Amatoxins are a subgrup of toxins found in Amanita phalloides and also in Galerina and Lepiota mushroom species. For a list of biologically injurious substances, including toxins and other materials, as well as their effects, see poison. ... Binomial name Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ... Galerina sp. ... Principal species Macrolepiota procera Macrolepiota rhacodes Lepiota helveola Lepiota josserandii Lepiota cristata Lepiota is a genus of fungi, in the order Agaricales. ...
Their swift intestinal absorption coupled with their thermostability explains why their toxic effects occur in a relative short period of time. The most severe effects are toxic hepatitis with centrolobular necrosis and hepatic steatosis, as well as acute tubulointerstitial nephropathy, which altogether induce a severe hepatorenal syndrome (with a potential fatal outcome). The estimated minimum lethal dose is 0.1 mg/kg or 7 mg of toxin in adults, a dosage that can be found in 50g of mushrooms. There are 8 amatoxins of which the most active is alpha-amatoxin. Thermostability is the quality of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure at high temperature. ... Hepatitis is a gastroenterological disease, featuring inflammation of the liver. ... Fatty liver ... Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), also called hepatorenal failure, refers to acute renal failure that occurs in the setting of cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure associated with portal hypertension, usually in the absence of other disease of the kidney. ...
See: alpha-amanitin Alpha-amanitin or α-amanitin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eight amino acids. ...
The amatoxins (900 dalton proteins), primarily the alpha and beta groups, are thermostabile dialyzable octapeptides which bind to a 140kd subunit of RNA polymerase II and interfere with messenger RNA synthesis.
The volume of distribution appears to be that of the extracellular space and the amatoxins are not bound to plasma proteins.
In addition, approximately 80% of the absorbed dose of amatoxins are eliminated in the urine, where a direct toxic effect injures the tubular epithelium.
Amatoxins The amatoxins, particularly the amanitins, have been shown to impair transcription of both DNA and RNA by interfering with RNA polymerase II.
Amatoxins therefore cross the placenta barrier in concentrations sufficient to affect the foetus.
Amatoxins were present in urine in all 15 cases studied at concentrations as high as 4,800 mg/l for apha amanitin and 4,300 mg/l beta amanitin.
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