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Flag of the Amal Movement

Lebanon

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Amal movement (Arabic: abbreviation of أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية transliterated: Afwâj al-Muqâwmat al-Lubnâniyya, or just حركة أمل; transliterated:Harakat Amal, lit. Amal movement, also hope) is short for the Lebanese Resistance Detachments.^[1] Amal became one of the most important Shi'ite Muslim militias during the Lebanese Civil War. Amal grew strong through its close ties with the Islamic regime of Iran, and the 300,000 Shi'i internal refugees from southern Lebanon after the Israeli bombings in the early 1980s. At its largest the militia had 14,000 troops. Amal is also an Arabic noun, meaning "hope." This page lists presidents of Lebanon. ... Émile Lahoud General Émile Geamil Lahoud (Arabic: اميل لحود, Armenian: Ô»Õ´Õ«Õ¬ Ô¼Õ¡Õ°Õ¸Ö‚Õ¿) (born January 12, 1936) is the President of Lebanon. ... This page lists prime ministers of Lebanon. ... Fouad Siniora Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fuad Siniora, Fouad Seniora) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... This is the list of the Lebanese government that was formed by Fouad Siniora on 19 July 2005. ... Lebanese parliament building at Place dÉtoile in Beirut The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ... This page lists speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon. ... Political parties in Lebanon lists political parties in Lebanon. ... Elections in Lebanon gives information on election and election results in Lebanon. ... Lebanon is divided into 6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah). ... The 6 Governorates of Lebanon are divided into 25 Districts (Aqdya, singular - qadaa) -- or 26, counting the Governorate of Beirut which is not subdivided into districts. ... The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The Arabic language ( ), or simply Arabic ( ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic and Aramaic. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syrian Army LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The multi-sided Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire and was exacerbated by the nation...

Amal's historical objectives are to achieve greater respect for Lebanon's Shi'ite population and to get a larger percentage of resources allocated to the Shi'ite-dominated southern part of the country than that of the present.

Amal fought a long campaign against Palestinian refugees in the Lebanese Civil War called the War of the Camps. After the War of the Camps, Amal fought a bloody battle against its fellow Shi'a group Hezbollah for Beirut. This battle ended with massive Syrian intervention. The War of the Camps was a subconflict within the Lebanese Civil War in which Palestinian refugee camps were besieged by the Shiite Amal militia. ... BLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ...

Amal is most notorious for capturing Israeli pilot Ron Arad in October of 1986. The group demanded a prisoner swap for Arad. After negotiating for two years and providing two photos of Ron alive and a letter, talks broke down and Amal stop contacting Israel and Ron was never heard from again. Ron is believed to have been turned over to Iran and eventually killed by them but to this day, Ron's fate is still unknown. Ron Arad (born May 5, 1958) is an Israeli aircraft navigator missing in action. ...

History

Origin

1974: The Movement of the Disinherited is formed by the Shi'i leader Imam Musa al-Sadr and member of parliament Hussein el-Husseini. 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Musa al-Sadr (Persian امام موسى صدر) also transliterated Moussa Sader, and many other variants, was an Iranian philosopher and a prominent Shiite religious leader who spent many years of his life in Lebanon as a religous and political leader. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

20 January 1975: The Lebanese Resistance Detachments are formed as a military wing of The Movement of the Disinherited, and came to be popularly known as Amal (from the acronym Afwaj al-Mouqawma Al-Lubnaniyya). January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

Amal During the Lebanese War

1979: Palestinian guerillas attempt to assassinate then-Secretary General Hussein el-Husseini by launching missiles into his home, outside Beirut. This page refers to the year 1979. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ...

1980: Hussein el-Husseini resigns from Amal leadership after refusing Syrian president Hafez al-Asad's request to fight alongside the PLO. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000) was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000. ...

1982: Nabih Berri becomes one of the leaders of Amal, marking the entry of Amal in the Lebanese Civil War. 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nabih Berri Nabih Berri (born January 28, 1938) is the speaker of the Lebanese National Assembly. ...

December 1985: Nabih Berri of Amal, Walid Jumblatt of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, and Elie Hobeika of the Lebanese Forces sign the Tripartite Agreement in Damascus which is supposed to give strong influence to Damascus regarding Lebanese matters. The agreement will never come into effect due to Hobeika ousting. 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nabih Berri Nabih Berri (born January 28, 1938) is the speaker of the Lebanese National Assembly. ... Walid Jumblatt (Arabic: وليد جنبلاط‎) (born August 7, 1949), is the current leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon and the most prominent leader of the Druze community. ... The Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (Arabic al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Lebanese Forces (LF) (Arabic: القوات اللبنانية ) is a Lebanese party and a former militia, which played a major role in the civil war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 till 1990. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary using the Transwiki process. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

1989: Amal accepts the Taif agreement (mainly architected by el-Husseini) in order to end the civil war. 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Taif Agreement was negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia by the surviving members of Lebanons 1972 parliament, presided by Speaker of the House President Hussein El-Husseini. ...

The War of the Camps

Main article: War of the Camps

The War of the Camps was a series of fights that happened in the mid-80's between Amal and Palestinian groups. During these events, PSP and Hizbullah supported Palestinians while Syria supported Amal. The War of the Camps was a subconflict within the Lebanese Civil War in which Palestinian refugee camps were besieged by the Shiite Amal militia. ...

First battle: May 1985

Although most of the Palestinian guerrillas were expelled during the 1982 Israeli invasion, Palestinian militias began to regain after the Israeli withdrawal from Beirut at first, then from Sidon and Tyre. Syria was looking at this revival with some anxiety: though in the same ideological camp, Damascus had little control on most Palestinians organizations and was afraid that the build-up of Palestinian forces could lead to a new Israeli invasion. Moreover Syria's minority alawite regime was never comfortable with Sunni militias in Lebanon. In Lebanon, Shia-Palestinians relations had been very tense since the late 60's. After the multinational force withdrew from Beirut in February 1984, Amal and PSP took control of west-Beirut and Amal built a number of outposts around the camps (in Beirut but also in the south). On April 15, 1985, Amal and PSP attacked Al-Murabitun, the main Lebanese Sunni militia and the closest ally of PLO in Lebanon. Al-Murabitun were vanquished and their leader, Ibrahim Kulaylat was sent into exile. On May 19, 1985, heavy fightings erupted between Amal and Palestinians for the control of the Sabra, Shatila and Burj el-Barajneh camps (all in Beirut). Despite its effort, Amal could not take the control of the camps. The death toll remains unknown, with estimate ranging from a few hundreds to a few thousands. This and heavy Arab pressure led to a cease-fire June 17. Combatants Israel Phalange South Lebanon Army Amal PLO Syria Commanders Menachem Begin (Prime Minister) Ariel Sharon, (Ministry of Defence) Rafael Eitan, (CoS) Yasser Arafat Strength 76,000 37,000 Casualties 670 9,800 The 1982 Lebanon War (Hebrew: , Milkhemet Levanon, Milkhemet Levanon, Arabic: ‎), called by Israel the Operation Peace of... For the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco see:Alaouite Dynasty, for the former state now in Yemen see: Alawi (sheikhdom) The Alawi, also known as Alawites, Nusayris or Ansaris, are an independant Middle Eastern sect of Islam[1] lead some to erroneously think that the Alawites were crypto-christians. ... The Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (Arabic al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (Arabic al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. ... Al-Murabitun (al-murabitÅ«n, also transliterated as al-Mourabitoun, an Arabic term literally meaning The Sentinels, but with Muslim historical connotations) was an alternative name for the Independent Nasserist Organization of Lebanon. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the... Ibrahim Kulaylat was head of the Nasserite Sunni militia murabitun in the Lebanese war. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ...

Second battle: May 1986

The situation remained tense and fights occurred again in September 1985 and March 1986. On May 19, 1986, heavy fighting erupted again. Despite new armament provided by Syria, Amal could not take control of the camps. Many cease-fires were announced but most of them did not last more than a few days. The situation began to cool after Syria deployed some troops on June 24, 1986. May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Third battle September 1986

The tension due to this conflict was also present in the south, an area where Shias and Palestinians were both present. This unavoidably led to frequent clashes. On September 29 1986, fightings occurred at the Rashidiyye camp (Tyre). The conflict immediately spread to Sidon and Beirut. Palestinian forces managed to occupy the Amal controlled town of Maghduche on the eastern hills of Sidon to open the road to Rashidiyye. Syrian forces helped Amal and Israel launched air strikes against PLO position around Maghdouche. A cease-fire was negotiated between Amal and pro-Syrian Palestinian groups on December 15, 1986, but it was rejected by Yasser Arafat's Fatah. Fatah tried to appease the situation by giving some of its position to Hezbollah and to the Murabitun. The situation became relatively calm for a while, but the bombing against the camps continued. In Beirut, a blockade of the camps led to a dramatic lack of food and medications inside the camps. In early 87, the fighting spread to Hezbollah and PSP who supported the Palestinians. The PSP quickly seized large portions of west-Beirut and the situation. Consequently, Syria occupied west-Beirut beginning of February 21, 1987. In April 7, 1987 Amal finally lifted the siege and handed its positions around the camps to the Syrian arm. According to the New York Times (March 10, 1992, citing figures from the Lebanese police), 3,781 were killed in the fighting. December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Yassir Arafat (Arabic: ) August 24 or August 4, 1929 – November 11, 2004), born in Cairo[1] to Palestinian parents Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini and also known by the kunya Abu `Ammar (أبو عمّار), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1969–2004); President[1] of the Palestinian... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... BLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST BASTARDSBLOODY TERRORIST... The Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (Arabic al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. ... February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (70th in leap years). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

September 1991: With background in the Syrian controlled end of the Lebanese Civil War in October 1990, 2,800 Amal troops joined the Lebanese army. 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

Amal after the war

Amal was a strong supporter of Syria after 1990 and endorsed Syria's military presence in Lebanon. After Rafik Hariri's assassination in 2005, Amal opposed the Syrian withdrawal and did not take part in the cedar revolution. Since 1990, the party has been continuously represented in the parliament and the government. Amal is often criticized for corruption among its leadership. Nabih Berri was elected speaker of parliament in 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2005. Currently Amal has 14 representatives in the 128-seat Lebanese parliament. The group has also reportedly participated to some extent in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict with 8 members reported to have been killed. Rafic Bahaa Edine Hariri — Arabic: رفيق بهاء الدين الحريري — (November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005), a self-made billionaire and business tycoon, was the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on 20 October 2004. ... Cedar Revolution has become the most commonly used name for the chain of demonstrations and popular civic action in Lebanon (mainly Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on February 14, 2005. ... Nabih Berri Nabih Berri (born January 28, 1938) is the speaker of the Lebanese National Assembly. ... Combatants Hezbollah Amal LCP Islamic Courts Union (allegedly [6])  Israel Commanders Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General and Commander of Islamic Resistance)[3] Dan Halutz (CoS), Moshe Kaplinsky[10], Udi Adam (Regional) Strength 600-1,000 active fighters (of 3,000 - 5,000 available and 10,000 reservists) [4] 30,000 ground...

Literature

Augustus R. Norton, Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1987)