? Alstonia
Indian Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Tribe: Plumeriae Subtribe: Alstoniinae Genus: Alstonia
Species
See text Image File history File links Download high resolution version (752x1192, 187 KB) Alstonia scholaris, Common name : Indian Devil tree, Pala tree Photo created (scanned & GIMPed) : January 2005 Photo taken : October 2004 Photographer : Amar Location : Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur campus File links The following pages link to this file: User... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Families Gentianaceae (gentian family) Apocynaceae (dogbane family) Gelsemiaceae Loganiaceae (logania family) Rubiaceae (coffee family) The Gentianales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons. ... Genera See text The Family Apocynaceae or dogbane family of flowering plants includes trees, shrubs, herbs, or lianas. ... In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ...

Alstonia is a widespread genus of evergreen trees and shrubs from the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It was named by Robert Brown in 1811, after Charles Alston (1685-1760), Professor of botany at Edinburgh from 1716-1760. In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologically similar species. ... A Silver Fir shoot showing three successive years of retained leaves In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant which retains its leaves year-round, with each leaf persisting for more than 12 months. ... A willow shrub A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Genera See text The Family Apocynaceae or dogbane family of flowering plants includes trees, shrubs, herbs, or lianas. ... Robert Brown could be Robert Brown (1773-1858), botanist Robert Brown, Australian politician (not to be confused with Senator Bob Brown) Robert Brown (born 1921), former English politician Robert Brown (born 1947), Scottish politician Robert Brown, United States politician Robert Brown, theologian and influence on the Congregationalist church Robert Brown... Charles Alston (November 28, 1907 _ April 27, 1977) was a teacher and artist. ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Edinburghs location in Scotland Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ...

The type species Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. was originally named Echites scholaris by Linnaeus in 1767. Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ▶(?), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ...

Description

Alstonia consists of about 40-60 species (according to different authors), native to tropical and subtropical Africa, Central America, southeast Asia, Polynesia and New South Wales, Queensland and North Australia, with most species in the Malesian region. In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ... // Etymology World map showing Africa (geographically) The name Africa came into Western use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra — land of the Afri (plural, or Afer singular) — for the northern part of the continent, as the province of Africa with its capital Carthage, corresponding to modern-day... Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the triangle Polynesia (from Greek, poly = many and nesos = island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ... Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ... Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Nickname: Sunshine State/Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Governor Premier Const. ...

These trees can grow very large, such as the Alstonia pneumatophora, recorded with a height of 60 m and a diameter of more than 2 m. Alstonia longifolia is the only species growing in Central America (mainly shrubs, but also trees 20 m high).

The leathery, sessile, simple leaves are elliptical, ovate, linear or lanceolate and wedge-shaped at the base. The leaf blade is dorsiventral, medium-sized to large and disposed oppositely or in a whorl and with entire margin. The leaf venation is pinnate, with numerous veins ending in a marginal vein. In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ...

The inflorescence is terminal or axillary, consisting of thyrsiform cymes or compound umbels. The small, more or less fragrant flowers are white, yellow, pink or green and funnel-shaped, growing on a pedicel and subtended by bracts. They consist of 5 petals and 5 sepals, arranged in four whorls. The fertile flowers are hermaphrodite. The gamosepalous green sepals consist of ovate lobes, and are distributed in one whorl. The annular disk is hypogynous. The five gamesepalous petals have oblong or ovate lobes and are disposed in one whorl. The corolla lobes overlapping to the left (such as A. rostrata) or to the right (such as A. macrophylla) in the bud. The ovary has 2 separate follicles with glabrous or ciliate, oblong seeds that develop into deep blue podlike, schizocarp fruit, between 7-40 cm long. The plants contain a milky sap, rich in poisonous alkaloids. The Alstonia macrophylla is commonly known in Sri Lanka as 'Havari nuga' or the 'wig banyan' because of its distinct flower that looks like a woman's long wig. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... Cyme can refer to: Cyme, a botanical term a for a class of flower clusters (see inflorescence) characterized by the terminal flower in the cluster blooming first. ... Umbels on Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) An umbel is an inflorescence which consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) which are equal in length and spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. ... Wildflowers Flower (Latin flos, floris; French fleur), a term popularly used for the bloom or blossom of a plant, is the reproductive structure of those plants classified as angiosperms (flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ... Toothed bracts on Rhinanthus minor In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, from the axil of which a flower or flower stalk arises; or a bract may be any leaf associated with an inflorescence. ... A petal is one member or part of the corolla of a flower. ... Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... Corolla can be: A Latin-language term for crown The Toyota Corolla, a model of automobile manufactured by Toyota The corolla is one whorl of the perianth of a flower and composed of petals The town of Corolla, North Carolina This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that... Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are a part of a female organism that produces eggs. ... SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korean Information Security Agency. ... Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ... Sap is the thin, watery fluid inside plants that circulates food and water to the various parts of the plant. ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and animals. ...

Alstonia trees are used in traditional medicine. The bark of the Alstonia constricta and the Alstonia scholaris is a source of a remedy against malaria, toothache, rheumatism and snake bites. The latex is used in treating coughs, throat sores and fever. The term traditional medicine is used with two main meanings. ... Red blood cell infected with Malaria (Italian: bad air; formerly called ague or marsh fever in English) is an infectious disease which in humans causes about 350-500 million infections and approximately 1. ... The extraction of Latex from a tree; Latex is used in Rubber production. ...

Many Alstonia species are commercial timbers, called pule or pulai in Indonesia and Malaysia. Trees from the section Alstonia produce light timber, while those from the sections Monuraspermum and Dissuraspermum produce heavy timber.

Alstonia trees are widespread and mostly not endangered. However a few species are very rare, such as A. annamensis, A. beatricis, A. breviloba, A. stenophylla and A. guangxiensis.

Species

Alstonia has five distinct sections, each a monophyletic group; Alstonia, Blaberopus, Tonduzia, Monuraspermum, Dissuraspermum. In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ...

Bitter Bark (Alstonia scholaris)

• Alstonia actinophylla (A.Cunn.) K.Schum. - Milkwood
• Alstonia acuminata Miq.
• Alstonia annamensis ( Monach. ) K.Sidiyasa
• Alstonia angustifolia A.DC.
• Alstonia balansae Guillaumin
• Alstonia beatricis K.Sidiyasa
• Alstonia boonei De Wild.
• Alstonia boulindaensis Boiteau
• Alstonia brassii Monachino
• Alstonia breviloba K.Sidiyasa
• Alstonia calophylla Miq.
• Alstonia comptonii S.Moore
• Alstonia congensis Engl.
• Alstonia constricta F.Muell. - Bitterbark, Quinine Tree, Australian Fever Bark
• Alstonia coriacea Pancher & S.Moore
• Alstonia costata R.Br.
• Alstonia cuneata Wall. & G.Don
• Alstonia curtisii King & Gamble
• Alstonia deplanchei Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Alstonia duerckheimianan Schltr.
• Alstonia edulis G.Benn.
• Alstonia elliptica J.W.Moore
• Alstonia esquirolii H.Lév.
• Alstonia eximia Miq.
• Alstonia ficifolia S.Moore
• Alstonia filipes Schltr. ex Guillaumin
• Alstonia fragrans J.W.Moore
• Alstonia gilletii De Wild.
• Alstonia glabriflora Markgr.
• Alstonia godeffroyi Reinecke
• Alstonia grandifolia Miq.
• Alstonia guangxiensis D.Fang & X.X.Chen
• Alstonia henryi Tsiang
• Alstonia iwahigensis Elmer
• Alstonia kurzii Hook.f.
• Alstonia lanceolata Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Alstonia lanceolifera S.Moore
• Alstonia legouixiae Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Alstonia lenormandii Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Alstonia linearifolia Guillaumin
• Alstonia linearis Benth.
• Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon
• Alstonia longissima F.Muell.
• Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don - Batino, Devil Tree
• Alstonia mairei H. Léveillé
• Alstonia marquisensis M.L.Grant ex Fosberg & Sachet
• Alstonia micrantha Ridl.
• Alstonia mollis Benth.
• Alstonia montana Turrill
• Alstonia muelleriana Domin - Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood
• Alstonia neriifolia D.Don.
• Alstonia oblongifolia Merr.
• Alstonia odontophora Boiteau
• Alstonia pachycarpa Merr., Chun & Tsiang
• Alstonia pangkorensis King & Gamble
• Alstonia parvifolia Merr.
• Alstonia paucinervia Merr.
• Alstonia paupera (synonym of A. mairei)
• Alstonia penangiana K.Sidiyasa
• Alstonia plumosa Labill.
• Alstonia pneumatophora Backer ex L.G.Den Berger
• Alstonia polyphylla Miq.
• Alstonia quaternata Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Alstonia reineckeana Lauterb.
• Alstonia retusa S.Moore
• Alstonia roeperi Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Alstonia rostrata C.E.C.Fischer
• Alstonia rubiginosa K.Sidiyasa
• Alstonia rupestris Kerr
• Alstonia saligna S.Moore
• Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. - Pali-mari, Dita Bark, Bitter Bark, Milkwood, Milky Bean, Milky Pine
• Alstonia sericea Blume
• Alstonia setchelliana Christoph.
• Alstonia smithii Markgr.
• Alstonia somersetensis F.M.Bailey
• Alstonia spathulifolia Guillaumin
• Alstonia spatulata Blume
• Alstonia spectabilis R.Br. - Poele Bark, Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood
• Alstonia sphaerocapitata Boiteau
• Alstonia stenophylla Guillaumin
• Alstonia subsessilis Miq.
• Alstonia twahigensis
• Alstonia undulata Guillaumin
• Alstonia undulifolia K.M.Kochummen & K.M.Wong
• Alstonia venenata R.Br.
• Alstonia verticillosa F.Muell.
• Alstonia vieillardii Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Alstonia villosa Blume
• Alstonia vitiensis Seem.
• Alstonia yunnanensis Diels

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x640, 83 KB) Alstonia scholaris (Bitter Bark) Dowloaded from : [[1]] Published in : Atlas der Baumarten von Java I Fig. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x640, 83 KB) Alstonia scholaris (Bitter Bark) Dowloaded from : [[1]] Published in : Atlas der Baumarten von Java I Fig. ...

Reference

• Recent taxonomy of Alstonia (pdf file).
• Kade Sidiyasa. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and wood anatomy of Alstonia (Apocynaceae). 230 pp. Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998), ISBN 90-71236-35-8. (Awarded with the Engler Medal by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy)
• Kade Sidiyasa, A., 3, 1992. A monograph of Alstonia (Apocynaceae).
• Forster, Paul I. - A taxonomic revision of Alstonia (Apocynaceae) in Australia (1992)

Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed by Adobe Systems for representing documents in a manner that is independent of the original application software, hardware, and operating system used to create those documents. ...

External links

Eclectic herbal information

• Alstonia constricta (Alstonia bark) King's American Dispensatory @ Henriette's Herbal
• Alstonia scholaris (Dita bark) King's American Dispensatory @ Henriette's Herbal
• Alstonia (Alstonia scholaris) Mrs. Grieve's "A Modern Herbal" @ Botanical.com
• Alstonia Bark (Alstonia constricta) Mrs. Grieve's "A Modern Herbal" @ Botanical.com
• Dita Bark (Alstonia scholaris) Mrs. Grieve's "A Modern Herbal" @ Botanical.com

Homeopathic information

• Alstonia (alst.) "A Primer of Materia Medica for practitioners of Homœopathy" by Timothy Alle