Amarna

Image File history File links Egypt_Karnak_test. ...

The site of Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna or incorrectly as Tel el-Amarna; see below) (Arabic: العمارنة al-‘amārnä) is located on the east bank of the Nile River in the modern Egyptian province of al-Minya, some 58 km (38 miles) south of the city of al-Minya, 312 km (194 miles) south of the Egyptian capital Cairo and 402 km (250 miles) north of Luxor. The site of Amarna includes several modern villages, chief of which are el-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south. Image File history File links Point_rouge. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin countries Uganda - Sudan - Egypt The... Al Minya (Arabic: محافظة المنيا ) is one of the governorates of Upper Egypt. ... Al Minya (Arabic: محافظة المنيا ) is one of the governorates of Upper Egypt. ... Cairos location in Egypt Coordinates: Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area    - City 210 km²  - Metro 1,492 km² Population    - City (2005) 7,438,376  - Density 35,420/km²  - Urban 10,834,495  - Metro 15,200,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) Cairo (Arabic: ‎ translit: , translated the... The River Nile at Luxor Pharaonic statue in Luxor Temple Hot-air ballooning in Luxor Luxor (Arabic: الأقصر ) is a city in Upper (southern) Egypt and the capital of the Al Uqsur governorate, population approximately 200,000. ...

The area contains an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly–established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC). The name for the city employed by the ancient Egyptians is written as Akhetaten (or Akhetaton – transliterations vary) in English transliteration. It translates literally as "the Horizon of the Aten". Bold textSUCK ON THAT MUTHA FUCKA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Akhenaten He who is benificial to the Aten (after year 6 of his reign) Amenhotep Pronomen Neferkheperre-waenre Golden Horus Wetjesrenenaten[1] Nebty name Wernesytemakhetaten Horus name Meryaten Reign See Egyptian chronology 1352 BC – 1336 BC[2] Predecessor Amenhotep III Successor Smenkhkare Spouse(s) Nefertiti, Kiya Meritaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Ankhesenpaaten-ta... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty. ... (Redirected from 1353 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC - 1350s BC - 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1350 BC - Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton rises to... Kufus Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Aten is a creator of the universe in ancient Egyptian mythology, usually regarded as a sun god represented by the suns disk. ...

The area was also occupied during later Roman and early Christian times, excavations to the south of the city have found several structures from this period. ^[1] The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous Christianity of Egypt that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in the middle of the 1st century (approximately 42). ...

Naming issues

The frequent designation "Tel el-Amarna" for the city is inaccurate: nowhere do the ancient remains constitute a mound of eroded architecture that would warrant the description of a "Tel" (Arabic: "city mound"), so common elsewhere in the region. Cyril Aldred notes that the name "Tel el-Amarna" is a misunderstanding of the name for one of the modern villages near the ruins, Et Til el Amarna. The name "Amarna" itself comes from the name of a tribe of nomads, the Beni Amran, who left the Eastern Desert in the 18th century to settle on the banks of the Nile along this stretch. The wheels on the bus go round and round!!!! TEL is a three-letter acronym Tetra-ethyl lead, a gasoline additive to make leaded gasoline Tokyo Electron, a semiconductor equipment manufacturer Transporter erector launcher This page disambiguates a three-character combination which might be any or all of an abbreviation, an acronym, an initialism, a word in English, or... The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nīl, Egyptian iteru) is a river in Africa, often regarded as the longest river on Earth, although some sources claim the Amazon in South America is longer. ...

The city of Akhenaten

Map of Amarna

The area of the city was effectively a virgin–site, and it was here that the Akhenaten descibed as the Aten's "..the seat of the First Occasion, which he had made for himself that he might rest in it." It may be that the Royal Wadi's resemblance to the hieroglyph for horizon showed that this was the place to found the city. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1080x1169, 56 KB) Summary Map of Amarna, showing location of main settlement and burials Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1080x1169, 56 KB) Summary Map of Amarna, showing location of main settlement and burials Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...

The city was built as the new capital of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, dedicated to his new religion of worship to the Aten. Construction started in year 4 of his reign (1364 BC or 1346 BC) and was probably completed by year 9 (1359 BC or 1341 BC), although it became the capital city two years earlier. (Redirected from 1364 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1410s BC 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC - 1360s BC - 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1368 BC - Death of Erichthonius, mythical King of... -1... (Redirected from 1359 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC - 1350s BC - 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1350 BC - Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton rises to... -1...

It is the only ancient Egyptian city for which we have great details of its internal plan, in large part because the city was abandoned after the death of Akhenaten. The city seems to have remained active for a decade or so after his death, and a shrine to Horemheb indicates that it was at least partially occupied at the beginning of his reign^[2], if only as a source for building material elsewhere. Once it was abandoned it remained uninhabited until Roman settlement^[1] began along the edge of the Nile. However, due to the unique circumstances of its creation and abandonment, it is questionable how representative of ancient Egyptian cities it actually is. Chicago from the air. ... nomen or birth name Djeserkheperure Horemheb was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 18th Dynasty from 1321 BC to early 1292 BC. Horemheb came from Herakleopolis Magna near the entrance to the Fayum. ...

The city as a whole is divided into a number of wide-flung components, which include:

• Royal Wadi and Tombs
  • Tomb of Akhenaten
• Tombs of the Nobles
• Workmen's villages
• Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten

Famous landmarks within the city itself include: The Royal Wadi (known locally as Wadi Abu Hassah el-Bahari) at Amarna is a where the Royal Family of Amarna were to be buried. ... The Royal Tomb of Akhenaten is the burial place of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, in the Royal Wadi in Amarna. ... Located in Middle Egypt, the Tombs of the Nobles at Amarna are the burial places of some of the powerful courtiers and persons of the city of Akhetaten. ... Located in the desert east of the ancient city of Akhetaten, the Workmens village at Amarna closely resembles in many respects that much more ancient workers village at Lahun or at Deir el-Medina, and was intended for the artisans who worked on the nearby Tombs of Nobles... The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten map out the boundaries of the city of Akhetaten. ...

• North City
  • Northern Palace
• Central City
  • Great Temple of the Aten
  • Great Royal Palace
  • Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh
  • Small Aten Temple
• Kom el-Nana
• Maru-Aten

The Great Temple of the Aten is located in the abandoned city of Ahketaten (modern Amarna, in Egypt). ... The Small Aten Temple is located in the abandoned city of Ahketaten (modern Amarna, in Egypt). ... Located to the south of the major city area of the city of Amarna, the Maru-Aten is a palace or sun-temple originally thought to have been constructed for Akhenatens queen Kiya, but on her death, her name and images were altered to that of Meritaten, his duaghter. ...

Amarna art-style

Main article: Amarna art

The Amarna art-style is unique among the Egyptian world for its more realistic depiction of its subjects, instead of the strict idealistic formalism universal in Egyptian art up until that point, as well as for depicting many informal scenes such as the royal family playing with their children. Although the worship of Aten (often referred to as the Amarna heresy) was completely suppressed, the artistic legacy had a more lasting impact. The Ancient Egyptian art style known as Amarna Art was a style of art that was adopted in the Amarna Period (i. ... The term formalism describes an emphasis on form over content or meaning in the arts, literature, or philosophy. ... Ancient Egyptian art is five thousand years old. ... Aten is a creator of the universe in ancient Egyptian mythology, usually regarded as a sun god represented by the suns disk. ... Atenism (or the Amarna heresy) is the monotheistic religion associated above all with the eighteenth dynasty Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known under the name he later adopted, Akhenaten. ...

Rediscovery and excavation

One of the Amarna letters

In 1887 a local woman digging for sebakh uncovered a cache of over 300 cuneiform tablets (now commonly known as the Amarna Letters). These tablets recorded select diplomatic correspondence of the Pharaoh and were predominately written in Akkadian, the lingua franca commonly used during the Late Bronze Age of the Ancient Near East for such communication. Image File history File links Amarna_Akkadian_letter. ... Image File history File links Amarna_Akkadian_letter. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Sebakh (Arabic, (IPA: /sεbɔk/, and less commonly transliterated as sebbakh) is the Arabic term given to decomposed organic material that can be employed as an agricultural fertilizer. ... Look up Cuneiform in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... One of the Amarna letters The designation Amarna letters denotes an archive of correspondence, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru. ... The United Nations, with its headquarters in New York City, is the largest international diplomatic organization. ... Akkadian (lišānum akkadītum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze. ... Overview map of the Ancient Near East The term Ancient Near East or Ancient Orient encompasses the early civilizations predating Classical Antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, Turkey), during the time roughly spanning the Bronze Age from the rise...

Archaeological excavation has been conducted at Amarna by a series of British and German excavation teams since 1891. These efforts were preceded in the mid-19th century by the survey work of Karl Richard Lepsius and his team of epigraphers, who copied wall illustrations, transcribed inscriptions and took paper squeezes of reliefs. The 19th century records made by these teams are of immense importance since many of these remains were later vandalized by the locals in anger against the Egyptian Antiquities Service. 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Karl Richard Lepsius 1810 – 1884 Karl (or Carl) Richard Lepsius (December 23, 1810 – July 10, 1884) was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist and linguist and pioneer of modern archaeology. ... Epigraphy (Greek, επιγραφή - written upon) is the study of inscriptions engraved into stone or other permanent materials, or cast in metal, the science of classifying them as to cultural context and date, elucidating them and assessing what conclusions can be deduced from them. ... The Supreme Council of Antiquities (commonly abbreviated SCA) is part of the Egyptian Ministry of Culture and is responsible for the conservation, protection and regulation of all antiquities and archaeological excavations in Egypt. ...

The current investigations have been in annual operation since the late 1970s, directed by Dr Barry Kemp (Reader in Egyptology, University of Cambridge, England) under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Society (EES). The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... Barry Kemp is an English archaeologist and Egyptologist, currently Reader in Egyptology at the University of Cambridge and director of the excavations at Amarna in Egypt. ... The Egypt Exploration Society (abbreviated EES) is the foremost learned society in the United Kingdom promoting the field of Egyptology. ...

Chronology of investigation

1714 – Claude Sicard, a French Jesuit priest travelling through the Nile Valley, describes the first known boundary stela from Amarna. Battle of Gangut, by Maurice Baquoi, 1724-27. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Roman Catholic priests in traditional clerical clothing. ...

1798–1799 – Napoleon's corps de savants prepare the first map of Amarna, subsequently published in Description de l'Égypte between 1821 and 1830. 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... A map is a simplified depiction of a space, a navigational aid which highlights relations between objects within that space. ... Description de lEgypte is the title of several books. ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

1824 – Sir John Gardiner Wilkinson explores and maps the city remains. 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... John Gardiner Wilkinson (October 5, 1797 - October 29, 1875) was a well-known English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. ...

1833 – The copyist Robert Hay and his surveyor G. Laver visit the locality and uncover several of the Southern Tombs from sand drifts, recording the reliefs. (The copies made by Hay and Laver languish largely unpublished in the British Library). 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Robert Hay For other men with the same name, see Robert Hay Robert Hay (6 January 1799 – 1863) was a Scottish traveller, antiquarian, and early Egyptologist. ... British Library Ossulston St entrance, with distinctive red logo. ...

1843 and 1845 – The Prussian expedition led by Richard Lepsius records the visible monuments and topography of Amarna in two separate visits over a total of twelve days, employing drawings and paper squeezes. The results are ultimately published in Denkmäler aus Ægypten und Æthiopien between 1849 to 1913. Despite being somewhat limited in accuracy, the engraved Denkmäler plates nonetheless form the basis for scholastic knowledge and interpretation of many of the scenes and inscriptions in the private tombs and some of the Boundary Stelae for the remainder of the 19th century. 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

1887 – A cache of nearly 400 clay tablets inscribed in cuneiform are discovered by an Amarna woman, which are now known as the Amarna Letters. 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...

1891–1892 – Sir Flinders Petrie works for one season at Amarna, working independently of the Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF). Excavating primarily in the Central City, Petrie investigates the Great Temple of the Aten, the Great Official Palace, the King's House, the Records Office (Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh) and several private houses. Although frequently amounting to little more than a sondage, Petrie's excavations reveal additional cuneiform tablets, the remains of glass factories, and a great quantity of discarded faience, glass and ceramic in sifting the palace rubbish heaps (including Mycenaean sherds). Publishing his results and reconstructions rapidly, Petrie is able to stimulate great interest in the site's potential. 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (3 June 1853 - 28 July 1942) was a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology. ... The Egypt Exploration Society (abbreviated EES) is the foremost learned society in the United Kingdom promoting the field of Egyptology. ... The Great Temple of the Aten is located in the abandoned city of Ahketaten (modern Amarna, in Egypt). ... Faience or faïence is the conventional name in English for fine tin-glazed earthenware on a delicate pale buff body. ...

1903–1908 – Norman de Garis Davies publishes drawn and photographic descriptions of private tombs and boundary stelae from Amarna. 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

1907–1914 – Led by Ludwig Borchardt, the Deutsche Orientgesellschaft excavates the North and South suburbs of the city. The famous bust of Nefertiti – now in Berlin's Ägyptisches Museum – is discovered amongst other sculptural arteftacts in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose. The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 terminates the German excavations. 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Ludwig Borchardt (5 October 1863 — 12 August 1938) was a German Egyptologist who was born in Berlin. ... Bust of Nefertiti from Berlins Altes Museum. ... Bust of Nefertiti, Ägyptisches Museum The Egyptian Museum of Berlin (German: Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung) is home to one of the worlds most important collections of Ancient Egyptian artefacts. ... Thutmoses bust of Nefertiti, now in Berlins Egyptian Museum The Kings Favourite and Master of Works, the Sculptor Thutmose (also spelled Djhutmose and Thutmosis) was apparently the court sculptor of Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten in the latter part of his reign. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States Serbia Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Nicholas II Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Conrad von Hötzendorf Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand I Casualties...

1921–1936 – The Egypt Exploration Society (EES) returns to excavation at Amarna under the direction of T.E. Peet, Sir Leonard Woolley, Henri Frankfort and John Pendlebury. The renewed investigations focus on religious and royal structures. 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Sir Charles Leonard Woolley (17 April 1880–20 February 1960) was a British archaeologist, best known for his excavations at Ur in Sumerancient Mesopotamia. ... Dutch egyptologist, archaeologist and orientalist, Henri Frankfort was born in Amsterdam on 24 Feb. ... John Pendlebury (1904-1941) was a British archaeologist who worked for British intelligence during the World war Two. ...

1960s – The Egyptian Antiquities Organization (now the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities) undertakes a number of excavations at Amarna. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... Part of the Egyptian Ministry of Culture, the Supreme Council of Antiquities (commonly abbreviated SCA) is responsible for the conservation, protection and regulation of all antiquities and archaeological excavations in the Arab Republic of Egypt. ...

1977 – present – The EES returns once more to excavation at Amarna, now under the direction of Barry Kemp^[2]. For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...

1980 – A second, shorter expedition led by Geoffrey Martin describes and copies the reliefs from the Royal Tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Geoffrey K. Martin is a mathematician currently working in the field of mathematical physics at the University of Toledo, as Associate Professor and Chair. ...

References

1. ^ ^a b [1] Late Roman remains
2. ^ ^a b [2] Excavating Amarna

• Donald Redford Akhenaten : The Heretic King, Princeton, 1984

External links

• Amarna, Capital of ancient Egypt Information page of the University of Cambridge excavations
• Model of the City Interactive map of Amarna.
• Amarna Art Gallery Shows just a few, but stunning, examples of the art of the Amarna period.
• Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets
• Satelite image