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Encyclopedia > American Mutoscope and Biograph

The American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1928. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific, releasing over three thousand short films and twelve feature films.[1][2] A reel of film, which predates digital cinematography. ...


A new corporation with the same name was incorporated in California in 1991.[3]

Contents

Founding

The company was started by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, an inventor at Thomas Edison's laboratory who helped pioneer the technology of capturing moving images on film. Dickson left Edison and joined with inventors Herman Casler, Henry Marvin and businessman Elias Koopman to incorporate the American Mutoscope Company in New Jersey in December 1895. The firm manufactured the Mutoscope, and made flip-card movies for it, as a rival to Edison’s Kinetoscope for individual “peep shows”, making the company Edison’s chief competitor in the nickelodeon market. In the summer of 1896 the Biograph projector was released, offering superior image quality to Edison’s Vitascope projector. The company soon became a leader in the film industry, with distribution and production subsidiaries around the world including the British Mutoscope Company. In 1899 it changed its name to the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, and in 1909 to simply the Biograph Company.[4] William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (August 3, 1860–September 28, 1935) was a Scottish inventor who is credited with the invention of the motion picture camera under the employ of Thomas Edison. ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb. ... Herman Casler - American Inventor (1867-1939) was co-founder of the partnership called the KMCD Syndicate, along with W.K-L. Dickson, Elias Koopman, and Harry Marvin, which eventually was incorporated into the American Mutoscope Company in 1895. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... Events March 22 - First display of motion pictures by Auguste and Louis Lumière (private screening). ... The Mutoscope an 1899 trade advertisement The Mutoscope was an early form of motion picture device, invented by the American Mutoscope Company aka American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in 1895. ... Interior view of Kinetoscope with peephole viewer at top of cabinet. ...


To avoid violating Edison’s motion picture patents, Biograph cameras from 1895 to 1902 used a large-format film measuring 2-23/32 inches (68 mm) wide, with an image area of 2 × 2½ inches, four times that of Edison’s 35 mm format. The camera used friction feed, instead of Edison’s sprocket feed, to guide the film to the aperture. The camera itself punched a sprocket hole on each side of the frame as the film was exposed at 30 frames per second, double Edison’s speed.[5][6] A patent case victory in March 1902 allowed Biograph and other producers and distributors to use the less expensive 35 mm format without an Edison license, although Biograph did not completely phase out 68 mm production until autumn of 1903.[7] Biograph offered prints in both formats to exhibitors until 1905, when it discontinued the larger format.[8][9] 35 mm film frames. ...


Biograph films before 1903 were mostly “actualities”: documentary footage of actual persons, places and events, each film usually less than two minutes long. The occasional narrative film, usually a comedy, was typically shot in one scene, with no editing. Spurred on by competition from Edison and British and European producers, Biograph production from 1903 onward was increasingly dominated by narratives, and as the stories became more complex, the films became longer, with multiple scenes to tell the story, although an individual scene was still usually presented in one shot without editing. Biograph's production of actualities ended by 1908 in favor of the narrative film.


With the increased reliance on narrative films, Biograph moved in 1903 from its rooftop studio on Broadway in New York City to a converted brownstone mansion on East 14th Street in Manhattan, its first indoor studio, and the first movie studio in the world to rely exclusively on artificial light (photo). Biograph moved again in 1913, as it entered feature film production, to a new, state-of-the-art studio on 175th Street in the Bronx (photo). See also: 1902 in film 1903 1904 in film years in film film Events The Great Train Robbery, by Edwin S. Porter The Magic Lantern / La Lanterne magicue, produced by Georges Méliès What Happened in the Tunnel Births January 18 - Werner Hinz, actor (d. ... A view of Broadway in 1909 Broadway, as the name implies, is a wide avenue in New York City. ... New York, NY redirects here. ... This article is about the building material and the dwelling. ... // Events The Squaw Man, the first Hollywood feature film, is made. ... The Bronx is one of the five boroughs of United States. ...


D.W. Griffith

Director D.W. Griffith joined Biograph in 1908 as a writer and actor, but within months became their principal director, and helped establish many of the conventions of narrative film, including cross-cutting to show events occurring simultaneously in different places, the flashback, the fade-in/fade-out, the interposition of closeups within a scene, and a moderated acting style more suitable for film. Although Griffith did not invent these techniques, he made them a regular part of the film vocabulary. Griffith’s prolific output, often one new film a week, and willingness to experiment in many different genres helped the company become a major commercial success. Many early movie stars were Biograph performers, including Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore, Lillian Gish, Dorothy Gish, Robert Harron, Carol Dempster, Alan Hale, Sr., Blanche Sweet, Harry Carey, Mabel Normand, Henry B. Walthall and Dorothy Davenport. Mack Sennett honed his craft as an actor and director of comedies at Biograph. The film director, on the right, gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, whilst filming a costume drama on location in London. ... D. W. Griffith David Llewelyn Wark Griffith, commonly known as D. W. Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American film director. ... // Cross Cutting Even though most classes in an object-oriented programming model will perform a single, specific function, they often share common, secondary requirements with other classes. ... In literature and film, a flashback (also called analepsis) takes the narrative back in time from the point the story has reached, to recount events that happened before and give the back-story. ... In stage lighting, a fade is a gradual increase or decrease of the intensity of light projected onto the stage. ... A genre is any of the traditional divisions of art forms from a single field of activity into various kinds according to criteria particular to that form. ... Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979) was an Oscar-winning Canadian motion picture star and co-founder of United Artists. ... Lionel Barrymore Herbert Lionel Blyth (April 28, 1878 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – November 15, 1954 in Van Nuys, California) was an American actor of stage, radio and film. ... Lillian Diana de Guiche (October 14, 1893 – February 27, 1993), was an Oscar-nominated American actress, better known as Lillian Gish. ... Dorothy Gish photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1932 Dorothy Gish (March 11, 1898 - June 4, 1968) was an American actress. ... Robert Bobby Harron (April 12, 1893 - September 5, 1920) was a highly successful and publicly popular American motion picture actor of the early silent film era. ... Carol Dempster in a circa 1918-1920 publicity photograph Carol Dempster (December 9, 1901 - February 1, 1991) was a notable American film actress of the silent film era. ... Alan Hale Sr. ... Blanche Sweet Blanche Sweet (June 18, 1895 - September 6, 1986) was a silent film actress who began her career in the earliest days of the Hollywood motion picture film industry. ... Harry Carey (January 16, 1878–September 21, 1947) was an American actor and one of silent films earliest superstars. ... Mabel Normand Mabel Normand (November 10, 1892 - February 23, 1930) was a US film actress, who was a popular comedienne in silent films. ... Henry B. Walthall (March 16, 1878 - June 17, 1936) was an American film actor. ... Dorothy Davenport [1] (March 13, 1895 - October 12, 1977) was an American actress, screenwriter, film director, and producer. ... Mack Sennett (1880 - 1960) Mack Sennett (January 17, 1880 – November 5, 1960) was an innovator of slapstick comedy in film. ...


In January of 1910, D.W. Griffith, and Lee Dougherty with the rest of the Biograph acting company, traveled to Los Angeles. While the purpose of the trip was to shoot the film Ramona in authentic locations, it was also to determine the suitability of the West Coast as a place for a permanent studio. The group set up a small facility at Washington Street and Grand Avenue (where the Los Angeles Convention Center now stands). After this, Griffith and his players decided to go a little further north to a small village they had heard about that was friendly, and had beautiful floral scenery. They decided to travel there, and fell in love with this little place called Hollywood. Biograph then made the first film ever in Hollywood called In Old California, a Latino melodrama about the early days of Mexico-owned California.[10] Griffith and the Biograph troupe then filmed other short movies at various locations, then travelled back to New York. After the east coast film community heard about Hollywood, other film companies began to migrate there. Biograph’s little film launched Hollywood as the future movie capital of the world. Biograph opened a studio at Pico and Georgia streets in downtown Los Angeles in 1911, and sent a film crew to work there each year until 1916. Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... The Los Angeles Convention Center is a convention center in Los Angeles. ... ... In Old California is a silent movie filmed in 1910. ... ... ...


Griffith left Biograph in October 1913, after finishing Judith of Bethulia, unhappy with their resistance to larger budgets, feature film production, or giving onscreen credit to him and the cast. With him went many of the Biograph actors, his cameraman Billy Bitzer, and his production crew. As a final slight to Griffith, Biograph delayed release of Judith of Bethulia until March 1914, to avoid a profit-sharing arrangement the company had with him.[11] Judith of Bethulia starred Blanche Sweet and Henry B. Walthall. ... A reel of film, which predates digital cinematography. ... Georg William Billy Bitzer (April 21, 1872–April 29, 1944) was a cinematographer notable for his close association with D. W. Griffith, working with him on some of his most important films and contributing significantly to cinematic innovations attributed to Griffith. ... Profit sharing, when used as a special term, refers to various incentive plans introduced by businesses that provide direct or indirect payments to employees that depend on companys profitability in addition to employees regular salary and bonuses. ...


Decline

In December 1908, Biograph joined Edison in forming the Motion Picture Patents Company in an attempt to control the industry and shut out smaller producers.[12] The "Edison Trust,” as it was nicknamed, was made up of Edison, Biograph, Essanay Studios, Kalem Company, George Kleine Productions, Lubin Studios, Georges Méliès, Pathé, Selig Studios, and Vitagraph Studios, and dominated distribution through the General Film Company. The Motion Picture Patents Co. and the General Film Co. were found guilty of antitrust violation in October 1915, and dissolved.[13] MPPC stands for Motion Picture Patents Company, also known as the Edison Trust, also known as the First Oligopoly. ... Essanay Studios was a motion picture company founded in Chicago, Illinois by George K. Spoor and Bronco Billy Anderson under the name Essanay (S and A). It produced silent films with such stars as Ben Turpin, Wallace Beery, Francis X. Bushman, Gloria Swanson and Charlie Chaplin. ... Kalem Studios and Hollywood staff, 1915 The Kalem Company was an American film studio founded in New York City in 1907 by Frank J. Marion, Samuel Long, and George Kleine. ... Lubin Studios, Philadelphia (c. ... Georges Méliès (December 8, 1861 – January 21, 1938), full name Maries-Georges-Jean Méliès, was a French filmmaker famous for leading many technical and narrative developments in the earliest cinema. ... Pathé or Pathé Frères is the name of various businesses founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France. ... The Selig Polyscope Company was an American motion picture company founded in 1896 in Chicago, Illinois by William Selig. ... American Vitagraph was a United States movie studio, founded by J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith in 1897 and bought by Warner Brothers in 1925. ...


Shielded by the Trust, Biograph had been slow to enter feature film production. Biograph contracted with the theatrical firm of Klaw & Erlanger in 1913 to produce movie versions of the latter’s plays. Their first released feature, Classmates, came out in February 1914, after sixty-nine other American features had been released in 1912–1913.[14] With the exodus of the studio’s best actors with Griffith, Biograph was unable develop a marketable star system as the independent companies were doing, and after the Trust’s fall, Biograph found itself behind the times. The Biograph Co. released its last new feature-length films in 1915, and its last new short films in 1916.[15] Biograph spent the remainder of the silent era reissuing its old films, and leasing its Bronx studio to other producers. When the Biograph Company fell on financial hard times, the studio facilities were acquired by one of Biograph Company's creditors, the Empire Trust Company, although Biograph Company continued to manage the studio. Herbert Yates acquired the Biograph Company studios and film laboratory facilities in 1928. Biograph Studios in the Bronx was made a subsidiary of his Consolidated Film Industries in 1928.[16][17] The studio and laboratory facilities burned down in 1980.[18] Klaw & Erlanger was the New York City based theatrical production partnership of entrepreneur A.L. Erlanger and lawyer Marcus Klaw. ... The star system was the method of creating and promoting film stars in Classical Hollywood cinema. ... Herbert John Yates (1880-1966) was the founder and president of Republic Pictures, famous for being the home of John Wayne, Gene Autry, and Roy Rogers. ... The American Mutoscope and Biograph Company (also known as the Biograph Company) was founded in 1895 and is the oldest movie production company in the United States. ... The Bronx is one of the five boroughs of United States. ... Consolidated Film Industries has been the leading film laboratory in the Los Angeles area for many decades. ...


New company

Producer Thomas R. Bond II and his father, the late Tommy Bond (1926–2005), who played “Butch” in Our Gang (also known as “The Little Rascals”), started the new California corporation,[3] which is headquartered in downtown Los Angeles. President and CEO Thomas Bond said the company is looking to develop a 10,000- to 40,000-square-foot production facility in downtown Los Angeles.[19] Tommy Bond as Butch during his second Our Gang tenure. ... A poster for the 1931 Our Gang comedy Love Business featuring depictions of (from left to right): Pete the Pup, Jackie Cooper, and Norman Chubby Chaney. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ...


Biograph has released one DVD, The Rascals, hosted by Tommy Bond.[20] Tommy Bond as Butch during his second Our Gang tenure. ...


The company also says that it will soon offer both new and historical "Mutoscope" short films for wireless and mobile devices.[21]


In 2003, Dennis Hope donated title to over 1,700 acres on the Moon to Biograph for use as a filming location.[22] Bond stated that he planned to start filming there by 2008.[23] The film is to be a documentary titled A Trip to the Moon.[24] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Apparent magnitude: up to -12. ...


See also

The American Mutoscope and Biograph Company (also known as the Biograph Company) was founded in 1895 and is the oldest movie production company in the United States. ... Much like American popular music, American cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. ... Origins of motion picture arts and sciences Any overview of the history of cinema would be remiss to fail to at least mention a long history of literature, storytelling, narrative drama, art, mythology, puppetry, shadow play, cave paintings and perhaps even dreams. ... This is a list of film formats known to have been developed for shooting or viewing motion pictures since the development of such photographic technology towards the end of the 19th century. ... This is a list of Hollywood movie studios. ...

References

  1. ^ Elias Savada (Editor). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Film Beginnings, 1893–1910 — A Work in Progress: v. A. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3021-3. 
  2. ^ Lauritzen, Einar; Lundquist, Gunnar (1976). American Film-Index 1908–1915: Motion Pictures, July 1908–December 1915, distributed by Akademiebokhandeln, University of Stockholm, Stockholm: Film-Index. ISBN 91-7410-001-7. 
  3. ^ a b California Secretary of State - California Business Search - Corporation Search Results (2007-04-06). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  4. ^ Slide, Anthony (1998). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3426-X. 
  5. ^ Billy Bitzer. "The Biograph Camera". The Operating Cameraman (Spring 1995). Retrieved on 2004-11-30. 
  6. ^ Musser, Charles (1994). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 303-313. ISBN 0-520-08533-7. 
  7. ^ Continued Legal Battles. A Guide to Motion Picture Catalogs by American Producers and Distributors. Rutgers University.
  8. ^ Gunning, Tom (December 12 1993). D.W. Griffith and the Origins of American Narrative Film: The Early Years at Biograph. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06366-X.  Accessed via Google Print.
  9. ^ Vaidhyanathan, Siva (April 1 2003). Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity. New York University Press, 88. ISBN 0-8147-8807-6.  Accessed via Google Print.
  10. ^ Robertson, Patrick (2001). Film Facts. New York: Billboard Books, 21. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.  Although In Old California was the first movie shot specifically in Hollywood, Biograph had already filmed A Daring Hold-Up in Southern California in Los Angeles in 1906. Niver, Kemp R. (1971). Biograph Bulletins, 1896–1908. Los Angeles: Locare Research Group, 262.  The Selig Polyscope Company made pictures in the Los Angeles area in 1908 and 1909, and began construction of a movie studio in Edendale, just east of Hollywood, in 1909.
  11. ^ Bowser, Eileen (1990). The Transformation of Cinema 1907–1915. Berkeley: University of California Press, 253. ISBN 0-520-08534-5. 
  12. ^ Motion Picture Patents Company. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  13. ^ Company Records Series -- Motion Picture Patents Company. The Thomas A. Edison Papers. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  14. ^ Hanson, Patricia King (ed.) (1989). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures: Feature Films, 1911–1920. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06301-5. 
  15. ^ Lauritzen, Einar; Gunnar Lundquist (1984). American Film-Index, 1916–1920: Motion Pictures, January 1916–December 1920, Distributed by Tonnheims (Huddinge, Sweden), Stockholm, Sweden: Film-Index. ISBN 91-86568-01-9. 
  16. ^ Tuska, Jon (1999). The Vanishing Legion: A History of Mascot Pictures, 1927–1935. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 42. ISBN 0-7864-0749-2.  The last trade of Biograph stock was reported by The New York Times on December 27, 1928, p. 39. The last of the Biograph film copyrights expired in 1945, without any of them having been renewed for a second term. Hurst, Walter E. (1992–1994). Film Superlist: Motion Pictures in the U.S. Public Domain. Hollywood, California: Hollywood Film Archive. 
  17. ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood", The New York Times, September 27, 1939, p. 29.  Empire Trust Company, one of Biograph's creditors, had acquired the Bronx studio, but retained Biograph to manage it. Empire Trust later reassigned management to one of its own subsidiaries, The Actinograph Corp., which held it until 1948. R. H. Hammer, Biograph's general manager going back to its Griffith days, donated what remained of Biograph's film collection to the Museum of Modern Art in 1939, around the time Biograph's Bronx studio was closed. Iris Barry, "Why Wait for Posterity?" Hollywood Quarterly, January 1946, pp. 131–137. Reprinted in Hollywood Quarterly: Film Culture in Postwar America, 1945–1957.
  18. ^ "Bronx Blaze Damages Old Biograph Studios," The New York Times, July 9, 1980, p. B4.
  19. ^ Old Downtowner Returns. LA Downtown News Online (2006-03-20). Retrieved on 2006-08-07.
  20. ^ The Rascals (2004) (V). Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  21. ^ American Mutoscope & Biograph Co. (2006). Wireless Entertainment - Mutoscopes. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  22. ^ Space Age Publishing Company. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  23. ^ Space Division. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  24. ^ Upcoming Movies. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.

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External links

  • Jennifer M. Wood. "Biograph’s Biography". MovieMaker 10 (Winter 2004). 

Original company

The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ...

New company

  • American Mutoscope and Biograph Company corporate website
  • American Mutoscope and Biograph Company at MySpace

 
 

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