Amanita
Amanita phalloides & Amanita citrina (left/yellow) Albin Schmalfuß, 1897
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Homobasidiomycetes Subclass: Hymenomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Amanitaceae Genus: Amanita Pers.
Species
ca. 600, see List of Amanita species Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (784x1024, 211 KB) Grüner Knollenblätterpilz (Amanita phalloides). ... Binomial name (Vaill. ... This amanita is recognized by its pale yellow to pale green colors, its abrupt basal bulb, and the faitly potato-like smell of the fresh gills. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... Subkingdom/Phyla Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Dikarya (inc. ... Subphyla/Classes Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina Agaricomycotina Incertae sedis (no phylum) Wallemiomycetes Entorrhizomycetes Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla, that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called the Higher Fungi within the Kingdom Fungi. ... former Orders Subclass Homobasidiomycetidae    Agaricales    Boletales    Cantharellales    Corticiales    Ganodermatales    Gomphales    Hericiales    Hydnales    Hymenochaetales    Polyporales (Aphyllophorales)    Poriales    Russulales    Schizophyllales    Stereales    Thelephorales Subclass Gasteromycetidae    Lycoperdales    Nidulariales    Phallales    Sclerodermatales    Tulostomatales The Class Homobasidiomycetes is a taxonomic division in the Subdivision Hymenomycotina of the Division Basidiomycota (in the Kingdom Fungi). ... Hymenomycete are a type of fungi. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Genera Amanita Limacella Torrendia Amanitaceae is a family of fungi or mushrooms. ... Christian Hendrik Persoon (February 1, 1761 - November 16, 1836) was a mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus mushroom taxonomy. ... The following is a list of some notable species of the agaric genus Amanita. ...
Synonyms
Aspidella In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ...

The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. Because of this, mushrooms of this genus as well as toxic species of other genera are sometimes called toadstools instead of mushrooms but mycologists emphasize that this is a fuzzy distinction at best. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is alpha-amanitin. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... Families Agarics (also known as gilled mushrooms) are one of the most familiar types of mushrooms. ... Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ... Binomial name Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ... Alpha-amanitin or α-amanitin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eight amino acids. ...

The listing in this encyclopedia is by no means complete, but represents some of the more well-known members of the genus. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists generally discourage amateur mushroom hunters from selecting these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of Amanita are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are Amanita zambiana and other fleshy species in central Africa, A. basii and similar species in Mexico, A. caesarea in Europe, and A. chepangiana in South-East Asia. Other species are used for coloring sauces, such as the red A. jacksonii with a range from eastern Canada to eastern Mexico. The following is a list of some notable species of the agaric genus Amanita. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Many species are of unknown edibility, especially in countries such as Australia where many fungi are little-known. Understandably this is not a genus that lends itself to safe experimentation.

Taxonomy

The name is possibly derived from Amanon, a mountain in Cilicia. Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was the name of a region, now known as Çukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ...

A first incarnation from Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum 65. 1797 is cited as devalidated: "Introduced to cover three groups already previously distinguished by Persoon (in [...] Tent. 18. 1797) under Agaricus L., but at that time not named. It is worth stressing that the species now known as Amanita caesarea was not mentioned." Christian Hendrik Persoon (February 1, 1761 - November 16, 1836) was a mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus mushroom taxonomy. ...

With Agaricus L. in use, Amanita was a nomen nudum per modern standard, so Persoon gave it a new life unrelated to its previous incarnations, and that is finally published after a starting date by Hooker (the citation is Pers. per Hook., 1821). He reuses Withering's 1801 definition (A botanical arrangement of British plants, 4th ed.). "The name Amnita has been considered validly published on different occasions, depending on various considerations." Proposed types include (given as Amanita. Sometimes they were selected as Agarici): Agaricus is a large and important genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide[1][2]. The genus includes the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and the Field mushroom (Agaricus campestris) the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ...

• A. livida Pers. (By Earle, in 1909). Had been excluded in Vaginata or Amanitopsis and could not be chosen.
• A. muscaria Pers. (By Clemens & Shear, 1931) for the genus (1801) from Synopsis fungorum, was generally transferred to the one from Hooker's Flora of Scotland, which is currently considered the valid publication of Amanita (or was in the 50s).
• A. phalloides (by Singer, 1936) for the 1801 genus.
• A.bulbosa (by Singer & Smith, 1946) for Gray's republication. This is incorrect as Gray's A. bulbosa is a synonym of A. citrina. Some authors consider Gray to be the first valid republisher.
• A. caesarea (by Gilbert, 1940). Troublesome because not known personally to Persoon or Fries.

Donk concludes the earliest valid type is A. muscaria, the species in Hooker, adding that he'd personally favor A. citrina.

The name has been republished three times in 1821: in Hooker, Roques and Gray (in that order). Roques maintained Persoon's circumscription, including Amanitopsis and Volvaria. Gray excluded Amanitopsis and Volvariella into Vaginata. Right after, Fries reset the name by reducing the genus to a tribe of Agaricus, minus pink-spored Volvariella. This tribe became a subgenus, than genus via various authors, Quélet, although not the first, often being attributed the change. Sometimes it was used in a Persoonian sense (whether that is a correct use according to ICBN is not clear). Mushrooms of the genus Volvariella account for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world. ... Lucien Quélet (July 14, 1832 – August 25, 1899) was a world-renowned French mycologist and naturalist who discovered several species and was the founder of the Sociéte mycologique de France, a society devoted to mycology studies. ...

Homonyms of Amanita Pers. are Amanita adans. (1763, devalidated) and Amanita (Dill) Rafin. (1830)

See also

• List of Amanita species

The following is a list of some notable species of the agaric genus Amanita. ...

References

• Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1-320. ISSN 0078-2238. 

ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...

External links

• The Genus Amanita - AmericanMushrooms.com.
• Rodham E. Tuloss and Zhu-liang Yang's Amanita site – Comprehensive listing of the nearly 600 named Amanita species with photos and/or technical details on over 160 species.
• "The genus Amanita" by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, March 2005.