various United Nations recognized governments and by various individuals. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

Definition and the term terrorism

Terrorism is a term used to describe violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilians by groups or persons for political, nationalist, or religious goals. State terrorism is a controversial term which generally means violence against civilians perpetrated by a national government or proxy state. The definition of terrorism is inherently controversial - for more information, visit Definition of terrorism. This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Few words are as politically or emotionally charged as terrorism. ...

Allegations

Latin America

Cuba

Cuban government officials have accused the United States Government of being an accomplice and protector of terrorism against Cuba on many occasions.^[1]^[2] ^[3] According to Ricardo Alarcón, President of Cuba’s national assembly "Terrorism and violence, crimes against Cuba, have been part and parcel of U.S. policy for almost half a century.”^[4] The claims formed part of Cuba's $181.1 billion lawsuit in 1999 against the United States on behalf of the Cuban people which alleged that for over 40 years, "terrorism has been permanently used by the U.S. as an instrument of its foreign policy against Cuba," and it "became more systematic as a result of the covert action program."^[5] The lawsuit detailed a history of terrorism allegedly supported by the United States. The United States has long denied any involvement in the acts named in the lawsuit.^[6] The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. ... Northwoods Memorandum (March 13, 1962) (PDF) Operation Northwoods, or Northwoods, was a 1962 plan to generate U.S. public support for military action against the Cuban government of Fidel Castro, as part of the U.S. governments Operation Mongoose anti-Castro initiative. ... Fidel Castro, in front of statue of JosÃ© MartÃ (designed Enrique Luis Varela, sculpture by Juan JosÃ© Sicre and finished in 1958. ... Ricardo Alarcon speaking before the United Nations General Assembly in New York City, New York. ... The National Assembly of Peopleâ€™s Power (Spanish: Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular) is the legislative parliament of the Republic of Cuba and the supreme body of State power. ...

The claims centre around allegations of CIA knowledge and involvement in operations against Cuba from the early Sixties to mid-Seventies, notably the bombing of Cubana Flight 455 in 1976 which killed all 73 people aboard and a series of attacks on tourist sites in the 1990s.^[7] The allegations also claim U.S. involvement in the paramilitary group Omega 7, the CIA undercover operation known as Operation 40, and the umbrella group the Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations. Cuban Counterterrorism investigator Roberto Hernández testified in a Miami court that the bomb attacks were "part of a campaign of terror designed to scare civilians and foreign tourists, harming Cuba's single largest industry."^[8] In 2001 Cuban Ambassador to the UN Bruno Rodriguez Pauuilla called for UN General Assembly to address all forms and manifestations of terrorism in every corner of the world, including - without exception - State terrorism. He alleged to the UN General Assembly that 3,478 Cubans have died as a result of aggressions and terrorist acts.^[9] The Cuban government also asserted that in the 1990s, a total of 68 acts of terrorism were perpetrated against Cuba.^[9] Image File history File linksMetadata Porter_Goss,_Barry_Seal,_Felix_Rodriguez,_et_al. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Porter_Goss,_Barry_Seal,_Felix_Rodriguez,_et_al. ... Operation 40 was a CIA-sponsored undercover operation in the early 1960s, which was active in the Caribbean (including Cuba), Central America, and Mexico. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Cubana Flight 455 was a Cubana de AviaciÃ³n flight departing from Barbados, via Trinidad, to Cuba. ... Omega 7 was a small Cuban exile group based in Florida whose stated goal was to overthrow Fidel Castro. ... Operation 40 was a CIA-sponsored undercover operation in the early 1960s, which was active in the Caribbean (including Cuba), Central America, and Mexico. ... Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU) has been described by the FBI as an anti-Castro terrorist umbrella organization. It has taken part in operation Condor, organizing Chilean former minister Orlando Leteliers assassination in Washington, D.C. in 1976. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... This article is about the city in Florida. ... United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. ... United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. ...

The Cuban Government, its supporters and some outside observers believe that the group Alpha 66, whose former secretary general Andres Nazario acknowledged terrorist attacks on Cuban tourist spots in the 1990s^[10] and conducted training sessions at a secluded camp near the Florida Everglades,^[11] have been supported by the National Endowment for Democracy, the US International Development Agency and, more directly, the CIA.^[12] Alpha 66 was a paramilitary anti-Castro terrorist group, under the auspices of the CIA, formed by Cuban exiles in Florida who trained during the 1960s and 1970s in the Everglades for an eventual armed invasion of Cuba. ... The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a U.S. non-profit organization that was founded in 1983, purportedly to help train people in democracy and manage money grants from the U.S. Congress to that effect. ...

The Cubans also cite the admission by Luis Posada Carriles that he was recruited by the CIA becoming a trainer of other paramilitary forces in the mid 1960s.^[13] Posada, alongside Orlando Bosch, is accused by Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Cuba and Venezuela of organising the terrorist bombing of the aircraft Cubana 455,^[14] and according to Peter Kornbluh of the U.S. National Security Archive, "is a terrorist, but he’s our terrorist", referring to Posada's relationship with the U.S. government. In 2006, the U.S. Justice Department described Posada as “an unrepentant criminal and admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks on tourist sites.” Though the Bush administration has yet to prosecute Posada for the admitted crimes.^[15] The Cubans also cite the involvement of FBI attaché Joseph Leo, who admitted multiple contacts with one of the convicted bombers of Cubana 455, Hernan Ricardo, before the attack.^[16] Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan national anti-Fidel Castro militant and anti-communist para-military presently incarcerated in the United States, who is alleged to have been involved in numerous violent terrorist plots, including Operation 40, hotel bombings and the 1976... Orlando Bosch is a Cuban exile and former CIA-backed terrorist, head of CORU organization, which the FBI has described as an anti-Castro terrorist umbrella organization. He has been accused of having taken part in Operation Condor and of a variety of terrorist attacks. ...

On May 18, 2005 The U.S. National Security Archive posted additional documents that claim to show that the CIA had concrete advance intelligence, as early as June 1976, on plans by Posada to bomb the airliner. The archive also alleges that he remained in contact with the CIA until June 1976.^[7] When questioned on the matter Posada stated "The FBI and the CIA don't bother me, and I am neutral with them," he said. "Whenever I can help them, I do."^[17] The Cuban ambassador to the U.N. claimed that Posada had been "doubly employed by the Government of the U.S." both before and after the bombing of the Cubana aircraft.^[9] After escaping from prison in Venezuela, Posada, who boasted of his attack on the plane, went to work alongside CIA operative Felix Rodriguez under Richard Secord supplying the Contras.^[18] Felix Rodriguez with the captured Che Guevara. ... Major General Richard V. Secord, Retired, was a United States Air Force officer convicted for his involvement with the Iran-Contra scandal. ... The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional) Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (which ended the Somoza dynasty), and continuing throughout the...

After serving 10 years for his role in the Cubana bombing and other terrorist attacks, Orlando Bosch was released from jail in Venezuela and given permission to reside in the United States with the assistance of Otto Reich, then US ambassador to Venezuela. On his arrival in Miami in 1988, Bosch was honored with an "Orlando Bosch Day" celebration, organized by Florida congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. Despite decisions made by the justice department and FBI to deport Bosch, they were overruled by President George H. W. Bush and he was allowed permanent residency.^[19] Image File history File links Posada. ... Image File history File links Posada. ... Fort Benning is a military base facility of the United States military southwest of Columbus, Georgia. ... Otto Reich Otto Juan Reich (born October 16, 1945), a Cuban-American, is former senior official in the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. ... Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (also known as Ileana Ros; born July 15, 1952) is a Republican United States Representative from Floridas 18th district (map), having held that office since 1989. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... George Herbert Walker Bush GCB (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States of America serving from 1989 to 1993. ...

In a series of interviews with the New York Times, Posada claimed responsibility for the bombings at hotels and nightclubs in Cuba in 1997 in which an Italian tourist died and scores more were injured. Posada said his activities were directly supported by Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the Cuban-American National Foundation.^[17] In 1998 the Cuban government charged The Cuban American National Foundation, which was founded in 1981 at the initiative of the Reagan administration and receives U.S. government funding ^[20] with the continued financing of anti-Cuban terrorist activities ^[21] They also claim that U.S. senator Mel Martinez was meeting with Cuban American terrorists and sponsoring them via CANF.^[22] In 2006 a former board member of CANF, Jose Antonio Llama testified that leaders of the foundation had created a paramilitary group to carry out destabilizing acts in Cuba.^[23] The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to overthrowing the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. ... President Reagan, with his Cabinet and staff, in the Oval Office (February 4, 1981) Headed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989, the Reagan Administration was conservative, steadfastly anti-Communist and in favor of tax cuts and smaller government. ... MelquÃades Rafael Mel MartÃnez (born October 23, 1946) is a Cuban-born American politician, currently a United States Senator from Florida and has agreed to head the Republican National Committee, after the partys current chairman, Ken Mehlman, steps down. ... A Cuban-American is an immigrant to the United States from Cuba. ...

The Cuban government have also condemned the U.S. for actions which they describe as "protecting terrorists". These allegations follow a decision in the U.S. to refuse to put on trial or to extradite Luis Posada Carriles, Guillermo Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon, and Gaspar Jimenez to Cuba or Venezuela, although they are accused of having perpetrated terrorist acts. ^[24] In an interview in 2001, Ricardo Alarcón stated:"The most quoted phrase by President Bush or ever repeated by him refers to the same idea every time he speaks. "Those who harbor a terrorist are as guilty as the terrorist himself"^[25] Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan national anti-Fidel Castro militant and anti-communist para-military presently incarcerated in the United States, who is alleged to have been involved in numerous violent terrorist plots, including Operation 40, hotel bombings and the 1976...

Nicaragua

Following the rise to power of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua, the Reagan administration ordered the CIA to organize and train the right wing guerilla group "Contras". Florida State University professor, Frederick H. Gareau, has written that the Contras "attacked bridges, electric generators, but also state-owned agricultural cooperatives, rural health clinics, villages and non-combatants." US agents were directly involved in the fighting. "CIA commandos launched a series of sabotage raids on Nicaraguan port facilities. They mined the country's major ports and set fire to its largest oil storage facilities." In 1984 the US Congress ordered this intervention to be stopped, however it was later shown that the CIA illegally continued (See Iran-Contra affair). Professor Gareau has characterised these acts as "wholesale terrorism" by the United States.^[26] On October 15 1984, six days before the second presidential debate between President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale, the Associated Press reported that the CIA had written a manual for the contras, entitled Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare (Operaciones Sicologicas en Guerra de guerillas). ... Sandinista! is also the name of a popular music album by The Clash. ... The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional) Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (which ended the Somoza dynasty), and continuing throughout the... Florida State University (commonly referred to as Florida State or FSU) is a public research university located in Tallahassee, the capital city of Florida. ... The Iran-Contra Affair (also called the Iran-Contra Matter and Iran-gate) was one of the largest political scandals in the United States during the 1980s. ...

In 1984 a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan contras in psychological operations was discovered, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War".^[27] ^[28] The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional) Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (which ended the Somoza dynasty), and continuing throughout the...

The manual recommended “selective use of violence for propagandistic effects” and to “neutralize” government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to lead:

The Guardian newspaper quoted a survivor of a Contra attack on Jinotega provence:

Former State Department official William Blum has written that "American pilots were flying diverse kinds of combat missions against Nicaraguan troops and carrying supplies to contras inside Nicaraguan territory. Several were shot down and killed. Some flew in civilian clothes, after having been told that they would be disavowed by the Pentagon if captured. Some contras told American congressmen that they were ordered to claim responsibility for a bombing raid organized by the CIA and flown by Agency mercenaries." ^[31] William Blum (born 1933) is an American author, and critic of United States foreign policy. ...

William Blum claims the Pentagon considered US policy in Nicaragua to be a "blueprint for successful US intervention in the Third World" and it would go "right into the textbooks".^[32]

Nicaragua vs. United States

The Republic of Nicaragua vs. The United States of America^[33] was a case heard in 1986 by the International Court of Justice which found that the United States had violated international law by supporting Contra guerrillas in their war against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. The Court ruled in Nicaragua's favor, but the United States refused to abide by the Court's decision, on the basis that the court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction to hear the case.^[34] The court stated that the United States had been involved in the "unlawful use of force".^[35] Author Noam Chomsky argues that: The Republic of Nicaragua vs. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... International law (also called public international law to distinguish from private international law, i. ... The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (which ended the Somoza dynasty), and continuing throughout the following decade. ...

The ICJ used the Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare CIA manual as evidence in the case. On October 15 1984, six days before the second presidential debate between President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale, the Associated Press reported that the CIA had written a manual for the contras, entitled Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare (Operaciones Sicologicas en Guerra de guerillas). ...

Guatemala

US Government funding and training of Guatemalan "Death Squads" was brought to light in 1990-91 when US citizen and nun, Sister Diana Ortiz, took a US civil court case against General Hector Gramajo Morales, who was then teaching in the School of the Americas. Sister Ortiz stated that she was abducted by police officers under Morales' command and taken to a secret prison where she was tortured and raped repeatedly. A 1992 report to the United Nations General Assembly recounts her testemony, This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... // The Maya civilization thrived throughout much of Guatemala and the surrounding region for close to 2000 years before the Spanish arrived in the early 16th century. ... Former president Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n on the cover of TIME magazine in June 1954 after his overthrow Operation PBSUCCESS was a CIA-organized covert operation that overthrew the democratically-elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n in 1954. ... The CIA was actively involved in promoting US interests abroad by overthrowing regimes that were deemed unfriendly. ... The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. ... The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHISC), formerly School of the Americas (SOA), is a US Army facility at Fort Benning in Columbus, Georgia, USA. It is a training facility operated in the Spanish language especially for Latin American military personnel. ...

Professor Gareau argues that the School of the Americas, a US Army institution, where Morales trained as a young officer and taught in later life, is a terrorist training ground. He notes a UN report which states the school has "graduated 500 of the worst human rights abusers in the hemisphere." He further argues that people protesting against the school are frequently beaten and arrested, "By the year 2002, 71 demonstrators had served a total of 40 years of jail time for protesting in front of the School of the Americas". This includes an 88 year old nun. Gareau claims that by funding, training and supervising Guatemalan 'Death Squads' Washington was complicit in state terrorism.^[38]

El Salvador

It is alleged without strong evidence that the United States was involved in the training and funding of right-wing paramilitary death squads in El Salvador. These allegations center principally on the belief that the right wing death squads which operated in the counry from the late 1970s through the mid 1980s had ties with the Salvadoran military. Between 1979 and 1983, the United States provided $300 million training and material aid to the Salavadoran Armed Forces. From 1979 through the signing of peace accords in 1992, the Salvadoran Armed Forces were involved in a counterinsurgency campaign against five separate terrorist groups united by Cuba under the banner of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN. Later testimony from FMLN guerrilla leaders, as well as material evidence uncovered during the war, demonstrated conclusively the war materiel and advice provided by Cuba, Nicaragua, and the Soviet Union to the FMLN>

The United States provided extensive training to the Salvadoran military, at each level including detailed units on the proper observance of human rights. In addition, U.S. military advisors based in the capital and at different battalions throughout the country similarly insisted on proper adherence to human rights norms. During the course of the conflict, despite some important retrogressions, the Salvadoran Armed Forces' human rights conduct steadily improved, and the existence of death squads waned significantly. The challenge to ensuring proper human rights was exacerbated by the brutal tactics of the FMLN during the war, including summary executions of government officials, including dozens of popularly-elected mayors, government ministers, and others. In the most infamous human rights abused committed by the FMLN, in November 1989, an estimated 3,000 armed guerrillas entered San Salvador and other major cities, bringing full-fledged war to the cities and shielding themselves behind civilian populations.

Middle East

The New York Times reported that according to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb and sabotage campaign via some of the many Iraqi resistance groups funded by the United States, including Allawi's group. The bombing campaign against Baghdad included government and civilian targets between 1992 and 1995. No public records of the secret bombing campaign are known to exist, and the former U.S. officials said their recollections were in many cases sketchy, and in some cases contradictory. The civilian targets included a movie theater and a school bus. According to at least one former CIA official, children were killed in the bombing of the schoolbus. ^[39] Iyad Allawi Dr. Iyad Allawi (اياد علاوي) (born 1945) is the interim Prime Minister of Iraq. ... Baghdad (Arabic ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...

Stephen Kinzer has written that in 1953 agent Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. oversaw Operation Ajax, which involved organised riots and the training of right-wing terrorist groups in a successful effort to overthrow democratically-elected Iranian government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh, and reverse the nationalization of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later renamed BP). Kinzer says that following the coup, Iran became a US client state under the dictatorship of the Shah until the Iranian Revolution of 1979, when Iran again became a target.^[40] Kermit Roosevelt Kermit Kim Roosevelt, Jr. ... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh Mohammed Mossadegh ( )(Persian: â€Ž â€‹, also Mosaddegh or Mosaddeq) (19 May 1882 - 5 March 1967) was the democratically elected[1] prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. ... The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) was founded in 1909, as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran. ... BP (formerly British Petroleum and briefly known as BP Amoco) (NYSE: BP) is a petroleum company headquartered in London, and one of the top four oil companies in the world (along with Shell, ExxonMobil, and Total). ... According to the notion of client states, just as a client of a corporation remains dependent on the corporation for a continued supply of products, and just as it is in the companys interest to make expendable products which need to be replaced regularly, client states of the two... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ...

The US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski under President Carter developed the concept of the Green-belt theory which involved a plan to use Saudi Arabian money and CIA logistical support to train and arm Islamic radicals within the Soviet Union and in neighboring countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan ^[41]^[42]. These CIA supported Islamic extremists fought against the Soviet Union in it's Afghanistan war. According to Robert Dreyfus, the CIA also provided training and money to the Chechans during the Cold War to use them as guerrilla fighters in case of a Soviet invasion of Europe. This concept was modeled on Operation Gladio which involved training paramilitary organizations in Europe to serve as guerilla units in case of a Soviet invasion ^[43]. Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ...

Once the Soviet Union dissolved, these Chechen terrorists were to destabilize and weaken the post-Soviet Russia. ^[44] ^[45]

Western Europe

On October 24, 1990 Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti told the Italian Parliament that NATO had long held a covert policy of training partisan in the event of a Soviet Invasion of Western Europe.^[46]^[47]^[48] Under Operation Gladio the CIA, British MI6 and NATO trained and armed partisan groups in NATO states to fight a guerrilla war if they were captured during a future Soviet invasion. It has been alleged that these groups and individuals in they were responsible for the strategy of tension in Italy which aimed at impeding the "historic compromise" between the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) (including the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing and the Bologna massacre (1980)) ^[49]^[50] ^[51] political assassinations in Belgium^[52], military coups in Greece (1967) and Turkey (1980)^[53] and an attempted coup in France (1961)^[54]. The supposed aim of this group was to prevent Communist movements in Western Europe gaining power. Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... ... Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti (born in Rome, 14 January 1919) is an Italian political figure, among the most powerful in post-war Italy. ... The Parliament of Italy (Italian: Parlamento Italiano) is the national parliament of Italy. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ... The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence Section 6), or the Secret Service, is the United Kingdom external security agency. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The strategy of tension (Italian: strategia della tensione) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... The term Historic Compromise (Italian:compromesso storico) most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. ... The Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana) refers to the terrorist bombing on December 12, 1969 in the offices of Banca Nazionale dellAgricoltura (National Agrarian Bank) in Piazza Fontana, Milan, Italy, carried out by far-right terrorists. ... Rescue teams making their way through the rubble The Bologna massacre, also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, was a terrorist bombing against the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. ... The Belgian stay-behind network, colloquially called Gladio, consisted of two organizations: SDRA8 (French: ) as part of the Belgian General Information and Security Service, and STC/Mob (Dutch: ), as part of the Belgian State Security Service. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

In 2000, a report from the Italian Left Democrat party, "Gruppo Democratici di Sinistra l'Ulivo", concluded that the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI (Communist Party), and to a certain degree also the PSI, from reaching executive power in the country". A report, stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organised or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence."^[55]^[56] The Democratic Party of the Left (Italian: Partito democratico della Sinistra, or PdS) was the evolution in a social-democratic direction of the Italian Communist Party, or PCI. It was founded by Achille Occhetto, last secretary of the PCI and first of the PdS. The logo of the PdS consisted... The strategy of tension (Italian: strategia della tensione) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

On November 5, 1990 NATO's spokesman denied any knowledge or involvement with Gladio^[57] and has since refused to comment.^[51] The US State Department has admitted the existence of Gladio, but denied it has been involved in terrorism.^[58]

Application of United States Government's own definitions

Professor Noam Chomsky of the Institute for Policy Studies has referred to the tactics used by agents of the US government and their proxies in their execution of US foreign policy in such countries as Nicaragua, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Argentina, Colombia, Turkey, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as a form of terrorism from which the term "American terrorism" has been drawn.^[59] Chomsky has also described the U.S as "a leading terrorist state." After President Bush began using the term "War on Terrorism," Chomsky stated: Avram Noam Chomsky, Ph. ... Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) is an American lobby for progressive or leftist causes based in Washington, DC. The organization was founded in 1963 with a stated mandate to provide an independent center of research and education on public policy problems in Washington. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...

Similarly, a leading military and security studies academic, Daniele Ganser^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64] has written^[65] that "the covert action department of the CIA"; is, "according to the definition of the FBI...a terrorist organistation." Dr. Ganser explains that this is because "`Terrorism', according to the FBI, `is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective'," and as Dr. Ganser goes on to point out this is precisely the objective given to the covert operations section of the CIA, when the US Government choose if the CIA or US military would continue to handle psychological operations in response to the Soviet Union's "psychological warfare."^[66] The relevant document -- also quoted by Ganser -- is the 1948 U.S. National Security Council directive, 10/2, where the activity of the CIA covert (psychological) operations bureau is defined as follows: Low intensity conflict (LIC) is the use of military forces applied selectively and with restraint to enforce compliance with the policies or objectives of the political body controlling the military force. ...

References

^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2005/12/051207_cubacaricom.shtml Fidel Castro meets Caricom leaders. BBC Online.
^ The United States is an accomplice and protector of terrorism, states Alarcón Granma News
^ Terrorism organized and directed by the CIA Granma
^ Cuba's View of Bush's War on Terrorism Counterpunch. CounterPunch Newsletter.
^ Cuba's case against Washington. Workers World Newsletter.
^ Cuba sues U.S. for billions, alleging 'war' damages. CNN news.
^ ^a ^b CIA and FBI Documents Detail Career in International Terrorism; Connection to U.S.
^ Investigator from Cuba takes stand in spy trial Miami Herald
^ ^a ^b ^c Cuba Statement to the United Nations 2001 since the Cuban revolution
^ Alpha 66 says it carried out bomb attacks Cuba solidarity
^ Anti-Castro Alpha 66 still fighting for Cuba Palm Beach Post Florida
^ Alpha 66 expands its offices and training camp granma
^ Life With Luis Posada. The Atlantic online.
° Posada's CIA ties uncovered in papers. Miami herald.
^ Cuban official demands action on Posada
^ Castro Foe Puts U.S. in an Awkward Spot New York Times
^ The Posada File. The Nation.
^ ^a ^b Posada "I'll kill Castro if it's the last thing I do". Hartford Web Publishing (Republished).
^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB157/index.htm National Security archives
^ http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.
^ Review of Department Identified Contracts and Grants for Public Relations Services. United States Department of Education: Office of Inspector General.
^ Cubanews From radio Havana Cuba. Radio Habana Cuba.
^ Scams and scandals among Miami terrorists. Cuba State News: Granma Internacional Digital.
^ "Top exiles in fight over anti-Castro plot funds", Miami Herald., November 26, 2006.
^ Sanchez, Marcela (2004 September 3). "Moral Misstep: Some Terrorists Get a Hero's Welcome". Washington Post.
^ Interview by Saul Laundau with Ricaro Alarcon 13 February 2003
^ Gareau, Frederick H. (2004). State Terrorism and the United States. London: Zed Books, 16 & 166. ISBN 1-84277-535-9.
^ Declassified Army and CIA Manuals. Latin American Working Group. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.
^ Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II. Noida, India: Zed Books, 290. ISBN 1-84277-369-0.
^ Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.
^ The Guardian, 15 November 1984
^ Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II. Noida, India: Zed Books, 293. ISBN 1-84277-369-0.
^ William Blum, p305
^ Official name: Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392 June 27, 1986.
^ Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law 81: 160-166. "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United State (Merits)"
^ International Court of Justice Year 1986, 27 June 1986, General list No. 70, paragraphs 251, 252, 157, 158, 233.. International Court of Justice. Retrieved on 2006-07-30. Large PDF file from the ICJ website
^ On the War in Afghanistan Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy. chomsky.info. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.
^ A Global Agenda, Issues before the 47th General Assembly of the United Nations. University Press of America. New York. 1992. p68
^ Gareau, Frederick H. (2004). State Terrorism and the United States. London: Zed Books, pp22-25 and pp61-63. ISBN 1-84277-535-9.
^ Brinkley, Joel (2004 June 9). "Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks". New York Times.
^ Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 0471265179.
^ http://.www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=PET20040923&articleId=599
^ http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2003/07/21/002.html
^ http://.www.saag.org/papers6/paper573.html
^ http://.www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Chechnya.asp
^ http://.www.emperors-clothes.com/interviews/brz.htm
^ Vulliamy, Ed (5 December 1990). "Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'". The Guardian: 12.
^ Würsten, Felix (October 2 2005). "Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P26": The dark side of the West". ETH Life Magazine.
^ Richards, Charles (1 December 1990). "Gladio is still opening wounds". The Independent: 12.
^ Translated from Bologna massacre Association of Victims Italian website. Google.com. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.(Italian)
^ Floyd, Chris (February 18 2005). "Global Eye - Sword Play". The Moscow Times.
^ ^a ^b
^ Hans Depraetere and Jenny Dierickx, "La Guerre froide en Belgique" ("Cold War in Belgium") (EPO-Dossier, Anvers, 1986) (French)
^ Selahattin Celik, Türkische Konterguerilla. Die Todesmaschinerie (Köln: Mesopotamien Verlag, 1999; see also Olüm Makinasi Türk Kontrgerillasi, 1995), quoting Cuneyit Arcayurek, Coups and the Secret Services, p.190
^ Pierre Abramovici and Gabriel Périès, La Grande Manipulation, éd. Hachette, 2006
^ (June 24 2000) "US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy'". The Guardian.
^ Willan, Philip (June 21 2001). "Obituary: Paolo Emilio Taviani". The Guardian.
^ The European, Nov 9th 1990, quoted by Ganser, p25
^
^ ^{[citation needed]}
^ Barsamian, David (2001). "The United States is a Leading Terrorist State An Interview with Noam Chomsky". Monthly Review.
^ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/synopsis.htm
^ http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=1370
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&size51=10&id=15251
^ ^a ^b Note on U.S. Covert Actions. U.S. Department of State.
^ NSC 10/2: National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948.

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