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The Southwest region of the United States is drier than the adjoining Midwest in weather; the population is less dense and, with strong Spanish-American and Native American components, more ethnically varied than neighboring areas. Outside the cities, the region is a land of open spaces, much of which is desert. The magnificent Grand Canyon is located in this region, as is Monument Valley. This region contains many of the Indian reservations including the Navajo, various Apache tribes, and Hopi Zuni Pueblo people. Most of the Southwest once belonged to Mexico but ownership was ceded to the United States in the events preceding and following the Mexican American War of 1846-48.
The Southwestern U.S. at its widest interpretation
States almost always considered in the US southwestern (Dark red): Often also included are (Bright red): Sometimes, but rarely, included are (Pinkish Red): Texas is in some ways also a part of the U.S. South, as it shared that region's history of slavery and membership in the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. It is also unusual in having for a time been an independent nation, the Republic of Texas. The American Civil War dragged six months longer in Texas than in the rest of the nation, primarily in the southern tip of Texas, where Mexican gold coins had displaced the worthless Confederate dollar, and smugglers profitted in the North-South trade with Mexico. During the Civil War, the only way to get Southern cotton through the Union blockade to its European markets was to sell it to a Mexican intermediary, who would then ship it on a neutral flagged Mexican vessel. Because of this the Union sought to gain control of the Rio Grande and a number of battles were fought in the area, including the very last battle of the Civil War, the Battle of Palmito Ranch.
Mexican heritage continues to exert a strong influence on the U.S. Southwest, which is a convenient place to settle for immigrants (legal or illegal) from farther south. The regional population is growing rapidly, with Arizona in particular rivaling the southern states as a destination for retired Americans in search of a warm climate.
Population growth in the hot, arid Southwest has depended on two human artifacts: the dam and the air conditioner. Dams on the Colorado and other rivers, and aqueducts such as those of the Central Arizona Project have made it possible to develop large areas of farmland with irrigation and have brought water to once-small towns such as Las Vegas, Nevada, Phoenix, Arizona, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, allowing them to become metropolises. Las Vegas is renowned as a world center for gambling, while Santa Fe, New Mexico, the historic center of government for much of the Southwest is famous as a center for the arts, especially painting, sculpture, and opera. Another system of dams and irrigation projects waters the California Central Valley, which is noted for producing large harvests of fruits and vegetables.
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