NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Amenhotep II

Amenhotep II (sometimes read as Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. Amenhotep inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria, however he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cesassion of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1400 BC. Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Thoth is born, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Powerful of strength, holy of diadems Consort(s) Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu, Menwi... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... The Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (1550-1292 BCE) - often combined with the nineteenth and twentieth dynasties under the group title, New Kingdom - is perhaps the most famous of all the dynasties of ancient Egypt. ... Menkheperure Established in forms is Ra Nomen Thutmose Thoth bore him Consort(s) Tiaa, Mutemywia Issues Amenhotep III Father Amenhotep II Mother Tiaa Died 1391 BC or 1388 BC Burial KV43 Menkheperure Thutmose IV (d. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1120x1748, 1976 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Amenhotep II ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1120x1748, 1976 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Amenhotep II ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... (Redirected from 1427 BC) Centuries: 16th century BC - 15th century BC - 14th century BC Decades: 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC 1440s BC 1430s BC - 1420s BC - 1410s BC 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC Events and Trends Crete conquered by Mycenae (approximately 1420 BC) - start of the... (Redirected from 1401 BC) Centuries: 16th century BC - 15th century BC - 14th century BC Decades: 1450s BC 1440s BC 1430s BC 1420s BC 1410s BC - 1400s BC - 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC Events and Trends Palace of Minos destroyed by fire (1400 BC) Several board... (Redirected from 1428 BC) Centuries: 16th century BC - 15th century BC - 14th century BC Decades: 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC 1440s BC 1430s BC - 1420s BC - 1410s BC 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC Events and Trends Crete conquered by Mycenae (approximately 1420 BC) - start of the... (Redirected from 1397 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1440s BC 1430s BC 1420s BC 1410s BC 1400s BC - 1390s BC - 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC Events and Trends 1397 BC - Pandion, legendary King of Athens dies after a... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... This article is about the Egyptian god. ... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... Amun (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Î‘Î¼Î¼Î¿Î½ Ammon, and Î†Î¼Î¼Î¿Î½ Hammon, Egyptian Yamanu) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who gradually rose to become one of the most important deities, before fading into obscurity. ... Heliopolis (Greek: or ), was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. ... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... Menkheperure Established in forms is Ra Nomen Thutmose Thoth bore him Consort(s) Tiaa, Mutemywia Issues Amenhotep III Father Amenhotep II Mother Tiaa Died 1391 BC or 1388 BC Burial KV43 Menkheperure Thutmose IV (d. ... Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Thoth is born, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Powerful of strength, holy of diadems Consort(s) Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu, Menwi... Queen Merytre-Hatshepsut (or sometimes Hatshepsut-Meryet-Ra) was the principal wife of Pharaoh Thutmose III, and mother of Pharaoh Amenhotep II.[1] Of noble birth, she was the daughter of the Adoratrix Huy, whose statue in the British Museum (EA 1280) shows Huy holding a grandchild and represents the... (Redirected from 1401 BC) Centuries: 16th century BC - 15th century BC - 14th century BC Decades: 1450s BC 1440s BC 1430s BC 1420s BC 1410s BC - 1400s BC - 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC Events and Trends Palace of Minos destroyed by fire (1400 BC) Several board... (Redirected from 1397 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1440s BC 1430s BC 1420s BC 1410s BC 1400s BC - 1390s BC - 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC Events and Trends 1397 BC - Pandion, legendary King of Athens dies after a... KV35 in the Valley of the Kings (Luxor, Egypt) is the tomb of Amenhotep II. It was discovered by Victor Loret in April 1898. ... Amun (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Î‘Î¼Î¼Î¿Î½ Ammon, and Î†Î¼Î¼Î¿Î½ Hammon, Egyptian Yamanu) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who gradually rose to become one of the most important deities, before fading into obscurity. ... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... The Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (1550-1292 BCE) - often combined with the nineteenth and twentieth dynasties under the group title, New Kingdom - is perhaps the most famous of all the dynasties of ancient Egypt. ... Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Thoth is born, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Powerful of strength, holy of diadems Consort(s) Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu, Menwi... Aakheperure Great are the forms of Re Nomen Amenhotep Heka Iunu Amun is Satisfied, Ruler of Heliopolis Horus name Ka Nakht Wer Pekhty Strong Bull, Great of Power Nebty name User Fau Sekha Em Wast Powerful of Splendour, Appearing in Thebes Golden Horus Ity Sekhemef em Tau Neb Who seizes...

Family and early life

Amenhotep II was the son of Thutmose III and a minor wife, Hatshepsut-Meryetre.He was not the firstborn, however his elder brother preceeded his father in death and Amenhotep was left as the heir apparent.^[1] He was born and raised in Memphis in the north, instead of in Thebes, the traditional capital.^[2] While a prince, he oversaw deliveries of wood sent to the dockyard of Peru-nūfe in Memphis, and was made the Setem, the high priest over Lower Egypt.^[2] Amenhotep has left several inscriptions touting his athletic skills while he was a leader of the army before his crowning. He claims to have been able to shoot an arrow through a copper target one palm thick, and that he was able to row his ship faster than further than two hundred members of the navy could row theirs.^[2] Accordingly some skepticism concerning the truth of his claims has been expressed among Egyptologists.^[2] Thutmose III (also written as Tuthmosis III; called Manahpi(r)ya in the Amarna letters) (? - 1426 BC), was Pharaoh of Egypt in the Eighteenth Dynasty. ... Queen Hatshepsut-Meryetre (or sometimes Hatshepsut-Meryet-Ra) was the principal wife of Thutmose III, and mother of Amenhotep II. She was originally meant to be buried in KV42, but was probably buried in KV35, with her son Amenhotep III. Categories: Ancient Egypt stubs | Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt | Ancient Egyptians...

Amenhotep acceded to the throne on the first day of the fourth month of Akhet, but his father died on the thirtieth day of the third month of Peret.^[3] If an Egyptian crown prince was proclaimed king but did not take the throne on the day after his father's death, it meant that he served as the junior coregent during his father's reign. A coregency is believed to have lasted for two Years and four Months between Thutmose III and Amenhotep II.^[4] A Co-regency is the situation where a monarchical position (such as King, Queen, Emperor or Empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two. ...

Dates and length of reign

Amenhotep's coronation can be dated without much difficulty because of a number of lunar dates in the reign of his father, Thutmose III. These sightings limit the date of Thutmose's accession to either 1504 or 1479 BC.^[5] Thutmose died after 54 years of reign,^[6] at which time Amenhotep would have acceded to the throne. Amenhotep's short coregency with his father would then move his acession two years and four months eariler,^[4] dating his acession to either 1427 BC in the low chronology,^[7] or in 1454 BC in the high chronology. The length of his reign is indicated by a wine jar inscribed with the king's prenomen found in Amenhotep II's funerary temple at Thebes; it is dated to this king's highest known date--his Year 26--and lists the name of the pharaoh's vintner, Panehsy.^[8] Mortuary temples were usually not stocked until the king was near death, Amenhotep could not have lived much later beyond his 26th year.^[9] While some scholars argue that no textual evidence prevented Amenhotep II from reigning for up to a total of thirty five years and suggest that the appearance of jubilee references for this king should be taken seriously rather than as a mere "wish formulae" twenty six is the standard amount given to him.^[4] As the Egyptologist Peter Der Manuelian, who wrote a biography on Amenhotep II, states

If Amenhotep II had reigned Egypt for 35 years, he would have assumed power at age 5 which is impossible since he is known to have actively campaigned against a revolt in Syria shortly after his father's death in his third year. Hence, the low chronology which posits that he ruled Egypt for 26 years appears to be affirmed by the facts. In the high chronology, the king reigned from 1454 to 1419,^[4] while in the low chronology, he reigned from 1427 to 1400 BC.^[7]

Foreign Affairs

Amenhotep's first campaign took place in his third regnal year.^[11] The king was well known for his physical prowess and is said to have singlehandedly killed 7 rebel Princes at Kadesh which successfully terminated his first Syrian campaign on a victorious note.^[12] After the campaign, the king ordered the bodies of the seven princes to be hung upside down on the prow of his ship.^[13] Upon reaching Thebes all but one of the princes were mounted on the city walls.^[14] The other was taken to the often rebellious territory of Nubia and hung on the city wall of Napata, as an example of the consequence of rising against Pharaoh and to demoralise any Nubian opponents of Egyptian authority there.^[15] Amenhotep called this campaign his first in a Stele from Amada, however he also called his second campaign his first, causing some confusion.^[16] The simplest answer, although not universally accepted, is that his truly first campaign was fought before the death of his father and thus before he was the sole king of Egypt, and he counted his second campaign as his first because it was the first that was his and his alone.^[17] Kadesh (the most popular spelling; more accurately Qadesh) was an ancient city of the Levant, located on the Orontes River, probably identical to the remains at Tell Nebi Mend, about 24 km southwest of Hims (ca. ... Thebes For the ancient capital of Boeotia, see Thebes, Greece. ... Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ... Napata was a city on the west bank of the Nile river, some 400 km north of the present capital of Sudan. ...

In his seventh year, Amenhotep was faced with a major rebellion in Syria by the vassal states of Naharin and dispatched his Army to the Levant to suppress it. This rebellion was likely instigated by Egypt's chief Near Eastern rival, Mitanni.^[18] However, he did not actually engage any large army in the field, and therefore his presence in Syria had little effect.^[19] His campaign was more like one of the tours of Syria which his father had fought, and he only engaged minor garrisons in battle and forced cities to swear allegance to him – oaths immediatly broken after his departure.^[19] Amenhotep's last campaign took place in his ninth year, however it apparently did not proceed further north than the Sea of Galilee.^[20] The plunder from this campaign appears very large, however the stele recording it apparently combines the tribute from this campaign with the total of the tribute from the former campaign, and with this in mind, it appears that it was a somewhat smaller raid than Amenhotep's previous war.^[21] It appears that instead of taking 15,070 citizens of Nukhash (which he had indeed taken on his second campaign), he captured merely 3,600 Apiru.^[22] Mitanni or Mittani (in Assyrian sources Hanilgalbat, Khanigalbat) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia (in what is today Syria) from ca. ... The Sea of Galilee with the Jordan River flowing out of it to the south and into the Dead Sea Kineret redirects here; for the Amgen drug having this tradename, see Anakinra The Sea of Galilee is Israels largest freshwater lake, approximately 53 kilometers (33 miles) in circumference, about... Habiru or Hapiru was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, from before 2000 BC to around 1200 BC) to a group of people living in the areas of Northeastern Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent from the borders of Egypt in Canaan...

After Amenhotep's ninth campaign, Egyptian and Mitannian armies never fought again, and the two kingdoms seem to have reached some sort of peace. Amenhotep records that the kings of Babylon, the Hittites, and Mitanni came to make peace and pay tribute to him after his ninth year, although this may be mere propoganda.^[23] However, a second passage appears on the walls of Karnak, saying that the princes of Mitanni came to seek peace with Amenhotep, and this cannot be so easily explained away.^[23] The rising power of the Hittites eventually persuaded Mitanni to seek an ally, and there was definitely a treaty of some sort between Egypt and Mitanni by the time of Amenhotep's successor, but it may be that it was enacted after Amenhotep's campaigns, to try to prevent any more of campaigns of mass deportations.^[23] Whenever formal peace was in fact enacted, an informal peace was maintained between Amenhotep and the king of Mitanni. Thereafter, Amenhotep concentrated on domestic matters.

Construction projects

Since Thutmose III had devoted so much energy to expanding Karnak, Amenhotep's building projects were largely focused on enlarging smaller temples all over Egypt. In the Delta, his father's Overseer of Works, Minmose, is attested from an inscription at Tura as overseeing construction of more temples.^[2] He also built a temple to Horemakhet near the Great Sphinx at Giza.^{[citation needed]} In upper Egypt, small shrines are attested at Medamud, el-Tod, and Armant. Karnak, despite not recieving the attention given it by his father, was also not totally neglected.^[24] He commissioned a column to stand in the courtyard between the fourth and fifth pylons commemorating the the reception of tribute from Mitanni.^{[citation needed]} In Nubia, Amenhotep built at Qasr Ibrim and Semna, and ordered the decoration of the Temple at Kalabsha.^[25] However, his most famous Nubian temple was at Amada.^[26] Thutmose III had begun constructing a temple which was technically dedicated to Horus there, although the presence of Re-Harakhti and Amun-Re is easily observed.^[27] Amenhotep completed it and put in it the record of his year 3 campaign on a stele, which was until 1942 the source of most information about Amenhotep's wars.^[28] Image File history File links Amenhotep_cartouche_with_damage. ... Image File history File links Amenhotep_cartouche_with_damage. ... Map of Karnak, showing major temple complexes Interior of Temple Al-Karnak (Arabic Ø§Ù„ÙƒØ±Ù†Ùƒ, in Ancient Egypt was named Ipet Sut, the most venerated place) is a small village in Egypt, located on the banks of the River Nile some 2. ... Minmose was the overseer of works for pharaohs Thutmose III and Amenhotep II. In addition to overseeing the construction of many temples, he collected taxes from nubia during Thutmoses Nubian campaign. ... Tura was a site in Ancient Egypt, located about halfway between modern Cairo and Helwan[1]. It was Egypts primary quarry for limestone. ... The Great Sphinx of Giza, with the Pyramid of Khafre in the background For other uses, see Sphinx (disambiguation). ... The Great Sphinx of Giza, with the Pyramid of Khafre in the background. ... Giza, or Gizah (Arabic, Ø§Ù„Ø¬ÙŠØ²Ø©, transliterated al-Ç§Ä«zah; pronounced in the Cairene dialect of Egyptian Arabic eg-GÄ«za; also sometimes rendered in English as Gizeh, Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a town in Egypt on the west bank of the Nile river, some 20 km southwest of central Cairo and now... Pylon is the Greek term for a monumental gate or door built in front of an Egyptian temple. ...

Reliefs and Statues

Amenhotep II, like kings before him, placed statues of himself both in front of and inside his temples.^{[citation needed]} One shows him as an offering king in kneeling position with an altar (Cairo CG 42073). His statuary can be grouped on the basis of physiognomy and iconography. One can see a development from the statuary of Hatshepsut, Thutmoses III, Amenhotep II, Thutmoses IV up to Amenhotep III. So the faces of the statues are not so much portraiture as an idealized face expressing artistic tradition and the contemporary ideal of beauty. ^{[citation needed]}

Tomb

Amenhotep's mummy was discovered in March 1898 by Victor Loret in his KV35 tomb in the Valley of the Kings within his original sarcophagus. He had a mortuary temple constructed at the edge of the cultivation in the Theban Necropolis, close to where the Ramesseum was later built, but it was destroyed in ancient times. Amenhotep II's KV35 tomb also proved to contain a mummy cache containing several New Kingdom Pharaohs including Thutmose IV, Seti II, Ramesses III, Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. They had been re-buried in Amenhotep II's tomb by the 21st Dynasty High Priest of Amun, Pinedjem II during Siamun's reign, to protect them from tomb robbers. The most detailed and balanced discussion on the chronology, events and impact of Amenhotep II's reign was published by Peter Der Manuelian, in a 1987 book on this king. A mummy is a corpse whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or airlessness. ... Victor Clement Georges Philippe Loret (1 September 1859 â€“ 3 February 1946) was a French Egyptologist. ... KV35 in the Valley of the Kings (Luxor, Egypt) is the tomb of Amenhotep II. It was discovered by Victor Loret in April 1898. ... Location of the valley in the Theban Hills, West of the Nile, October 1988 (red box shows location) The Valley of the Kings (Arabic: ÙˆØ§Ø¯ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„ÙˆÙƒ Wadi Biban el-Muluk; Gates of the King)[1] is a valley in Egypt where for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to... Stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Merenptah Detail of a stone sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archeological Museum showing a hunting scene Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at CÃ¡diz A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. ... The Theban Necropolis is an area of the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes in Egypt. ... Ramesseum from the air - showing pylons and secondary buildings Ramesseum: Hypostyle hall The Ramesseum is the memorial temple (or mortuary temple) of Pharaoh Ramesses II (Ramesses the Great, also spelt Ramses and Rameses). It is located in the Theban necropolis in Upper Egypt, across the River Nile from the modern... Menkheperure Established in forms is Ra Nomen Thutmose Thoth bore him Consort(s) Tiaa, Mutemywia Issues Amenhotep III Father Amenhotep II Mother Tiaa Died 1391 BC or 1388 BC Burial KV43 Menkheperure Thutmose IV (d. ... nomen or birth name Userkheperure Setepenre/Meryamun Seti II (reigned 1200 BC - 1194 BC) was the sixth ruler of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt. ... Usermaatre Meryamun Powerful one of Maat and Ra, Beloved of Amun Nomen Ramesse Hekaiunu Ra bore him, Ruler of Heliopolis Died 1151 BC Burial KV11 Major Monuments Medinet Habu Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be... nomen or birth name Heqamaatre Ramesses IV (often written Ramses or Rameses) was the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. ... Nebmaatre-meryamun Nomen Ramesses (Amenherkhepeshef) Neterhekaiunu Horus name Kanakht Aanakhtu Nebty name Userkhepeshhedhefenu Golden Horus Userrenputmitatjenen Died 1134 BC Burial KV9 Ramesses VI (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the fifth ruler of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt who reigned from 1142 BC to 1134 BC. His tomb, KV9, is... Pinedjem II (also Pinudjem II) was a High Priest of Amun at Thebes in Ancient Egypt from 990 BC to 969 BC and was the de facto ruler of the south of the country. ... Neterkheperre-setepenamun Siamun was the Sixth pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty. ...

Later life

Amenhotep did not record the names of his queens; some Egyptologists theorise that he felt that women had become too powerful under titles such as God's Wife of Amun. They point to the fact that he participated in his father's removal of Hatshepsut's name from her monuments and the destruction of her image. Egyptologist is the designation given to an archaeologist or historian who specialises in Egyptology, the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and its antiquities. ... The title of Gods Wife of Amun first appears during Ancient Egypts 10th and 12th Dynasties, when it was held by non-royal women serving Min, Amun and Ptah, but it was at the beginning of the New Kingdom, when the title started to be held by royal... Maatkare[1] Truth is the Ka of Re Nomen Khnumt-Amun Hatshepsut[1] Joined with Amun, Foremost of Noble Ladies Horus name Wesretkau [1] Mighty of Kas Nebty name Wadjrenput[1] Flourishing of years Golden Horus Netjeretkhau [1] Divine of appearance Consort(s) Thutmose II Issues Neferure Father Thutmose I...

Contents

Family and early life

Dates and length of reign

Foreign Affairs

Construction projects

Reliefs and Statues

Tomb

Later life

See also

Footnotes

References

Contents

Family and early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Dates and length of reign

Foreign Affairs

Construction projects

Reliefs and Statues

Tomb

Later life

See also

Footnotes

References

Family and early life