The music of the United States includes a number of kinds of distinct folk and popular music, including some of the most widely-recognized styles in the world. The original inhabitants of the United States included hundreds of Native American tribes, who played the first music in the area. Beginning in the 15th century, immigrants from England, Spain and France began arriving in large numbers, bringing with them new styles and instruments. Africans imported as slaves provided the musical underpinnings of much of modern American music, including blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and hip hop. Other styles of music were brought by Hispanics from Mexico, Cuba and Puerto Rico, the Cajun descendants of French-Canadians, Jews, Eastern Europeans and Irish, Scottish and Italian immigrants. Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Ethnicity... Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and second most populous. ... For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ... Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. ... Country music, formerly called country and western music or country-western, is an amalgam of popular musical forms developed in the southern United States, with roots in traditional folk music, spirituals, and the blues. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Hip hop is a cultural movement that began amongst urban African American youth in New York and has since spread around the world. ... Hispanic, as used in the United States, is one of several terms used to categorize U.S. immigrants for whose background hail either from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America or the original settlers of the traditionally Spanish-held Southwestern United States. ... The Cajuns are an ethnic group consisting essentially of the descendants of Acadians who came from Nova Scotia to Louisiana as a result of their refusal to swear allegiance to the British Crown. ... French Canadian is a term that has several different connotations. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the UK Main languages English Scots Scottish Gaelic Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ...

Since the beginning of the 20th century, popular recorded music from the United States has become increasingly known across the world, to the point where some form of American popular music is listened to almost everywhere ^[1]. Most of this popular music ultimately stems from African American music, especially the blues. African American folk music is a part of the Afro-American tradition, which extends across most of the Western Hemisphere, where elements of African, European and indigenous music mixed in varying amounts to form a wide array of diverse styles. Celtic music, especially Irish and Scottish, also played an integral role in shaping modern American music, through massive immigration of Irish and Scottish people, brining with them folk music. Long a land of immigrants, the United States has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of Ukrainian, Polish, Mexican, Cuban, Spanish and Jewish communities. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ... Afro-American music is a broad array of musical genres that arose from the synthesis of African, European and Native American music. ... The term Celtic music encompasses Irish traditional music and traditional musics of Scotland; Cape Breton Island and Maritime Canada; Quebec; Wales; the Isle of Man; Northumberland (northern England); Brittany (northwestern France); Cornwall; and Galicia (northwestern Spain). ... Scotland is a Celtic-Germanic country, located to the north of England on the island of Great Britain. ... Ukraine is an Eastern European country, formerly part of the Soviet Union. ... Origin of Jewish music in the Temple The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system that in the Temple in Jerusalem. ...

The modern United States is divided into fifty states and the inhabited non-state territories of Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, American Samoa, U.S. Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and Guam ^[2]. Most cities, and even many smaller towns, have local music scenes, ranging from casual opportunities for amateur performers at bars and other establishments to large-scale orchestras, local indie record labels and community performing venues, all supporting a number of vibrant regional traditions in various styles. Though none doubt the importance of a handful of major cities, like New York, Nashville and Los Angeles, many smaller cities and regions have produced memorable and distinctive styles of music. The Cajun and Creole traditions in Louisianan music and the unique folk and popular styles of Hawaiian music are two notable exceptions, though other styles of distinct regional music range from the colonial First New England School to modern scenes like Memphis rap and the Omaha sound. A U.S. state is any one of the 50 states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, together with the District of Columbia, form the United States of America. ... Washington, D.C., short for the District of Columbia (also known as the the District or, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United States of America. ... Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Orchestra at City Hall (Edmonton). ... In popular music, indie music (from independent) is any of a number of genres, scenes, subcultures and stylistic and cultural attributes, characterised by (real or perceived) independence from commercial pop music and mainstream culture and an autonomous, do-it-yourself (DIY) approach. ... Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... The Nashville skyline Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... The Downtown Los Angeles skyline. ... The Cajuns are an ethnic group consisting essentially of the descendants of Acadians who came from Nova Scotia to Louisiana as a result of their refusal to swear allegiance to the British Crown. ... The term Creole is used with different meanings in different contexts, which can generate confusion. ... The music of Louisiana, like other cultural aspects of the state, can be divided in to three general regions. ... Hawaiian music refers to the musical style native to the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. ... Memphis rap is a specific type of music that originated in Memphis, Tennessee. ... Among the most famous Nebraskan artists are Little Joe & the Ramrods, a rock band, and Dickey Lee, a Nashville songwriter. ...

This article discusses the culture of the United States; for customs and way of life, see Culture of the United States. ... Americas unmistakable contribution to architecture has been the skyscraper, whose bold, thrusting lines have made it the symbol of capitalist energy. ... American comic books are typically small magazines containing fictional stories in the artistic medium of comics. ... The cuisine of the United States is characterized by the broad diversity of foods, driven by the tendency of the country as a whole to integrate widely divergent ingredients and styles of cooking. ... Closely related to the development of American music in the early 20th century was the emergence of a new, and distinctively American, art form -- modern dance. ... The folklore of the United States, or American folklore, is the folk tradition which has evolved on the North American continent since Europeans arrived in the 16th century. ... The literature of the United States may be considered as belonging to English literature or as a distinct body of literature. ... The cinema of the United States, sometimes simply called—correctly or not—Hollywood, can perhaps be summed up by the title American film critic Pauline Kael gave a 1968 collection of her reviews: Kiss Kiss Bang Bang. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Emily Dickinson, one of the best known American poets. ... American Sculpture came of age in the 1960s with David Smith providing large formats metal sculptures. ... Theater of the United States is based in the Western tradition, mostly borrowed from the performance styles prevalent in Europe. ... Americas first well-known school of painting—the Hudson River School—appeared in 1820. ... The United States is a large and diverse country, with a long history of producing many styles of folk, popular and classical music. ... Categories: Timelines of music | Periods of American music ... The influence of the music of African-Americans has most set the United States apart from that of Western Europe. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Native Americans Main article: Native American music Modern Native American pow-wows arose around the turn of the 20th century. ... There are hundreds of tribes of Native Americans (called the First Nations in Canada), each with diverse musical practices, spread across the United States and Canada (excluding Hawaiian music). ... The Inuit live across the northern sections of Canada, especially in Yukon, Nunavat and Northwest Territories, as well as in Alaska and Greenland. ... Hawaiian music refers to the musical style native to the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. ... Many musical styles flourished and combined in the 1940s and 1950s, most likely because of the influence of radio had in creating a mass market for music. ... Latin music has long influenced American popular music, jazz, rhythm and blues and even country music. ... Tejano is also the name given to Texans of Mexican or Spanish origin. ... The 1960s was a tumultuous period for the United States, with the Cold War, Vietnam War and Civil Rights causing massive public unrest. ... The music of Louisiana, like other cultural aspects of the state, can be divided in to three general regions. ... The 1980s saw New Wave entering the year as the single biggest mainstream market, with heavy metal, punk rock and hardcore punk, and hip hop achieving increased crossover success. ... The vast majority of the inhabitants of the United States are immigrants or descendents of immigrants. ... Irish and Scottish music have long been a major part of American music, at least as far back as the 19th century. ... Roots music Download sample of Leadbellys Where Did You Sleep Last Night Download sample of Robert Johnsons Crossroads Blues Download recording - “Pues vuestros santos favores” a cappella alabado hymn sung at vigils in honor of St. ... American classical music refers to music written in the United States but in the European classical music tradition. ... Hip hop is a cultural movement encompassing four forms of expression: graffiti art, breakdancing, DJing and rapping. ... 1950s Covers: Early 50s Through the late 1940s and early 1950s, rhythm and blues music had been gaining a stronger beat and a wilder style, with artists such as Fats Domino and Johnny Otis speeding up the tempos and increasing the backbeat to great popularity on the juke-joint circuit. ... Depending on context, pop music is either an abbreviation of popular music or, more recently, a term for a sub_genre of it. ... American roots music is a broad category of music including country music, bluegrass, gospel, ragtime, jug bands, Appalachian folk, blues, Tejano and Cajun and Native American music. ... The Grammy Awards (originally the Gramophone Awards), presented by the Recording Academy (an association of Americans professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding achievements in the recording industry, is one of four major music awards shows held annually in the United States (the Billboard Music Awards, the American... The Country Music Association (CMA) was founded in 1958 in Nashville, Tennessee. ... Billboard is a weekly American magazine devoted to the music industry. ... A music festival is a festival that presents a number of musical performances usually tied together through a theme or genre. ... The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, often known as Jazz Fest, is an annual celebration of the music and culture of New Orleans and Louisiana. ... Official logo Lollapalooza is an American traveling music festival featuring alternative rock, rap, and punk rock bands, dance and comedy performances, and craft booths. ... Lilith Fair was a tour that featured female musicians that ran from 1997 to 1999. ... Ozzfest is an annual tour of the United States featuring performances by many heavy metal groups. ... Woodstock redirects here. ... The Monterey Jazz Festival is a yearly festival of jazz music that takes place at the Monterey Fairgrounds in Monterey, California the third full weekend in September. ... Spin is a music magazine. ... Rolling Stone is a music and music industry magazine. ... VIBE is a popular African-American magazine owned by Quincy Jones. ... The downbeat is the first beat of a measure in music. ... MTV (abbreviation for Music Television) is a cable television network which was originally devoted to music videos, especially popular rock music. ... VH1 (which originally stood for Video Hits 1) is an American cable television channel that was created in 1985. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is formally recognized by a countrys government as their states official national song. ... Nicholson took the copy Key gave him to a printer, where it was published as a broadside on September 17 under the title The Defence of Fort McHenry, with an explanatory note explaining the circumstances of its writing. ... Each state in the United States (except New Jersey) has a state song, selected by the state legislature as a symbol of the state. ... Alaska is a state of the United States. ... Alabama has played a central role in the development of both blues and country music. ... Arkansas is a Southern state of the United States. ... The Samoas are a Polynesian island chain, currently divided between the independent state of Samoa (formerly Western Samoa) and an American territory called American Samoa. ... Arizonas musical history has been heavily influenced by Mexican immigrants. ... In the United States, California is commonly associated with the film, music, and arts industries; there are numerous world-famous Californian musicians. ... Colorado is a state of the United States. ... Connecticut is a state of the United States, in the New England region. ... The music of Washington D.C. is known for two primary scenes, hardcore and associated derivatives and a hip hop-dance music hybrid called go go. ... Delaware is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. ... Floridas ethnic diversity has led to a myriad of musical styles from punk rock to salsa and heavy metal being popular in various parts of the state. ... The Sacred Harp, first published in 1844, was compiled and produced by Georgians Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King. ... Guam is an unincorporated territory of the United States. ... Hawaiian music refers to the musical style native to the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. ... Music of Iowa Notable musicians from Iowa include Bix Beiderbecke and Greg Brown. ... Idaho has produced a number of musicians, including pop star Paul Revere and Doug Martsch of Built to Spill. ... Illinois, which includes Chicago, the third-largest city in the United States, has a wide musical heritage. ... The music of Indiana was strongly influenced by a large number of German and Irish immigrants who arrived in the 1830s. ... For many years, Kansas has had a vibrant country and bluegrass scene. ... Music of Kentucky is heavily centered around Appalachian folk music; that genre of music—and its associated descendents, especially bluegrass music in the 1940s—has largely developed in Eastern Kentucky. ... The music of Louisiana, like other cultural aspects of the state, can be divided in to three general regions. ... Massachusetts is a U.S. state in New England. ... Famous musicians from Maryland include Francis Scott Key, who wrote The Star-Spangled Banner and pop punksters Good Charlotte, from Waldorf. ... Maine is a state of the United States, located in New England. ... In Michigan, the city of Detroit has remained the capital of musical innovation for many years. ... Minnesota, and its largest city Minneapolis, are known for the multi-platinum soul singer Prince, as well as cult favorites The Replacements and Hüsker Dü and a large, vibrant polka community, fueled by immigration. ... St. ... The Northern Mariana Islands are an island chain dependency of the United States. ... Mississippi is best-known as the home of the blues, which developed among the freed African Americans in the latter half of the 19th century. ... Montana is a state of the United States. ... Most influentially, North Carolina country musicians like the North Carolina Ramblers helped solidify the sound of country in the late 1920s. ... The Music of North Dakota has followed general American trends over much of its history, beginning with ragtime and folk music, moving into Big Band and Jazz. ... Among the most famous Nebraskan artists are Little Joe & the Ramrods, a rock band, and Dickey Lee, a Nashville songwriter. ... New Hampshire is a state of the United States, located in the New England region. ... New Mexico is a state of the Southwest United States. ... For most outsiders, Nevadan music is probably most closely associated with lounge singers like Wayne Newton playing in Las Vegas. ... The biggest superstar from New Jersey is probably Bruce Springsteen, who became a 1980s icon with complex lyrical stories about teens growing up in Freehold and other economically depressed areas of New Jersey. ... In the United States, New York City has long been a musical hub and, in some ways, the musical capital of the country. ... The most famous musicians from Ohio are probably Marilyn Manson, Dean Martin and Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders; the 19th century composer Daniel Emmett, born in Ohio to a Virginian family, wrote many of the most popular songs in his era, including some that remain well-known. ... Music of Oklahoma is of necessity, brief. ... Oregons musical contributions to American culture is centered around Portland, a center of hardcore punk and disco music, among other genres. ... The most famous musical innovaters to come out of Pennsylvania are perhaps the Philly sound in 1970s soul music, Gamble & Huff, The OJays, Teddy Pendergrass, Harold Melvin and The Delphonics, as well as jazz legends like Nina Simone and John Coltrane. ... The music of Puerto Rico has been influenced by African and European (especially Spanish) forms, and has become popular across the Caribbean and in some communities worldwide. ... Rhode Island is a state of the United States, located in the New England region. ... South Carolina is one of the Southern United States, and has produced a number of renowned performers of country, bluegrass and other styles. ... The United States state of South Dakota has an official state song, Hail! South Dakota, written by DeeCort Hammitt. ... Tennessees most famous contribution to American culture is surely the status of Nashville as the long-time capital of country music. ... Texas has long been a center for musical innovation. ... Utah music has long been dominated culturally by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (the Mormons), although other groups have also played an important role. ... Virginias musical contribution to American culture has been diverse, and includes Piedmont blues musicians and later rock and roll bands, many centered around college towns like Blacksburg, Charlottesville (home of Dave Matthews Band) and Richmond. ... The Virgin Islands are partially controlled by the United Kingdom and the United States, and have had long-standing cultural ties to the island nations to the south as well as to various European colonialists. ... Vermont is a state in the United States. ... The U.S. state of Washington includes several major hotbeds of musical innovation. ... Perhaps the most influential musical output of Wisconsin came from Port Washington, Ozaukee County during the 1920s, when Paramount Records released a series of blues and jazz recordings. ... West Virginias folk heritage is a part of the Appalachian folk music tradition, and includes styles of fiddling and other techniques reminiscent of Scotch-Irish music. ... The first music of Wyoming was played by various Native Americans tribes in the present-day U.S. state of Wyoming. ...

Characteristics

The music of the United States can be characterized by the use of syncopation and asymmetrical rhythms, long, irregular melodies, which are said to "reflect the wide open geography of (the American landscape)" and the "sense of personal freedom characteristic of American life", and elements of distinctively American jazz, blues and Native American music ^[3]. The influence of African American music is important; the United States can be viewed as an Afro-American musical country, in that its music is a fusion of African, European and Native American styles. The African part of this fusion manifests in elements like the use of a call-and-response format, derived from African music but "not found too frequently in (African American folk music); but the original importance of this form... seems possibly to have led to the alternation of the various instruments for the 'choruses' in jazz", noted Bruno Nettl in 1965, predating the more widespread use of call-and-response form in popular funk and hip hop ^[4]. In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. ... }} Wiktionary has a definition of: Melody In music, a melody is a series of linear events or a succession, not a simultaneity as in a chord. ... Afro-American music is a broad array of musical genres that arose from the synthesis of African, European and Native American music. ... Call and response is a form of spontaneous verbal and non-verbal interaction between speaker and listener in which all of the statements (calls) are punctuated by expressions (responses) from the listener, as stated by Smitherman [1]. In West African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic... Africa is a large and diverse continent, consisting of dozens of countries, hundreds of languages and thousands of races, tribes and ethnic groups. ... Funk is a distinct style of music originated by African-Americans, e. ... Hip hop music is a style of popular music. ...

John Warthen Struble contrasted American music with other countries, especially European lands, concluding that the United States has not had centuries of cultural evolution, producing a distinctive field of American music. Instead, the music of the United States is that of dozens or hundreds of indigenous and immigrant groups, all of which developed largely in regional isolation until the American Civil War, when people from across the country were brought together in army units, trading musical styles and practices. Indeed, with a few limited exceptions, such as New England hymns, the ballads of the Civil War were "the first American folk music with discernible features that can be considered uniqe to America: the first 'American' sounding music, as distinct from any regional style derived from another country" ^[5]. The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the United States – forces coming mostly from the 23 northern states of the Union – and the newly-formed Confederate States of America, which consisted of 11 southern states that had declared their secession. ...

The Civil War, and the period following it, saw a general flowering of American art, literature and music. Amateur musical ensembles of this era can be seen as the birth of American popular music. "(these early amateur bands) combined the depth and drama of the classics with undemanding technique, eschewing complexity in favor of direct expression. If it was vocal music, the words would be in English, despite the snobs who declared English an unsingable language. In a way, it was part of the entire awakening of America that happened after the Civil War, a time in which American painters, writers and 'serious' composers addressed specifically American themes" ^[6]. Americas first well-known school of painting—the Hudson River School—appeared in 1820. ... The literature of the United States may be considered as belonging to English literature or as a distinct body of literature. ...

Folk music

Main article: American roots music American roots music is a broad category of music including country music, bluegrass, gospel, ragtime, jug bands, Appalachian folk, blues, Tejano and Cajun and Native American music. ...

Folk music in the United States is varied across the country's numerous ethnic groups. The Native American tribes each play their own varieties of folk music, most of it spiritual in nature. African American music includes blues and gospel, descendents of West African music brought to the Americas by slaves and mixed with Western European music. During the colonial era, English, French and Spanish styles and instruments were brought to the Americas. By the early 20th century, the United States had become a major center for folk music from around the world, including polka, Ukrainian and Polish fiddling, Ashkenazi Jewish klezmer and several kinds of Latin music. Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ... Gospel music may refer either to the religious music that first came out of African-American churches in the 1930s or, more loosely, to both black gospel music and to the religious music composed and sung by white southern Christian artists. ... West Africa is a large reaching stretching from the Sahara Desert to the Atlantic Ocean. ... A monument celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, erected in Victoria Tower Gardens, Millbank, Westminster, London Look up Slavery in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Enslaved redirects here. ... England has a long and rich musical history. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Polka is a type of dance and genre of dance music; it originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, and is still a common genre of Czech folk music; it is also common both in Europe and in the Americas. ... The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănāzî, ʾAÅ¡kănāzîm, pronounced sing. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity; and often a combination of these attributes. ... Klezmer (כלזמיר, from Hebrew kli zemer כלי זמר, instrument of song) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ... Latin American music, or the music of Latin America, is sometimes called Latin music. ...

Native American music

Main article: Native American music There are hundreds of tribes of Native Americans (called the First Nations in Canada), each with diverse musical practices, spread across the United States and Canada (excluding Hawaiian music). ...

The Native Americans played the first folk music in what is now the United States, using a wide variety of styles and techniques. Some commonalities are near universal among Native American traditional music, however, including the lack of harmony and polyphony, the presence of choiral vocals, the use of vocables and the descending melodic figures. Traditional instruments include the flute and many kinds of percussion instruments like drums, rattles and shakers ^[7]. Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity and chords, actual or implied, in music. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of several independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... A choir or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. ... A vocable is a word used without meaning. ... This article pertains to the musical instrument. ... Percussion may refer to: A family of musical instruments – see percussion instrument; A method of clinical examination – see percussion (medicine). ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ... A rattle is a percussion musical instrument. ... The Shakers are an offshoot of the Religious Society of Friends (or Quakers) that originated in Manchester, England in the early 18th century. ...

Since European and African contact was established, Native American folk music has grown in new directions. Waila, or chicken-scratch music, is a fusion of Mexican-Texan norteño and European dance music like the polka and mazurka. Modern Native American music may be best-known for powwow gatherings, pan-tribal gatherings at which traditionally-styled dances and music are performed; despite the traditional appearance of this music, powwows are a modern, syncretic invention, dating back to the early 20th century, though there are those who claim that the tradition goes back hundreds or thousands of years "in essence" ^[8]. Chicken scratch (waila music) is a kind of dance music developed by the Tohono Oodham people. ... Tejano is also the name given to Texans of Mexican or Spanish origin. ... Norteño (Spanish: northern) has several meanings in English usage: A member of one of several affiliated street gangs of Mexican origin that operate in the United States. ... Polka is a type of dance and genre of dance music; it originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, and is still a common genre of Czech folk music; it is also common both in Europe and in the Americas. ... The mazurka is a Polish folk dance in triple time with a usually moderate tempo, containing a heavy accent on the third or second beat. ... This article is about a Native American gathering. ...

	"Bice'waan Song" ( info)
	This 1897 recording is of a traditional Omaha courtship song.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Bicewaan Song. ...

Hawaiian music

Main article: Music of Hawaii Hawaiian music refers to the musical style native to the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. ...

The earliest known music of Hawaii was the hula, which featured a chant (mele) accompanied by ipu (a gourd) and 'ili'ili (stones used as clappers). Listeners danced in a highly ritualized manner. The older, formal kind of hula is called kahiko, while the modern version is auana. There are also religious chants called mele, which may be addressed to families or gods or chiefs. When a mele chant is accompanied by dancing and drums, it is called mele hula pahu. ^[9]. State nickname: The Aloha State Other U.S. States Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Governor Linda Lingle (R) Official languages Hawaiian and English Area 28,337 km² (43rd)  - Land 16,649 km²  - Water 11,672 km² (41. ... Hula is universally known as primarily a Hawaiian dance. ... A gourd is a hollow, dried shell of a fruit in the Cucurbitaceae family of plants. ... Mohammad Payam Saadat Sarmadi, known as Mele to all the world, is often referred to as the best goalkeeper of all time. ... A contemporary dancer rehearsing in a dance studio Dance (from Old French dance, further history unknown) generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression (see also body language) or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ...

African American music

Main article: African American music This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

A banjo, a string instrument that is an important part of African American music and can be directly traced back to the West African kora

The ancestors of today's African American population were brought to the United States as slaves, working primarily in the cotton plantations of the South. They were from hundreds of tribes across West Africa, and they brought with them certain traits of West African music including call and response vocals and complexly rhythmic music ^[10], as well as syncopated beats and shifting accents ^[11]. The African musical focus on rhythmic singing and dancing was brought to the New World, and where it became part of a distinct folk music culture that helped Africans "retain continuity with their past through music"; these polyrhythmic percussive practices using clapping, foot-stamping and other techniques (this was called patting juba), spread because drums were outlawed by slaveowners who feared they would be used in slave rebellions ^[12]. Banjo, from Nordisk familjebok. ... Banjo, from Nordisk familjebok. ... The banjo is a stringed instrument, derived from the banjar, a stringed instrument of American origins, sometimes called the gourd banjo. The banjar, in turn was based on the African akonting. Some etymologists derive it from a dialectal pronunciation of bandore, though recent research suggests that it may come from... A helpful diagram of an kora. ... Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. ... Forestry plantations A plantation of Douglas-fir in Washington, USA; note the trees of uniform size and planted in straight lines, and the lack of diversity in the ground flora In forestry, plantations of trees are typically grown as an even-aged monoculture for timber production, as opposed to a... The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The term Call and response may refer to Call and response -- a type of musical phrasing Call-and-response -- a type of communication Call and Response is a Californian pop band. ... Rhythm (Greek ρυθμός = tempo) is the variation of the duration of sounds or other events over time. ... In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. ... Africa is a large and diverse continent, consisting of dozens of countries, hundreds of languages and thousands of races, tribes and ethnic groups. ... A clap is the sound made by striking together two flat surfaces, as in the body parts of humans or animals. ...

The first slaves in the United States sang work songs, field hollers ^[13] and, following Christianization, hymns. In the 19th century, a Great Awakening of religious fervor gripped both blacks and whites across much of the country, especially in the South. Protestant hymns written mostly by New England preachers became a feature of camp meetings held among devout Christians across the south. When blacks began singing sometimes adapted versions of these hymns, they were called Negro spirituals. It was from these roots, of spiritual songs, work songs and field hollers, that blues and gospel developed. A work song is a typically acoustic rhythmic song sung by persons who are working in likely mundane conditions. ... After the longest stretch of their career without releasing any new music, the Spice Girls returned after a two year break from the musical spotlight with the R&B-influenced Holler. Eschewing the fluffy, sparkling pop of their earlier work for harder tones and grittier beats, Holler is the logical... St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once (a political shift as much as a spontaneous mass shift in individual consciences), also includes the practice... A hymn is a song specifically written as a song of praise, adoration or prayer, typically addressed to a god. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Great Awakenings are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. ... Camp meetings were a phenomenon of American frontier Christianity. ... A spiritual is an African American song, usually with a Christian religious text. ... For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ... Gospel music may refer either to the religious music that first came out of African-American churches in the 1930s or, more loosely, to both black gospel music and to the religious music composed and sung by white southern Christian artists. ...

	"Dollar Mamie" ( info)
	This is a work song for hoeing from the Library of Congress' John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip; performed by Judge "Bootmouth" Tucker and Alexander "Neighborhood" Williams on May 23, 1939 at a State Penitentiary in Parchman, Mississippi.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... DollarMamie. ... A work song is a typically acoustic rhythmic song sung by persons who are working in likely mundane conditions. ... The hoe is a hand tool used in farming and gardening. ...

Spirituals

Main article: Spirituals A spiritual is an African American song, usually with a Christian religious text. ...

Originally monophonic and a cappella, spirituals are antecedents of the blues. Spirituals were often improvised and used call-and-response vocals, in which a leader and a chorus alternated lines and refrain responses ^[14]. David Ewen characterizes spirituals using "mobile changes from major to minor without the benefit of formal modulations; by the freedom of its rhythm and intonation; by its plangent moods; by the injection of notes, like the flatted third or seventh, foreign to the formal scale; by the variation of the rhythmic patterns" ^[15]. In music, the word texture is often used in a rather vague way in reference to the overall sound of a piece of music. ... A cappella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Improvisation is the act of making something up as it is performed. ...

Spirituals were primarily expressions of religious faith, sung by slaves on southern plantations. Secular songs that also fall within the genre sometimes contained hidden messages of a slaveowner’s unexpected return, or of rebellion or escape. "Follow the Drinking Gourd," for example, contained a coded map to the Underground Railroad, instructing escapees to follow the Big Dipper (the "drinking gourd.") "Wade in the Water" was another such song that combined religious imagery and codified instructions for potential runaways ^[16]. The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th century United States attempted to escape to free states, or as far north as Canada, with the aid of abolitionists. ...

The first printed spiritual was "Roll, Jordan Roll", published in Philadelphia in 1862. It was followed by a few other publications, and the first spiritual collection, Slave Songs of the United States (1867) ^[17]. Spirituals had already spread out of the US South, however, with the travel of both blacks and whites, especially abolitionists. In 1871, Fisk University became home to the Jubilee Singers, a pioneering group that popularized spirituals across the country. In imitation of this group, gospel quartets arose, followed by increasing diversification with the early 20th century rise of jackleg and singing preachers, from whence came the popular style of gospel music. 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Abolition is the act of formally destroying something through legal means, either by making it illegal, or simply no longer allowing it to exist in any form. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Fisk University is a historically black college in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. It is the oldest college in the state. ... Gospel music may refer either to the religious music that first came out of African-American churches in the 1930s or, more loosely, to both black gospel music and to the religious music composed and sung by white southern Christian artists. ...

	"My Good Lord Done Been Here" ( info)
	This is a spiritual song from the Library of Congress' John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip; performed by Aunt Florida Hampton on May 29, 1939 at the home of Mr. and Mrs. P.W. Tartt in Livingston, Alabama.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... MyGoodLordDoneBeenHere. ... Livingston is a city located in Sumter County, Alabama. ...

Blues

Main article: Blues For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ...

Blues is a combination of African work songs, field hollers and shouts, chants and hymns and spirituals. It developed in the rural south in the first decade of the 20th century. The most important characteristics of the blues is its use of the blue scale, with a flatted or indeterminate third, as well as the typically lamenting lyrics; though both of these elements had existed in African American folk music prior to the 20th century, the codified form of modern blues (such as with the AAB structure) did not exist until the early 20th century ^[18]. Donald Clarke has claimed that, in the blues, the "verses and musical accompaniment are like two voices: the accompaniment is a commentary on the story being told, and the result is a polyrhythmic, almost poly-emotional music. The blues is... a passionate, intensely rhythmic way of keeping the spirit up, by commenting on problems of life and love with lyrics full of irony and earthy imagery" ^[19]. In music, a pentatonic scale is a scale with five notes per octave. ...

	"Crossroads" ( info)
	This 1936-37 recording is by blues legend Robert Johnson.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Crossroads. ... For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ... Robert Johnson Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) is probably the most famous Delta blues singer and guitarist in history. ...

Anglo-American music

Main article: Anglo-American music

The Thirteen Colonies of the original United States were all former English possessions, and Anglo culture became a major foundation for American folk and popular music. Betsy Ross purportedly sewed the first American flag with 13 stars and 13 stripes representing each of the 13 colonies. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Ethnicity... The Culture of England is sometimes difficult to separate clearly from the culture of the United Kingdom, so influential has English culture been on the cultures of the British Isles and, on the other hand, given the extent to which other cultures have influenced life in England. ...

Many American folk songs use the same music, but with new lyrics, often as parodies of the original material. American Anglo songs can also be distinguished from British songs by having fewer pentatonic tunes, less prominent accompaniment (but with heavier use of drones) and more melodies in major ^[20]. In contemporary usage, parody is a form of satire that imitates another work of art in order to ridicule it. ... In music, a pentatonic scale is a scale with five notes per octave. ... Drone can refer to many things: // In music A drone is a continuous note or chord. ...

Anglo-American traditional music, dating back to colonial times, includes a variety of broadside ballads, humorous stories and tall tales, and disaster songs regarding mining, shipwrecks (especially in New England) and murder. Folk heroes like John Magarac, John Henry and Jesse James are also part of many songs. Folk dance of Anglo origin include the square dance, descended from the European high society quadrille, combined with the American innovation of a caller instructing the dancers. ^[21] Printed lyrics of folk songs were extremely popular from the 16th century until the early 20th century. ... A tall tale is a story that claims to explain the reason for some natural phenomenon, or sometimes illustrates how skilled/intelligent/powerful the subject of the tale was. ... Mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A shipwreck is the remains of a ship after it has sunk or been beached as a result of a crisis at sea. ... The name John Henry has several different meanings. ... Jesse James in 1876 Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847 - April 3, 1882), American outlaw, was born in Kearney, Missouri. ... Square dance is a folk dance for four couples that was first described in 17th century England, but which has become associated with the United States of America due to its historic development in that country. ... // The beginning – horsemen The term quadrille came to excist in the 17th Century, within military parades, where 4 horsemen and their horses performed special square shaped formations or figures. ... The term caller may refer to one of the following: Caller (telecommunications), a party that originates a call Caller (dance), a person that calls dance figures in round dances and square dances This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same...

Folklorist Alan Lomax described regional differences among rural Anglo musicians as included the relaxed and open-voiced northern vocal style and the pinched and nasal southern style, with the west exhibiting a mix of the two. He attributed these differences to sexual relations, the presence of minorities and frontier life ^[22]. Folkloristics is the formal academic study of folklore and mythology. ... Lomax playing guitar, sometime between 1938 and 1950 Alan Lomax (January 31, 1915 – July 19, 2002) was an American folklorist and musicologist specializing in the music of the United States and that of other nations which influenced American music. ...

	"On the Old Kissimmee Prairie" ( info)
	This is a British tune from the Library of Congress' Florida Folklife from the WPA Collections; performed by Bob Hall, Walter van Bass, Ned Hugh Bass and J. C. King with banjos, guitars and violin in Juli, 1940 in Kenansville, Florida.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... OntheOldKissimmeePrairie. ...

Old-time music

Main article: Old-time music Old-time music, a traditional style of American music, has roots in Irish, Scottish and African folk music. ...

Old-time music, a traditional style of American music, has roots in Irish, Scottish and African folk music. During the late 19th and early 20th century, minstrel, tin pan alley and other popular music also entered the genre. Practitioners play it with stringed instruments such as the fiddle, banjo, guitar, mandolin and double bass. The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... The banjo is a stringed instrument, derived from the banjar, a stringed instrument of American origins, sometimes called the gourd banjo. The banjar, in turn was based on the African akonting. Some etymologists derive it from a dialectal pronunciation of bandore, though recent research suggests that it may come from... The classical guitar typically has 3 nylon and 3 nickel-wound strings. ... Carved and round backed mandolins (front) A mandolin is a stringed musical instrument. ... Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French bow. ...

Protestant Christian music was an important influence on old-time music, which was originally derisively labelled hillbilly music. The hillbillies who innovated old-time music were deeply religious, though not by and large devoted churchgoing people; they belonged to churches like the Holiness Pentecostal church, known for guitar and banjo-led happy clappy services, and the Old Regular Baptist church, which disapproved of instrumentation and allowed only a cappella and unharmonized singing ^[23]. Hillbilly is a pejorative nickname for people who dwell in remote, rural, mountainous areas. ... History Most Regular Baptists merged with the Separate Baptists near the beginning of 19th century. ... A cappella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

	"The Old Grey Mare" ( info)
	This is old-time Appalachian folk music from the Library of Congress' Gordon Collection; performed by Bascam Lamar Lunsford in the Asheville, North Carolina area on October 19, 1925.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... TheOldGreyMare. ... Appalachian folk music is a distinctive genre of folk music originating in the Appalachia region of the United States of America. ... Asheville City Hall. ...

Other immigrant communities

Main article Music of immigrant communities in the United States The vast majority of the inhabitants of the United States are immigrants or descendents of immigrants. ...

The United States is a melting pot consisting of numerous ethnic groups. Many of these peoples have kept alive the folk traditions of their homeland, often producing distinctively American styles of foreign music. Alternate meaning: crucible (science) The melting pot is a metaphor for the way in which heterogenous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (iron, tin; people of different backgrounds and religions, etc. ...

Some nationalities have produced local scenes in regions of the country where they have clustered, including Cape Verdean music in Rhode Island, Armenian music in Fresno, California, Norwegian music in Minnesota and Italian music in New York City. Some of these local scenes have produced performers with some mainstream appeal, such as Pawlo Humeniuk, a star of the Ukrainian fiddling scene ^[24]. Cape Verde is known internationally for morna, a form of folk music usually sung in creole-Portuguese, accompanied by clarinet, accordion, violin, guitar and cavaquinho. ... State nickname: The Ocean State, Little Rhody Other U.S. States Capital Providence Largest city Providence Governor Donald Carcieri (R) Official languages None Area 4,005 km² (50th)  - Land 2,709 km²  - Water 1,296 km² (32. ... Armenia is in the Caucasus Mountains, and its music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyans well-known duduk music, as well as light pop similar to nearby Middle-Eastern countries, and extensive Christian music, due to Armenias status as the oldest... Fresno is the county seat of Fresno County, California. ... Folk music from Norway is usually in minor or modal, making a sober and haunting sound, though major key dance music forms also exist. ... State nickname: North Star State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Official languages None Area 225,365 km² (12th)  - Land 206,375 km²  - Water 18,990 km² (8. ... Since Roman times, Italy has been one of the cultural centers for all of Europe. ... Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... Pawlo Humeniuk (c. ... Ukraine is an Eastern European country, formerly part of the Soviet Union. ...

	"Erivan Bachem Arer" ( info)
	This is Armenian folk music from the Library of Congress' California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection; performed a cappella by Ruben J. Baboyan on April 16, 1939 in Fresno, California.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Erivanbachemarer. ... Armenia is in the Caucasus Mountains, and its music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyans well-known duduk music, as well as light pop similar to nearby Middle-Eastern countries, and extensive Christian music, due to Armenias status as the oldest... A cappella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Fresno is the county seat of Fresno County, California. ...

Cajun and Creole

Main article: Cajun and Creole music The music of Louisiana, like other cultural aspects of the state, can be divided in to three general regions. ...

The Cajuns are a group of Francophones who arrived in Louisiana after leaving Acadia in Canada ^[25]. The Creoles are African Americans who combine elements of Cajun culture with their own. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana, being a major port, has acted as a melting pot for people from all over the Caribbean basin. Thus, many Caribbean music styles have left their mark on Cajun and Creole music, which has evolved into a popular style called zydeco, best-exemplified by the 1950s pop star Clifton Chenier. The Cajuns are an ethnic group consisting essentially of the descendants of Acadians who came from Nova Scotia to Louisiana as a result of their refusal to swear allegiance to the British Crown. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... State nickname: Pelican State Other U.S. States Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans Governor Kathleen Blanco (D) Official languages None; English and French de facto Area 134,382 km² (31st)  - Land 112,927 km²  - Water 21,455 km² (16%) Population (2000)  - Population 4,468,976 (22nd)  - Density 39. ... The national flag of Acadia, adopted in 1884. ... The term Creole is used with different meanings in different contexts, which can generate confusion. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... City nickname: The Crescent City, The Big Easy, The City that Care Forgot Location of New Orleans Country   State     Parish United States   Louisiana     Orleans Parish Mayor C. Ray Nagin Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 350. ... Alternate meaning: crucible (science) The melting pot is a metaphor for the way in which heterogenous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (iron, tin; people of different backgrounds and religions, etc. ... The music of the Caribbean is a diverse grouping of musical genres. ... Zydeco is a form of folk music, originated in the beginning of the 20th century among the Creole peoples of south-west Louisiana and influenced by the music of the French-speaking Cajuns. ... Clifton Chenier (June 25, 1925 - December 12, 1987) was the pre-eminent performer of zydeco music, a blend of Cajun and Creole music with R&B, jazz and blues influences. ...

In southwestern Louisiana in the 1800s, the fiddle was the most popular Cajun instrument and the music still carried clear influences from the Poiteu region of France and the Scottish/Canadian influences of their earlier homeland. In the late 19th century German immigrants spreading outward from central and eastern Texas and New Orleans soon brought the accordion as well. African American farmhands at the time sang a rhythmic type of work song called juré, which mixed with Cajun folk music to form la la, a central component of Creole music. La la was primarily rural, played at parties also known as la las. A button accordion An accordion is a musical instrument of the handheld bellows-driven free reed aerophone family, sometimes referred to as squeezeboxes. ... La La may refer to: La, a common solfege used when humming (eg, la la la. ...

Tex-Mex and Tejano

Main article: Tex-Mex and Tejano Tejano is also the name given to Texans of Mexican or Spanish origin. ...

Mexico controlled much of what is now the western United States until the Mexican War, including the entire state of Texas. After Texas joined the United States, the Mexicans living in the state (Tejanos) began culturally developing somewhat separately from their neighbors to the south, and also remained culturally distinct from other Texans. The Mexican-American War was a war fought between the United States and Mexico between 1846 and 1848. ... State nickname: Lone Star State Other U.S. States Capital Austin Largest city Houston Governor Rick Perry (R) Official languages None. ...

Central to the evolution of early Tejano music was the blend of traditional Mexican forms such as the corrido, and Continental European styles introduced by German and Czech settlers in the late 19th century ^[26]. In particular, the accordion was adopted by Tejano folk musicians at the turn of the 20th century, and it became a popular instrument for amateur musicians in Texas and Northern Mexico. Small bands known as orquestas, featuring amateur musicians, became a staple at community dances. The corrido is a popular narrative song and poetry form of the mestizo Mexican cultural area (which includes the Southern states of USA, taken from Mexican sovereignship in the midst and late 19th. ... A button accordion An accordion is a musical instrument of the handheld bellows-driven free reed aerophone family, sometimes referred to as squeezeboxes. ...

	"Caminode San Antonio" ( info)
	This is a corrido from the Library of Congress' John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip; performed by Jose Ararjo on April 27, 1939 at his school near Brownsville, Texas.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... CaminodeSanAntonio. ... The corrido is a popular narrative song and poetry form of the mestizo Mexican cultural area (which includes the Southern states of USA, taken from Mexican sovereignship in the midst and late 19th. ... Brownsville is a city located in Cameron County, Texas, United States. ...

Klezmer

Main article: Klezmer Klezmer (כלזמיר, from Hebrew kli zemer כלי זמר, instrument of song) is a musical tradition which parallels Hasidic and Ashkenazic Judaism. ...

Klezmer is a style of Jewish music that came to the United States through Ashkenazi Jews immigrating from Eastern Europe. The United States soon became a major center for klezmer development. Klezmer remains rooted in the music of Eastern Europe, especially the Yiddish-speaking peoples of Romania, Ukraine, Poland and Russia. Origin of Jewish music in the Temple The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system that in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, Aškanazi,Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAškănāzî, ʾAškănāzîm, pronounced sing. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ... Categories: Eastern European music | Music stubs ... Yiddish (Yid. ...

The klezmorim were travelling musicians who played for weddings and other events in Eastern Europe. Their ensembles (kapelyes) were often based around families, and were usually based on string instruments, led by a violin. In the 19th century, the clarinet replaced the violin as the lead instrument, creating an important element of modern klezmer. A string instrument (also stringed instrument) is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. ... A bass clarinet, which sounds an octave lower than the more common Bâ™­ soprano clarinet. ...

By the middle of the 1920s, more than three million Eastern European Jews arrived in New York City through Ellis Island. These included such legends as Dave Tarras. In 1917, Abe Schwartz signed to Columbia Records and Harry Kandel signed to Victor Records; this was the beginning of modern popular klezmer ^[27]. Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... Immigration Museum on Ellis Island Ellis Island, located in New York Harbor at the mouth of the Hudson River, was at one time the main immigration port for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Columbia Records is the oldest continually used brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888. ... Harry Kandel was a Jewish and American clarinetist and bandleader, one of the pioneers of modern klezmer music. ... The Victor Talking Machine Company (1901 - 1929) was a United States corporation, the leading American producer of phonographs and phonograph records and one of the leading phonograph companies in the world at the time. ...

Polka

Main article: Polka Polka is a type of dance and genre of dance music; it originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, and is still a common genre of Czech folk music; it is also common both in Europe and in the Americas. ...

	"Jenny Lind" ( info)
	This is a polka from the Library of Congress' California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection; performed by John Selleck (violin) on October 2, 1939 in Camino, California.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... JennyLind. ... Polka is a type of dance and genre of dance music; it originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, and is still a common genre of Czech folk music; it is also common both in Europe and in the Americas. ... Camino is a town in El Dorado County, California, and has a population of 4,961. ...

Classical music

Main article: American classical music American classical music refers to music written in the United States but in the European classical music tradition. ...

The European classical music tradition was brought to the United States with some of the first colonists. European classical music is rooted in the traditions of European art, ecclesiastical and concert music. The central norms of this tradition developed between 1550 and 1825, centering on what is known as the common practice period. At the time the first Europeans arrived in North America, the prevailing view was that the only serious music worth considering was the European classical tradition; styles of folk music were denigrated as repulsive and proper only for the lower classes. Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, particularly between 1000 and 1900. ... Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... In music the common practice period is a long period in western musical history spanning from before the classical era proper to today, dated, on the outside, as 1600-1900. ...

John Warthen Struble notes that early American music historians felt that the United States was "in effect, another European nation partaking of the same cultural values, traditions and artistic objectives" as European nations, ignoring the "vital traditions of rural folk music and the important musical subculture of African Americans". Indeed, American classical composers, until the 19th century, attempted to work within European models; Struble contends that these attempts were a "blind alley, a necessary period of experimentation, the result of which was to demonstrate that American classical music would never find itself by imitating European models" (emphasis in original). Antonin Dvorak, a prominent Czech composer, iterated this idea, that American classical music needed its own models instead of imitating European composers, when he visited the United States from 1892 to 1895 -- Struble also points out that Dvorak's visit predates "one of the first pieces of characteristically American-sounding classical music, music that could not have been written by any European composer (namely) Edward MacDowell's Woodland Sketches" ^[28]. By the beginning of 20th century, many American composers were incorporated national elements into their works; soon after, old-time music, jazz, blues and Native American music were used in classical compositions. Antonín Dvořák Antonín Leopold Dvořák  listen (September 8, 1841 – May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer of classical music. ... 1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Edward and Marian MacDowell. ... Old-time music, a traditional style of American music, has roots in Irish, Scottish and African folk music. ... Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. ... For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ... There are hundreds of tribes of Native Americans (called the First Nations in Canada), each with diverse musical practices, spread across the United States and Canada (excluding Hawaiian music). ...

Colonial music

During the colonial era, there were two distinct fields of what are now considered classical music. The First New England School was inarguably the more influential in the long-term, and was based around simple hymns that were performed with increasingly sophistication over time. The other colonial classical tradition was that of the mid-Atlantic cities like Philadelphia and Baltimore, which produced a number of prominent composers who worked almost entirely within the European model, and are little appreciated today; these composers were mostly English in origin, and worked specifically in the style of prominent English composers of the day, like Samuel Arnold and George Frideric Handel ^[29]. A hymn is a song specifically written as a song of praise, adoration or prayer, typically addressed to a god. ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... This article is about the city in the US state of Maryland. ... Samuel Arnold (1740 - October 22, 1802) was a British composer. ... George Frideric Handel (German Georg Friedrich Händel), (February 23, 1685 – April 14, 1759) was a German Baroque music composer who lived much of his life in England. ...

First New England School

Main article: First New England School

European classical music was brought to the United States during the colonial era. Many American composers of this period worked exclusively with European models, while others, such as William Billings, Supply Belcher, Daniel Read, Oliver Holden, and Justin Morgan, also known as the First New England School, developed a native style almost entirely independently of European models ^[30]. Of these, Billings is by far the most well-remembered of these composers; he formed the basis of the first major musical organization in the country, the Stoughton Musical Society, and was also influential "as the founder of the American church choir, as the first musician to use a pitch-pipe, and as the first to introduce a violoncello into church service" ^[31]. Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, particularly between 1000 and 1900. ... William Billings (October 7, 1746 - September 26, 1800), American choral composer, is regarded as the father of American choral music and hymnody. ... Supply Belcher (March 29, 1751 – June 9, 1836) was an American composer, singer, and compiler of tune books. ... Daniel Read (November 16, 1757 – December 4, 1836) was an American composer of the First New England School, and one of the primary figures in early American classical music. ... Justin Morgan (1747 - 1798) was a U.S. horse breeder and composer. ... Organized in 1786, this is currently Americas oldest choral society. ... Alternate meaning: Cello web browser A cropped image to show the relative size of a cello to a human (Uncropped Version) The cello (also violoncello or cello) is a stringed instrument and part of the violin family. ...

Many of these composers were amateurs, and many were singers: they developed new forms of sacred music, such as the fuging tune, suitable for performance by amateurs, and often using harmonic methods which would have been considered bizarre by contemporary European standards ^[32]. Many writers have criticized the First New England School for what they consider a "faulty technique", but Struble points out that this criticism is "valid (only) if one assumes that the choral models developed between the 12th and 18th enturies in France, Germany, England, Italy and the Netherlands are the only appropriate ones" and that the supposedly faulty techniques, including the "presence of parallel fifths, octaves and unisons, the crossing of voices and false relations between them are (also found in European classical fields like the) Notre Dame school of Perotin or other examples of early polyphony, where such phenomena are accepted as legitimate elements of the style" ^[33]. Jean Ferris, another music historian, called these composers "Yankee pioneers (who were) untouched by the influence of their sophisticated European contemporaries" and who were not entirely aware of the development of "tonality (as) the major harmonic system" of European classical music. Ferris also notes that the First New England School based "their melodies upon modal or pentatonic scales" instead of using the European model, and that the "European rules harmony, that governed relationships between 'tense' and 'relaxed' (or dissonant and consonant) sounds were quite unfamiliar to the American pioneers ^[34]. The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1170 to 1250, along with the music they produced, is referred to as the Notre Dame school, or the Notre Dame School of Polyphony. ... Pérotin was a European composer, believed to be French, who lived around the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of several independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... The term Yankee has a variety of meanings. ... Tonality is the character of music written with hierarchical relationships of pitches, rhythms, and chords to a center or tonic. ... Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity and chords, actual or implied, in music. ... }} Wiktionary has a definition of: Melody In music, a melody is a series of linear events or a succession, not a simultaneity as in a chord. ...

19th century

Second New England School

Main article: Second New England School

During the mid to late 19th century, a vigorous tradition of home-grown classical music developed, especially in New England. The composers of the Second New England School included such figures as George Whitefield Chadwick, Amy Beach, Edward MacDowell, and Horatio Parker ^[35]. George Whitefield Chadwick (November 13, 1854–April 4, 1931) was an American composer. ... Amy Marcy Beach (September 5, 1867 _ December 27, 1944), was a American pianist and composer of classical music. ... Edward and Marian MacDowell. ... Horatio Parker (September 15, 1863–December 18, 1919) was an American composer and teacher. ...

20th century

George Gershwin

In the early 20th century, George Gershwin was greatly influenced by African American music; however, this was during an era of legally enforced "Jim Crow" segregation during which his music perhaps enjoyed undue fame owing to the refusal of white listeners to listen to music that formed Gershwin's sources. On the other hand, he created a convincing synthesis of music from several traditions once considered to be irreconcilable, and which continues to enjoy enormous popularity. George Gershwin Photographed by Edward Steichen. ... George Gershwin Photographed by Edward Steichen. ... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ... A depiction of T.D. Rices Jim Crow In the United States, the so-called Jim Crow laws were made to enforce racial segregation, and included laws that would prevent African Americans from doing things that a white person could do. ...

Many of the major classical composers of the 20th century were influenced by folk traditions, none more quintessentially, perhaps, than Aaron Copland. Other composers adopted features of folk music, from the Appalachians, the plains and elsewhere, including Roy Harris, William Schuman, David Diamond, and others. Yet other early to mid-20th century composers continued in the more experimental traditions, including such figures as Charles Ives, George Antheil, and Henry Cowell. Aaron Copland Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900–December 2, 1990) was an American composer of modern tonal music as well as film music. ... Roy Ellsworth Harris (February 12, 1898 – October 1, 1979) was an American classical composer who wrote much music on American subjects and is perhaps best known for his . ... William Howard Schuman (August 4, 1910 - February 15, 1992) was an American composer. ... There are at least two David Diamonds David Diamond the journalist David Diamond the composer This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This photo from around 1913 shows Ives in his day job: he was the director of a successful insurance agency. ... George Antheil (June 8, 1900 – February 12, 1959) was an American composer and pianist of Polish descent. ... Henry Cowell (March 11, 1897 - December 10, 1965) was an American composer and teacher. ...

Popular music

Main article: American popular music

The United States has produced many of the most popular musicians and composers in the modern world. Beginning with the birth of recorded music, American performers have continued to lead the field of popular music, which, out of "all the contributions made by Americans to world culture... has been taken to heart by the entire world" ^[36]. The country has seen the rise of many popular styles, including ragtime, the blues, jazz, rock, R&B, doo wop, gospel, soul, funk, heavy metal, punk rock, disco, salsa, grunge and hip hop.

American popular music, being well-known across the world, has had many milestones. Most histories of popular music start with American ragtime or Tin Pan Alley; David Clarke, however, in The Rise and Fall of Popular Music, traces popular music back to the European Renaissance and through broadsheet ballads and other popular traditions ^[37]. Other authors typically look at popular sheet music, tracing American popular music to spirituals, minstrel shows and vaudeville, or the patriotic songs of the American Civil War. Ragtime is an American musical genre, enjoying its peak popularity around the years 1900–1918. ... Tin Pan Alley was the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States of America in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. ... By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance *French Renaissance *German Renaissance *English Renaissance The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... A spiritual is a African-American song, usually with a religious text. ... The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, is an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface. ... Vaudeville was a style of multi-act theater which flourished in North America from the 1880s through the 1920s. ... The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the United States – forces coming mostly from the 23 northern states of the Union – and the newly-formed Confederate States of America, which consisted of 11 southern states that had declared their secession. ...

Of especial importance are a handful of performers who did more than anyone to create American popular music. Louis Armstrong's "virtuosity (which) inspired awe among his followers" helped make him a "giant figure" in the world of jazz, and a major foundation for later popular styles ^[38]. Later, following the white teen swing phase, a number of vocalists like Ella Fitzgerald and the Ink Spots became very popular, especially among the youth. A number of Italian-American crooners also found a major youth audience, including Dean Martin, Tony Bennett, Perry Como, Frankie Laine and, most famously, the "first pop vocalist to engender hysteria among his fans" Frank Sinatra^[39]. Elvis Presley and Bill Haley, responsible for popularizing rock and roll, also deserve special note for changing the whole of popular music, both within and without the United States. Louis Armstrongs stage personality matched his flashy trumpet as captured in this photo by William P. Gottlieb. ... Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of jazz music that solidified as a distinctive style during the 1930s in the United States. ... Ella Fitzgerald - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Ink Spots were an American vocal group that helped define the musical genre that eventually became known as doo-wop. ... Dean Martin in 1965 at a St. ... Tony Bennett, 2000 Tony Bennett (born August 3, 1926) is an American popular music, standards, and jazz singer who is widely considered to be one of the best interpretative singers in these genres. ... Perry Como, born Pierino Ronald Como (May 18, 1912–May 12, 2001) was an Italian American crooner during the latter half of the 20th century. ... Frankie Laine, born Frank Paul LoVecchio, March 30, 1913, Chicago, United States, is one of the most successful singers in history. ... Frank Sinatra in 1947 Francis Albert Sinatra (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer who is considered one of the finest vocalists of all time, renowned for his impeccable phrasing and timing. ... Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock and Roll or The King, was an American singer and actor. ... Bill Haley, with his band, the Comets, was one of the first rock and roll acts to tour the United Kingdom. ...

The era of the modern teen pop star, however, began in the 1960s. Bubblegum pop groups like The Monkees were chosen entirely for their appearance and ability to sell records, with no regard to musical ability. Pop groups like these remained popular into the 1970s, producing such acts as the Partridge Family and The Osmonds. By the 1990s, there were numerous varieties of teen pop, including boy bands like *NSYNC and the Backstreet Boys, while female diva vocalists like Christinia Aguilera and Britney Spears also dominated the charts. Bubblegum pop (bubblegum rock, bubblegum music) is a genre of popular music and rock and roll. ... The Monkees in 1967 (left to right): Michael Nesmith, Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork The Monkees were a four-man band who appeared in an American television series of the same name, which ran on NBC from 1966 to 1968. ... Opening title card The Partridge Family was an American television sitcom about a widowed mother and her five children who traveled around in a very colorful bus to different venues to perform songs. ... The Osmonds are an American family pop group who achieved enormous worldwide success as teenybopper idols in the 1970s. ... Teen pop is a form of pop music that is light and dancey, made for and often by teens. ... A boy band (American English) or boyband (British English) is a style of somewhat to mostly prefabricated pop group featuring between three and six young male singer/dancers, but normally five. ... *NSYNC is a five-part pop music vocal group, specifically a boy band, formed in Orlando, Florida, USA. The group members are James Lance Bass (Lance), Joshua Scott Chasez (JC), Joseph Anthony Fatone Jr. ... Backstreet Boys The Backstreet Boys, or BSB, is one of the best-selling musical groups of all time. ... Diva is the Italian word for goddess, the feminine form of the Italian word divus (= god). Time Magazine observed in its October 21, 2002 issue: The word was originally used of great female opera singers, almost always sopranos (like Maria Callas), but can be used to describe many female celebrities... Britney Spears Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an iconic American pop music singer, songwriter and dancer. ...

Early popular song

The first popular form of distinctively American music was the First New England School of classical choral singing, but it was the lay songs of the American Revolution that first arose as a mainstream kind of popular music, some few years after those New England composers. These songs were the first patriotic songs devoted to the fledgling nation, and included songs like "The Liberty Tree", written by Thomas Paine, and "The Liberty Song". Cheaply-printed as broadsheets, these songs were spread across the colonies and were performed at home and at public meetings ^[40]. This is an incomplete list. ... Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (January 29, 1737–June 8, 1809), intellectual, scholar, and idealist, is widely recognized as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. ... Broadsheet is a size and format for newspapers, and a descriptive term applied to papers which use that format rather than the smaller tabloid format. ...

Fife songs were especially celebrated, and performed commonly on fields of battle during the American Revolution. The longest-lasting of these fife songs is clearly "Yankee Doodle", which is still well-known today. The melody for "Yankee Doodle" dates back to 1755, and was sung by both American and British troops ^[41]. Fife (Fìobh in Gaelic) is a unitary council region of Scotland situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth. ... Before the Revolution: The 13 colonies are in red, the pink area was claimed by Great Britain after the French and Indian War, and the orange region was claimed by Spain. ... Yankee Doodle is today a well-known American childrens song, which has existed in many versions over time. ... 1755 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Patriotic songs were mostly based on English melodies, with new lyrics added to denounce British colonialism; others, however, used tunes from Ireland, Scotland or elsewhere. Some, however, did not utilize a familiar melody, such as "The American Hero", with words set to the melody of Andrew Law's "Bunker Hill". The song "Hail Columbia" was a major work, written by Joseph Hopkinson, and was set to the tune of "The President's March", composed by Philip Phile and published in Philadelphia in 1793 ^[42]; it remained an unofficial national anthem until the adoption of "The Star-Spangled Banner". Andrew Law (b. ... Hail, Columbia was the unofficial national anthem of the United States until its replacement in 1931 by the officially mandated Star-Spangled Banner. It was originally composed by Joseph Hopkinson in the late 18th century. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Nicholson took the copy Key gave him to a printer, where it was published as a broadside on September 17 under the title The Defence of Fort McHenry, with an explanatory note explaining the circumstances of its writing. ...

Many songs from the early 19th century were sentimental ballads, like "Woodman Spare That Tree" and "Home, Sweet Home", the latter of which became an internationally famous song ^[43]. A ballad is a story in song, usually a narrative song or poem. ...

Civil War ballads

During the Civil War, when soldiers from across the country commingled, the multifarious strands of American music began to crossfertilize each other, a process that was aided by the burgeoning railroad industry and other technological developments that made travel and communication easier. Army units include individuals from across the country, and they rapidly traded tunes, instruments and techniques. The songs that arose from this fusion were "the first American folk music with discernible features that can be considered uniqe to America" ^[44]. The war was an impetus for the creation of many songs that became and remained wildly popular; the songs were aroused by "all the varied passions (that the Civil War inspired)" and "echoed and re-echoed" every aspect of the war. John Tasker Howard has claimed that the songs from this era "could be arranged in proper sequence to form an actual history of the conflicts; its events, its principal characters, and the ideals and principles of the opposing sides" ^[45]. This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ...

The most popular songs included "Dixie", written by Daniel Decatur Emmett, who went on to become one of the most famous American composers of the 19th century. The song, originally titled "Dixie's Land", was made for a minstrel show, and specifically for the closing; it spread to New Orleans, first, where it was published and became "one of the great song successes of the pre-Civil War period" ^[46]. Other popular songs from this era include "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground" and "When Johnny Comes Marching Home", which is now more closely associated with the Spanish-American War. "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground" was one of many songs popularized by a concert group called the Hutchinson Family, and was written by George F. Root; Root was, along with Henry Clay Work, the "most prolific composers in writing Civil War songs" ^[47]. Dixie is a nickname for the Southern region of the United States. ... Daniel Decatur Dan Emmett (1815-1904), was born at Mount Vernon, Ohio. ... The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, is an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface. ... The Battle Hymn of the Republic is a patriotic anthem written by Julia Ward Howe for the United States during the American Civil War as a variation for the words to the marching song John Browns Body. It was first published on the front page of the The Atlantic... When Johnny Comes Marching Home (sometimes When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again) is a song of the American Civil War that expressed peoples longing for the return of their friends and relatives who were fighting in the war. ... The Spanish-American War took place in 1898, and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. ... Henry Clay Work (October 1, 1832 - June 8, 1884) was an American composer. ...

In addition to, and in conjunction with, popular songs with patriotic fervor, the Civil War era also produced a great body of brass band pieces, from both the North and the South ^[48], as well as other military musical traditions like the bugle call "Taps". The Lochgelly Band, a Scottish colliery band, circa 1890 A brass band is a musical group consisting mostly of brass instruments, often with a percussion section. ... The word bugle has two different meanings: A brass musical instrument, seeBugle (instrument) An often cultivated lamiaceae, Bugle (plant) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... TAPS can also refer to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) or the Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAP). ...

Minstrelsy

Main article: Minstrel show The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, is an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface. ...

Stephen Foster

The minstrel show was an indigenous form of American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, usually performed by white people in blackface. The practice dates back to about 1843, when the full-fledged minstrel show was invented by the Dan Emmett and the Virginia Minstrels. Minstrel shows used African American elements in musical performances, but only in simplified ways; storylines in the shows depicted blacks as natural-born slaves and fools, before eventually becoming associated with abolitionism. Stephen Foster (19th century photo) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Stephen Foster (19th century photo) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A contemporary dancer rehearsing in a dance studio Dance (from Old French dance, further history unknown) generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression (see also body language) or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. ... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Music Look up Music in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikisource, as part of the 1911 Encyclopedia Wikiproject, has original text related to this article: Music Wikicities has a wiki about Music: Music Music City : a collaborative music database All Music Guide... This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Daniel Decatur Dan Emmett (October 29, 1815 – June 28, 1904), was born at Mount Vernon, Ohio. ... The Virginia Minstrels was a group of 19th Century American entertainers known for helping to invent the entertainment form known as the Minstrel show. ... This poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery in Great Britain and the United States. ...

Minstrel shows produced the first well-remembered songwriters in American music history: Thomas Rice, Dan Emmett and, most famously, Stephen Foster. Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice (May, 1808 - September 16, 1860), was a comedian and the creator of the blackface form of comedy of the 1800s and early 1900s. ... Stephen Collins Foster (Born in Pittsburgh on July 4, 1826, died on January 13, 1864) was the pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of his era. ...

Late 19th century music

Main articles: Military march and the cakewalk Cakewalk is a traditional African American form of music and dance which originated among slaves in the US South. ...

The composer John Philips Sousa is closely associated with the most popular trend in American popular music just before the turn of the century. Formerly the bandmaster of the United States Marine Corps Band, Sousa wrote military marches like "The Stars and Stripes Forever" which reflected his "nostalgia for (his) home and country", giving the melody a "stirring virile character". His complete body of work, which includes "King Cotton", "Semper Fideles" and "Hands Across the Sea", are "an impressive library of marches without equal in American music", as well as ten serious and comic operas ^[49]. John Philip Sousa John Philip Sousa (November 6, 1854 - March 6, 1932), is probably the most famous marching band conductor (although his band rarely marched) and composer in history. ... The Stars and Stripes Forever is a patriotic American march. ... King Cotton is a phrase used in the Southern United States before the American Civil War. ... Hands Across the Sea is a patriotic/military march composed in 1899 by John Philip Sousa. ... The foyer of Charles Garniers Opéra, Paris, opened 1875 Opera is an art form consisting of a dramatic stage performance set to music. ...

Ragtime

Main article: Ragtime Ragtime is an American musical genre, enjoying its peak popularity around the years 1900–1918. ...

Tin Pan Alley

Main article: Tin Pan Alley Tin Pan Alley was the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States of America in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. ...

Musical theater

Main article: Theater of the United States Theater of the United States is based in the Western tradition, mostly borrowed from the performance styles prevalent in Europe. ...

Blues

Main article: Blues For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ...

Robert Johnson

Blues had been around a long time before it became a part of the first explosion of recorded popular music in American history. This came in the 1920s, when classic female blues singers like Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Victoria Spivey and Mamie Smith grew very popular; the first hit of this field was Mamie Smith's "Crazy Blues". At the same time, record companies like Paramount Records and OKeh Records launched the field of race music, which was mostly blues targeted at African American audiences. The most famous of these acts went on to inspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including Charley Patton, Blind Lemmon Jefferson, Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Lonnie Johnson, Blind Blake and the legendary Robert Johnson. Robert Johnson Source: fy:Ofbyld:Robertjohson. ... Robert Johnson Source: fy:Ofbyld:Robertjohson. ... Gertrude Pridgett Rainey, better known as Ma Rainey (April 26, 1886 - December 22, 1939) was a blues singer, the earliest known professional blues singer3, and one of the first generation of blues singers to record. ... Bessie Smith photographed by Carl Van Vechten Bessie Smith (April 15, 1894 – September 26, 1937) in Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA was the most popular and successful blues singer of 1920s and 30s, and a huge influence on the singers who followed her. ... Victoria Spivey (died 1976) was an American female blues singer. ... Mamie Smith on the sleeve of volume 1 of the Complete Recorded Works reissue collection Mamie Smith (May 26, 1883 - September 16, 1946) was a vaudeville singer, dancer, pianist and actress, and appeared in several motion pictures late in her career. ... Paramount Records was a United States based record label, best known for its recordings of African-American jazz and blues. ... Okeh Records began as an independent record label based in the United States of America in 1918; from the late 1920s on was a subsidiary of Columbia Records. ... Charley Patton Charley Patton (May 1, 1891–April 28, 1934) was an American delta blues musician, and one of the first mainstream stars of the genre. ... Son House, circa 1965 Eddie James House, Jr. ... Mississippi John Smith Hurt (July 3, 1893, Teoc, Carroll County, Mississippi - November 2, 1966, Grenada, Mississippi) was an influential blues singer and guitarist. ... Alfonzo Lonnie Johnson (February 8, 1894 - June 6, 1970) was a pioneering blues and jazz musician born in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... Blind Blake (born: unknown, cira 1893, Jacksonville, Florida; died: unknown, circa 1933) was an influential blues singer and guitarist. ... Robert Johnson Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) is probably the most famous Delta blues singer and guitarist in history. ...

Country music

Main article: Country music Country music, formerly called country and western music or country-western, is an amalgam of popular musical forms developed in the southern United States, with roots in traditional folk music, spirituals, and the blues. ...

Country music is primarily a fusion of African American blues and spirituals with Appalachian folk music, adapted for pop audiences and popularized beginning in the 1920s. Rebee Garofalo cited country music historian Bill C. Malone as tracing the origins of country to rural Southern folk music, which "was a blending of cultural strains, British at its core, but overlain and intermingled with the (music of the) Germans of the Great Valley of Virginia, the Indians of the backcountry; Spanish, French and mixed-breed elements in the Mississippi Valley; the Mexicans of South Texas, and, of course, blacks everywhere" ^[50]; Garofalo then goes on to add later influences on commercial country as including "German and Swiss yodelers, Italian mandolin players, and Hawaiian string bands" ^[51]. June Skinner Sawyers stresses the importance of the "balladry and tunes brought to the United States by Anglo-Celtic immigrants" and notes the influence of Irish dance music on Appalachian folk music, concluding that early hillbilly music was "primarily... Americanized interpretations of English, Irish, Scots, and Scots-Irish traditional music, shaped by African-American rhythms, and containing vestiges of nineteenth-century popular song, especially those of the minstrel tradition" ^[52]. Sawyers also notes the prevalence of a kind of high-pitched, nasal singing style, the result of fusing arrangements and material from both rural whites and blacks; this bears more than casual similarities to the similarly often unaccompanied and highly-ornamented melodies of traditional Irish sean-nós singing ^[53]. Appalachian folk music is a distinctive genre of folk music originating in the Appalachia region of the United States of America. ... Yodeling (or Yodelling) is a form of singing that involves rapidly switching from the chest voice to the head voice making a high-low-high-low sound. ... Carved and round backed mandolins (front) A mandolin is a stringed musical instrument. ... Hawaiian music refers to the musical style native to the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. ... Appalachian folk music is a distinctive genre of folk music originating in the Appalachia region of the United States of America. ... Sean nós is a highly-ornamented style of solo, unaccompanied singing in the Irish tradition. ...

The instrumentation of the earliest country revolved around the European-derived fiddle and the African-derived banjo, with the guitar being later added ^[54]. Though the fiddle was imported from Europe, country music fiddling styles used African elements like a call-and-response format, improvised music and syncopated rhythms. According to Reebee Garofalo, the guitar entered country bands' repertoire through the interest of many white musicians in the fingerpicking style of African American playing, which was in turned based on West African techniques; Rolling Stone's Rock of Ages, however, attributes the guitar's rise entirely to its cheap availability, a factor that Garofalo considers as well, which facilitated the spread among the peoples of Appalachia, who adapted "their traditional melodies to fit the intonation of the readily available guitar, with its fixed frets" ^[55]. Later still, specialized string instruments like the ukulele and steel guitar became commonplace due to the popularity of Hawaiian musical groups in the early 20th century ^[56]. The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... The banjo is a stringed instrument, derived from the banjar, a stringed instrument of American origins, sometimes called the gourd banjo. The banjar, in turn was based on the African akonting. Some etymologists derive it from a dialectal pronunciation of bandore, though recent research suggests that it may come from... In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. ... Fingerpicking is playing the guitar using the fingertips or fingernails, rather than with a plectrum (or pick). It is usually used in Classical guitar styles, and some other acoustic styles, but it has found its way into other genres as well, including rock and roll, although its use in such... West Africa is a large reaching stretching from the Sahara Desert to the Atlantic Ocean. ... Ukulele The ukulele (pronounced , or the Anglicised ), or uke, is a fretted string instrument which is, in its construction, essentially a smaller, four-stringed version of the guitar. ... A Dobro style resonator guitar Steel guitar, strictly speaking, refers to a method of playing using a metal slide (or steel) on a guitar played horizontally, with the strings uppermost. ... Hawaiian music refers to the musical style native to the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. ...

The Carter Family, "Can the Circle Be Unbroken" album cover

The roots of country music are generally traced to August 1, 1927, when music talent scout Ralph Peer recorded Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family, both very different performers in style, though both are also considered the foundation of country. There had been popular music prior to 1927 that could be considered country, but, as Ace Collins points out, these recordings had "only marginal and very inconsistent" effects on the national music markets. In addition, "those like Vernon Dalhart who had made their name recording 'country music songs' were not from the hills and hollows or plains and valleys. These recording stars sang both rural music and city music, and most knew more about Broadway than they did about hillbillies. Their rural image was often manufactured for the moment and the dollar". In contrast, Collins later explains, both the Carter Family and Rodgers had rural folk credibility that helped make Peer's recording session such an influential success; "it was the Carter Family that was Ralk Peer's tie to the hills and hollows, to lost loves and found faith, but it took Jimmie Rodgers to connect the publisher with some of country music's other beloved symbols -- trains and saloons, jail and the blues" ^[57]. Carter Family album cover. ... Carter Family album cover. ... August 1st is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1927 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ralph Peer (May 22, 1892 - January 19, 1960) was born Ralph Sylvester Peer in Independence, Missouri. ... Jimmie Rodgers was the name of two singers: Jimmie Rodgers (country singer) Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer) Note that there was also a Jimmy Rogers (note the spelling), a blues singer born in 1924. ... Maybelle, A.P. and Sara The Carter Family was a rural country music group that performed between 1927 and 1943. ... Vernon Dalhart (6 April 1883 - 14 September 1948) was a popular United States singer and songwriter of the early decades of the 20th century. ... This article is about the street in New York City. ... Hillbilly is a pejorative nickname for people who dwell in remote, rural, mountainous areas. ...

Country music: 1940s

Hank Williams

During World War 2, the materials used to produce records were scarce, and the record companies responding by cutting production to focus entirely on mainstream music, and thus country remained little recorded and even less promoted. After the war, however, there was increased interest in specialty styles, including what had been known as race and hillbilly music; these styles were renamed to rhythm and blues and country and western, respectively ^[58]. Major labels had had some success promoting two kinds of country acts: Southern novelty acts like Tex Williams and performers like Frankie Laine, who mixed pop and country in the "melodramatic or sentimental modes of conventional popular" music ^[59]. This period also saw the rise of two new major labels, Mercury Records, home of Frankie Laine, and MGM, which signed Hank Williams, a pioneering white country singer who had learned the blues from a black street musician named Tee-Tot, in northwest Alabama ^[60]. Hank Williams Sr. ... Hank Williams Sr. ... Tex Williams (August 23, 1917 - October 11, 1985) was an American country musician from Ramsey, Illinois. ... Frankie Laine, born Frank Paul LoVecchio, March 30, 1913, Chicago, United States, is one of the most successful singers in history. ... Mercury Records was a record label founded in Chicago, Illinois in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams and Arthur Talmadge. ... MGM logo Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer or MGM, is a large media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of cinema and television programs. ... Hank Williams Sr. ...

Hank Williams recorded for MGM between until 1953, when he died; by that time, he had produced eleven singles that sold at least a million copies each. He remains renowned as one of country music's greatest songwriters, and a "folk poet", known for his "honest, straightforward lyrics, and catchy, well-crafted tunes" as well as a "honky-tonk swagger, working-class sympathies, use of (the) 'backbeat', (making) him one link in the music chain that joins Jimmie Rodgers, Texas hillbillies like Bob Wills and Ernest Tubb, and Elvis Presley" ^[61]. 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Backbeat can mean one of two things: Backbeat or Back beat is a style of rock music percussion Backbeat is a 1994 bio-pic of the early career of The Beatles, starring Stephen Dorff, Sheryl Lee, and Ian Hart Categories: Disambiguation ... Jimmie Rodgers was the name of two singers: Jimmie Rodgers (country singer) Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer) Note that there was also a Jimmy Rogers (note the spelling), a blues singer born in 1924. ... James Robert (Bob) Wills ( March 6, 1905 - May 13, 1975) was an American country musician and songwriter. ... Ernest Dale Tubb (February 9, 1914 - September 6, 1984), nicknamed the Texas Troubadour, was an American singer and songwriter and one of the pioneers of country music. ... Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock and Roll or The King, was an American singer and actor. ...

	"Cold, Cold Heart" ( info)
	This is perhaps the best-known Hank Williams song, covered by numerous other stars.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Cold,ColdHeart. ... Hank Williams Sr. ...

Nashville sound

Main article: Nashville sound The Nashville sound in country music arose during the 1950s in the United States. ...

The Nashville sound was a popular kind of country music that arose in the 1950s, a fusion of popular big band jazz and swing with the lyricism of honky tonk country ^[62]. Throughout the decade, the roughness of honky tonk was gradually eroded as the Nashville sound grew more pop-oriented, eventually becoming known as countrypolitan. A big band, also known as a jazz orchestra, is a large musical ensemble that plays jazz music, especially swing. ... Musically, swing can be either: (written with small s), refers to swung notes, the rhythmic feeling evoked by swinging music, esp. ...

The popular success of Hank Williams' recordings (and those of the performers that covered his songs) had convinced record labels that country music could find mainstream audiences. Record companies then tried to strip the rough, honky-tonk elements from country music; "just a few years after his death... (a musician) as unapologetically rural as Hank Williams would have been shown the door... Nashville's response to (the rise of Elvis Presley's rockabilly fusion of country and R&B) was to nurture artists who could cross between country and pop, leading to the birth of the Nashville sound" ^[63]. Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock and Roll or The King, was an American singer and actor. ... Rockabilly is the earliest form of rock and roll as a distinct style of music. ...

It was Chet Atkins, head of RCA's country music division, that did the most to innovate the Nashville sound. He "relied on country song structures but abandoned all of the hillbilly and honky tonk instrumentation... Similarly, Owen Bradley created productions ... that featured sophisticated productions and smooth, textured instrumentation. Eventually, most records from Nashville featured this style of production and the Nashville sound began to incorporate strings and vocal choirs" ^[64]. By the early part of the 1960s, however, the Nashville sound had become perceived as too watered-down by many more traditionalist performers and fans, resulting in a number of local scenes like the Lubbock sound and, most influentially, the Bakersfield sound. Chet Atkins Chester Burton Chet Atkins (June 20, 1924 – June 30, 2001) was an influential country guitarist and record producer in country music. ... RCA, formerly an initialism for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark used by two companies for products descended from that common ancestor: Thomson SA, which manufactures consumer electronics like RCA-branded televisions, DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, audio equipment, telephones, and related... A genre of American music that began with the popularity of Lubbock, Texas native Buddy Holly. ... The Bakersfield sound was a genre of country music developed in the mid- to late 1950s in and around Bakersfield, California, at bars such as The Blackboard. ...

Country music: 1960s and 70s

Main articles: Bakersfield sound, Lubbock sound and outlaw country The Bakersfield sound was a genre of country music developed in the mid- to late 1950s in and around Bakersfield, California, at bars such as The Blackboard. ... A genre of American music that began with the popularity of Lubbock, Texas native Buddy Holly. ... Outlaw country was a significant trend in country music during the late 1960s and the 1970s. ...

Country music: 1980s and 90s

Main articles: Alternative country and Urban Cowboy Alternative Country is a term applied to various subgenres of country music. ... Urban Cowboy Urban Cowboy is a 1980 movie starring John Travolta and Debra Winger about the love-hate relationship between Travoltas character Bud and Wingers character Sissy. ...

	"Killin' Time" ( info)
	This song is by Clint Black and won more awards than almost any other, including six different categories of the Country Music Awards.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... KillinTime. ... Clint Patrick Black (born February 4, 1962 in Long Branch, New Jersey, USA) is a country music singer, songwriter and producer. ... The Country Music Awards are voted on by business members of the Country Music Association. ...

Bluegrass

Main article: Bluegrass music Bluegrass music is considered a form of American roots music with its own roots in the English, Irish and Scottish traditional music of immigrants from the British Isles (particularly the Scots-Irish immigrants of Appalachia), as well as the music of rural African-Americans, jazz, and blues. ...

Bluegrass developed in the 1940s, a fusion of old-time Appalachian folk music with blues, jazz and other styles. Bill Monroe, leader of the first bluegrass band (the Blue Grass Boys, for whom the genre is named), is known as the "father of bluegrass music". At its root, bluegrass was originally acoustic country music played using a banjo, and drew on earlier country string band traditions; soon, Monroe began working with Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs. It was Scrugg's "unusual three-finger banjo-picking style" that fueld the development of modern bluegrass ^[65]. // Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... For the emotional state, see Depression (mood). ... Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. ... Bill Monroe Bill Monroe (September 13, 1911 - September 9, 1996) developed the style of country music known as bluegrass, which takes its name from his band, the Blue Grass Boys, named for his home state of Kentucky. ... The banjo is a stringed instrument, derived from the banjar, a stringed instrument of American origins, sometimes called the gourd banjo. The banjar, in turn was based on the African akonting. Some etymologists derive it from a dialectal pronunciation of bandore, though recent research suggests that it may come from... Lester Flatt (June 19, 1914 - May 11, 1979) was one of the pioneers of bluegrass music. ... Earl Scruggs Earl Scruggs (born Earl Eugene Scruggs January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina) created a banjo style (now called Scruggs style) that is one of the defining characteristics of bluegrass. ...

Bluegrass relies on acoustic stringed instruments; the fiddle, banjo, acoustic guitar, mandolin, and upright bass are sometimes joined by the dobro (also known as a resophonic guitar or steel guitar), and a bass guitar, which is occasionally substituted for the upright bass. This instrumentation originated in rural black dance bands and was being abandonded by those groups (in favor of blues and jazz ensembles) when picked up by white musicians ^[66]. The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... The classical guitar typically has 3 nylon and 3 nickel-wound strings. ... Carved and round backed mandolins (front) A mandolin is a stringed musical instrument. ... Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French bow. ... A Dobro style resonator guitar Dobro® is a trade name used mainly for guitars. ... Fender Precision Bass Bass Guitar is a popular term that refers to electric and acoustic basses - stringed instruments similar in design to the guitar, but with longer scale and tuned lower in pitch. ...

Besides instrumentation, the distinguishing characteristics of bluegrass include vocal harmonies featuring two, three, or four parts, often featuring a dissonant or modal sound in the highest voice (see modal frame); an emphasis on traditional songs, often with sentimental or religious themes; and improvised instrumental solos.

Jazz

Main article: Jazz Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. ...

Jazz is a kind of music characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. Though originally a kind of dance music, jazz has now been "long considered a kind of popular or vernacular music (and has also) become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the music of the concert hall" ^[67]. In jazz and blues notes added to the major scale for expressive quality, loosely defined by musicians to be an alteration to a scale or chord that makes it sound like the blues. ... In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. ... A Swung note is a rhythmic device, also known as a shuffle note; it is an augmentation of the initial note in a pair and diminution of the second. ... In music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. ... Polyrhythm is the simultaneous sounding of two or more independent rhythms. ... Improvisation is the act of making something up as it is performed. ... Dance music is music composed, played, or both, specifically to accompany social dancing. ... Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, particularly between 1000 and 1900. ...

Jazz's development occurred at around the same time as modern ragtime, blues, gospel and country music, all of which can be seen as part of a continuum with no clear demarcation between them; jazz specifically was most closely related to ragtime, with which it could be distinguished by the use of more intricate rhythmic improvisation, often placing notes far from the implied beat, while ragtime musicians would "rag" a tune by giving a syncopated rhythm and playing a note twice (at half the time value). The earliest jazz bands adopted much of the vocabulary of the blues, including bent and blue notes and instrumental "growls" and smears otherwise not used on European instruments.

Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music; Jean Ferris notes the influences from the "steady beat and stirring tempo of European march and dance tunes (to the) subtle and complex syncopations of black African and Caribbean (styles)" ^[68]. After originating in African American communities near the beginning of the 20th century, jazz gained international popularity by the 1920s.

Jazz's roots come from the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, population by Cajuns and black Creoles, who combined the French-Canadian culture of the Cajuns with their own styles of music in the 19th century. Black musicians took advantage of the cheap instruments available due to generally decreasing prices on such products as well as the end of the American Civil War and the subsequent availability of surplus instruments from military bands ^[69]; with these instruments, they formed bands that played for funerals, parades and other celebrations. The key figures in the development of the new style were flamboyant trumpeter Buddy Bolden and the members of his band. Bolden is remembered as the first to take the blues — hitherto a folk music sung and self-accompanied on string instruments or blues harp (harmonica) — and arrange it for brass instruments. From New Orleans, jazz travelled first to Chicago, and then around the country. City nickname: The Crescent City, The Big Easy, The City that Care Forgot Location of New Orleans Country   State     Parish United States   Louisiana     Orleans Parish Mayor C. Ray Nagin Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 350. ... The Cajuns are an ethnic group consisting essentially of the descendants of Acadians who came from Nova Scotia to Louisiana as a result of their refusal to swear allegiance to the British Crown. ... The term Creole is used with different meanings in different contexts, which can generate confusion. ... The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the United States – forces coming mostly from the 23 northern states of the Union – and the newly-formed Confederate States of America, which consisted of 11 southern states that had declared their secession. ... Buddy Bolden Buddy Bolden (September 6, 1877 _ November 4, 1930) was a trumpeter and the first New Orleans jazz musician ever to come to prominence. ... Harp Attack! blues harp album cover Blues harp or cross harp is a technique of playing an ordinary harmonica which originated in the blues, not a type of harp or harmonica. ...

Louis Armstrong

Though jazz had long since achieved some limited popularity, it was Louis Armstrong, who became one of the first popular stars and major forces in the development of jazz. Armstrong was an extraordinary improviser, capable of creating endless variations on a single melody; he also popularized scat singing, an improvisational vocal technique in which nonsensical syllables or words are sung or otherwise vocalized, often as part of a call-and-response interaction with other musicians onstage. Both scat singing and musical variation remain an important part of jazz, with the improvised repetition of musical phrases possibly the most important, defining characteristic of the genre. American jazz musician Photo is from The Golden Age of Jazz, and was taken by William P. Gottlieb. ... American jazz musician Photo is from The Golden Age of Jazz, and was taken by William P. Gottlieb. ... Louis Armstrongs stage personality matched his flashy trumpet as captured in this photo by William P. Gottlieb. ... In music, variation is a formal technique where material is altered during repetition; reiteration with changes. ... Scat singing is vocalizing either wordlessly or with nonsense words and syllables as employed by jazz singers who create the equivalent of an instrumental solo using only the voice. ...

Swing

Main article: Swing Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of jazz music that solidified as a distinctive style during the 1930s in the United States. ...

Swing is characterized by a strong rhythm section, usually consisting of double bass and drums, medium to fast tempo, and the distinctive swing common to all forms of jazz. Swing is primarily a kind of 1930s jazz fused with elements of the blues and the pop sensibility of Tin Pan Alley ^[70]. Swing used bigger bands than other kinds of jazz had, which led to the use of bandleaders that tightly arranged the material, discouraging improvisation, which had previously been an integral part of jazz. Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French bow. ... In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for time) is the speed or pace of a given piece. ... A Swung note is a rhythmic device, also known as a shuffle note; it is an augmentation of the initial note in a pair and diminution of the second. ... A big band, also known as a jazz orchestra, is a large musical ensemble that plays jazz music, especially swing. ...

A typical swing song featured a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind, brass, string, and vocal sections. The level of improvisation varied depending on the arrangement, the band, the song, and the band-leader. The most common style consisted of having one soloist at a time taking center stage, and take up an improvised routine, with bandmates playing support. As a song progressed, multiple soloists might play for periods of various lengths; it was far from uncommon to have two or three band members improvising at any one time.

Swing became a major part of African American dance, and came to be accompanied by a popular dance called the swing dance. Swing, both the music and the dance, became very popular across the United States, among both white and black audiences. David Clarke called swing the first "jazz-oriented style (to be) at the centre of popular music... as opposed to merely giving it backbone" ^[71]. By the end of the 1930s, vocalists became more and more prominent, eventually taking center stage, especially following the American Federation of Musicians strike, which made recording with a large band prohibitively expensive ^[72]. Swing is a group of related street dances, that evolved from Lindy Hop. ... The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) is a labor union of professional musicians in the United States and Canada. ...

	"Jumpin' at the Woodside" ( info)
	This is by Count Basie & His Orchestra, a popular swing song by a jazz legend.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Jumpin At The Woodside. ... William Count Basie (August 21, 1904 - April 26, 1984) was a jazz pianist, organist, and bandleader. ...

Bebop

Main article: Bebop Bebop or bop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. ...

Charlie Parker

Bebop (or bop) is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody and use of the flatted fifth, a technique long a part of the blues though not common elsewhere. Instead of using improvised solos over chord change, bebop compositions were based on existing chord progression from popular songs, requiring performers to "chart new harmonic paths and make them work" ^[73]. Bebop composers and improvisers, particularly Charlie Parker, stylistically employed frequent use of upper chord tones, i.e., ninths, elevenths, and thirteenths, creating a more colorful and rich harmonic sound than past jazz styles. As the bebop language developed, these "altered chords" were used less for coloration than as fundamental building blocks of new harmonic "spaces." The soloist's implied switch from an original to a reconstructed space created a narrative of "liberation." Charlie Parker Source: http://amb. ... Charlie Parker Source: http://amb. ... In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for time) is the speed or pace of a given piece. ... Improvisation is the act of making something up as it is performed. ... This article is about the musical interval. ... A chord progression (also chord sequence and harmonic progression), as its name implies, is a series of chords played in an order. ...

Bebop was developed in the early and mid-1940s, later evolving into styles like hard bop and free jazz. Thelonius Monk, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie are generally considered the primary innovators of the style, which arose in small jazz clubs in New York City ^[74]. Hard bop is characterized by each altered chord implying a scale or mode. The capacity to improvise over a complex sequence of altered chords using only the implied scales requires a mental agility of a mathematical, problem-solving kind that is another hallmark of bebop. // Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... Hard bop is an extension of bebop (bop) music which incorporates influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing. ... Free jazz, or avant-garde jazz, is a movement of jazz music characterized by diminished dependence on formal constraints. ... Thelonious Sphere Monk (October 10, 1917–February 17, 1982) was a jazz pianist and composer known for his unique improvisational style and many contributions to the standard jazz repertoire. ... Charlie Parker Charles Parker, Jr (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. ... Dizzy Gillespie photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1955 Dizzy Gillespie (October 21, 1917 - Janurary 6, 1993) was born John Birks Gillespie in Cheraw, South Carolina. ...

	"Bird of Paradise" ( info)
	This is by by Charlie Parker from In a Soulful Mood, one of the historic recordings that launched the bebop revolution.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Bird Of Paradise. ... Charlie Parker Charles Parker, Jr (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. ...

Gospel

Main article: Gospel Gospel music may refer either to the religious music that first came out of African-American churches in the 1930s or, more loosely, to both black gospel music and to the religious music composed and sung by white southern Christian artists. ...

Christian spirituals and the rural blues music were the origin of what is now known as gospel. Beginning in about the 1920s, African American churches began to feature early gospel in the form of worshipers "testifyin'", or proclaiming one's religious devotion in an improvised, often musical or semi-musical manner. Modern gospel began with the work of composers, most importantly Thomas A. Dorsey, who "(composed) songs based on familiar spirituals and hrmns, fused to blues and jazz rhythms" ^[75]. Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... Thomas A. Dorsey (July 1, 1899 - January 23, 1993) is called the Father of Gospel Music. ...

From these early 20th century churches, gospel music spread across the country. It remained associated almost entirely with African American churches, and usually featured a choir along with one or more virtuoso soloists.

By the 1950s, it had become popular in mainstream America. Its top star was Mahalia Jackson, a singer whose fame rivalled any other African American to that date. She was perhaps the first black musician to make black music that all kinds of Americans listened to. She also became associated with the Civil Rights Movement, meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy in 1955, then participating in the Montgomery bus boycott ^[76]. Mahalia Jackson in 1962, photographed by Carl Van Vechten Mahalia Jackson (October 26, 1911–January 27, 1972) was a United States gospel singer, widely regarded as one of the best in the history of the genre. ... Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African American and to achieve racial equality. ... Martin Luther King Jr. ... Ralph David Abernathy (March 11, 1926 - April 17, 1990) was an American civil rights leader. ... 1955 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political protest campaign in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama intended to oppose the citys policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. ...

Later in the 1950s and the early part of 60s, gospel was secularized in tone by performers like Sam Cooke. The result was called soul music. The secularization caused some protest among the gospel community, who viewed it as an appropriation of religion for personal profit and, in many minds, glorifying immoral behavior. Elements of gospel appropriated for rock included various "rhythms (and) vocal styles, from dance steps to stage-diving, were first conceived on the gospel circuit... Elvis Presley, Little Richard and Jerry Lee Lewis -- among many other American singers -- (learned) at the feet of gospel's own legends" ^[77] Sam Cooke Sam Cooke (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964) was a hugely popular gospel music and R&B singer, born Sam Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi. ... Soul Music is a Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett, published in 1994. ... Stage diving is the act of getting onto the stage at a concert while a band is playing—usually heavy metal or punk rock—and then diving into the crowd below, hoping they will catch you. ... Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock and Roll or The King, was an American singer and actor. ... Little Richard Little Richard (born Richard Wayne Penniman, December 5, 1932 in Macon, Georgia) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist, and an early pioneer of rock and roll. ... Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee Lewis (born September 29, 1935) is an American rock and roll singer, songwriter, and pianist, as well as an early pioneer of the rock and roll movement. ...

R&B

Main article: R&B Rhythm and blues (or R & B) is a musical marketing term introduced in the United States in the late 1940s by Billboard magazine. ...

R&B, an abbreviation for rhythm and blues, is a style of music that arose in the 1930s and 40s, which was, at the time, "huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers", according to Amiri Baraka, who "had to shout to be heard above the clanging and strumming of the various electrified instruments and the churning rhythm sections ^[78]. R&B was recorded during this period, but not extensively and was not widely promoted by record companies, who felt it "unsuitable for the mainstream because of its insistent rhythms and suggestive content" ^[79]. Without label support, independent record labels like Modern Records, Atlantic Records and Aladdin Records. // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... // Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... Modern Record was a record label formed in 1945 by Jules, Saul, Lester and Joe Bidhari. ... Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a record label founded in 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson. ... Aladdin Records was the name of at least two record labels. ...

It was the bandleader Louis Jordan who did more than anyone to innovate the sound of early rhythm and blues. His band featured a small horn section and prominent rhythm instrumentation and used songs with bluesy lyrical themes. By the end of the 1940s, he had produced nineteen major hits, and helped pave the way for contemporaries like Wynonie Harris, John Lee Hooker and Roy Milton. Louis Jordan (July 8, 1908 - February 4, 1975) was an African-American jazz and rhythm & blues musician who, unlike many of his black peers, was highly popular with mainstream audiences in the post-swing era. ... Wynonie Mr. ... John Lee Hooker John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1916 – June 21, 2001) was an influential American blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter born in Clarksdale, Mississippi. ...

Many of the most popular R&B songs were not, however, performed in the rollicking style of Jordan and his contemporaries. They were instead performed by white musicians, in a more palatable, mainstream style, and turned into pop hits ^[80]. By the end of the 1950s, however, there was a wave of popular black blues-rock and country-influenced R&B performers gaining unprecedented fame among white listeners; these included Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry ^[81]. Over time, producers in the R&B field turned to gradually more rock-based acts like Little Richard and Fats Domino. Bo Diddleys emphasis on rhythm largely influenced popular music, especially that of rock and roll in the 1960s. ... Chuck Berry Charles Edward Anderson Berry (born October 18, 1926), better known as Chuck Berry, is a highly influential American guitarist, singer and composer. ... Little Richard Little Richard (born Richard Wayne Penniman, December 5, 1932 in Macon, Georgia) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist, and an early pioneer of rock and roll. ... Fats Domino Fats Domino, born Antoine Dominique (born February 26, 1928 in New Orleans, Louisiana), is a classic R&B and rock and roll singer, songwriter, and pianist. ...

Rock and roll

Main article: Rock and roll Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ...

Rock and roll is a kind of popular music, developed primarily out of country, blues and R&B. Easily the single most popular style of music, rock's exact origins and early development have been hotly debated. Rock historian Reebee Garofalo cites Robert Palmer as noting that the style's influences are quite diverse, and include the Afro-Caribbean "Bo Diddley beat", elements of "big band swing" and Latin music like the Cuban son and "Mexican rhythms" ^[82]; she also discusses George Lipsitz, who claims that America's urban areas formed a "polyglot, working-class culture (where the) social meanings previously conveyed in isolation by blues, country, polka, zydeco and Latin musics found new expression as they blended in an urban environment" ^[83]. Rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in America in the 1950s, though elements of rock and roll can be seen in rhythm and blues records as far back as the 1920s. ... Afro-American music is a broad array of musical genres that arose from the synthesis of African, European and Native American music. ... Bo Diddleys emphasis on rhythm largely influenced popular music, especially that of rock and roll in the 1960s. ... Latin American music, or the music of Latin America, is sometimes called Latin music. ... A son is a male offspring; a boy, man, or male animal in relation to his parents. ... The music of Mexico is extraordinarily diverse and features a wide range of different musical styles. ...

Rockabilly

Main article: Rockabilly Rockabilly is the earliest form of rock and roll as a distinct style of music. ...

Elvis Presley

Rock and roll first entered popular music through a style called rockabilly, which fused the nascent rock sound with elements of country music. Black-performed rock and roll had previously had limited mainstream success, and some observers at the time were aware that a white performer who could credibly sing in an R&B and country style would be a success. Sam Phillips, of Memphis, Tennessee's Sun Records, was the one who found such a performer, in Elvis Presley, who became one of the best-selling musicians in history, and brought rock and roll to audiences across the world ^[84]. Elvis Presley This is a copyrighted promotional photo with a known source. ... Elvis Presley This is a copyrighted promotional photo with a known source. ... Sam Phillips, born Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 - July 30, 2003), was a record producer and the man responsible for the emergence of rock and roll as the major form of popular music in the 1950s. ... City nickname: The River City or The Bluff City Location in the state of Tennessee County Shelby County, Tennessee Area  - Total  - Water 763. ... Sun Records has been the name for four 20th century record labels. ... Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock and Roll or The King, was an American singer and actor. ...

Presley's success was preceded by Bill Haley, a white performer whose "Rock Around the Clock" is sometimes pointed to as the start of the rock era. However, Haley's music was "more arranged" and "more calculated" than the "looser rhythms" of rockabilly, which also, unlike Haley, did not use saxophones or chorus singing ^[85]. Bill Haley, with his band, the Comets, was one of the first rock and roll acts to tour the United Kingdom. ... Rock Around the Clock is a pop song from 1953. ...

	"Good Rockin' Tonight" ( info)
	This is by Elvis Presley and is one of the most popular songs of the rockabilly era.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... GoodRockinTonight. ... Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock and Roll or The King, was an American singer and actor. ...

Doo wop

Main article: Doo wop Doo-wop is a style of vocal-based rhythm and blues music popular in the mid-1950s to the early 1960s in America. ...

Doo wop is a kind of vocal harmony music performed by groups who became wildly popular in the 1950s. The earliest hits during this decade were songs like "Earth Angel" by The Penguins and "Crying in the Chapel" by The Orioles, though there are examples in a similar style dating back to the late 1930s, including The Ink Spots and the Mills Brothers ^[86]. Though usually considered a kind of rock, doo wop is more precisely a fusion of vocal gospel and jazz with the blues and pop music ^[87], and it became "the first form of rock & roll to take shape, to define itself as something people recognized as new, different, strange, theirs" (emphasis in original) ^[88]. The Penguins were an American Doo-Wop group of the 1950s and 60s, best remembered for their only top 40 hit Earth Angel, which was one of the first rhythm and blues hits to cross over to the Pop charts. ... The Orioles were an American R&B and doo-wop group, one of the earliest such vocal bands. ... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... The Ink Spots were an American Pop music vocal group that helped define the musical genre that led to rhythm & blues, rock and roll, and even, eventually, to the subgenre called doo-wop. ... The Mills Brothers were an American jazz and pop vocal group of the 20th century. ...

As doo wop grew more popular, more innovations were added, including the use of a bass lead vocalist, a practice which began with Jimmy Ricks of The Ravens ^[89]. Doo wop performers were originally almost all black, but a few white or integrated groups soon became popular. These included a number of Italian-American groups like Dion & the Belmonts and Frankie Valli & the Four Seasons, while others added female vocalists and even formed all-female groups in the nearly-universally male field; these included The Queens and The Chantels ^[90]. The Ravens were an R&B vocal group. ... An Italian American is an American of Italian descent either born in America or someone who has immigrated. ... Dion and the Belmonts was a musical group led by singer/songwriter Dion DiMucci. ... The Four Seasons are an American pop and doo wop group, distinct from many similar groups of the 1950s and 60s in their traditional Italian-American sound. ... The Chantels were the first black female group to have nationwide success. ...

	"If I Didn't Care" ( info)
	This was the first major hit for The Ink Spots, who were the first major pop doo wop group.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... IfIDidntCare. ... Doo-wop is a style of vocal-based rhythm and blues music popular in the mid-1950s to the early 1960s in America. ...

Rock music: 1960s

Main articles: Surf, psychedelia and folk-rock In the early 1960s, one of the most popular forms of rock and roll was surf rock. ... Psychedelic music draws its inspiration from the experience of mind-altering drugs such as cannabis, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy and especially LSD. Characteristic features of the style include modal melodies, lengthy instrumental solos, esoteric lyrics and trippy special effects such as reversed, distorted, delayed and/or phased sounds. ... Folk-rock is a musical genre, combining elements of folk music and rock music. ...

The 1960s saw a tremendous change in rock music, as well as in popular music in general, both in the United States and in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world ^[91]. Perhaps the most important change was the shift from professionally-composed songs to the era of the "singer-songwriter", as well as an understanding of the opular musician as an artist. These changes led to the rise of musical movements that were connected to politically activist goals, such as Civil Rights and the opposition to the Vietnam War. At the same time, rock music began diversifying greatly, spreading across the globe and mutating into numerous subgenres in the United States. The term singer-songwriter refers to performers who both write and sing their own material. ... Resources ArtLex. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Children run down a road near Trang Bang after an ARVN napalm attack on villages suspected of harboring National Liberation Front fighters in this June, 1972 photo by Huynh Cong Ut, which became a symbol of the international movement against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. ...

The first of the major new rock genres of the 1960s was surf, pioneered by Californian Dick Dale. Surf was largely instrumental and guitar-based rockwith a distorted and twanging sound, and was associated with the Southern California surfing-based youth culture. Dale had worked with Leo Fender, developing the "Showman amplifier and... the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound" ^[92]. In the early 1960s, one of the most popular forms of rock and roll was surf rock. ... Dick Dale (born Richard Monsour on May 4, 1937) was a pioneer of surf rock and one of the most influential guitarists of the early 1960s. ... Southern California Los Angeles, rush hour on the Harbor Freeway San Diego Southern California, sometimes abbreviated SoCal, is an informal name for the southern one-third of the state of California. ... Surfing outside Kaneohe Bay, Hawai‘i. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Clarence Leonidas Fender (August 10, 1909 - March 21, 1991) was an American luthier who founded Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, now known as Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, and later founded G&L Musical Products (G&L Guitars). ...

The Beach Boys

Inspired by the lyrical focus of surf, if not the musical basis, The Beach Boys began their career in 1961, soon launching a string of hits like "Surfin' USA". Their sound was not instrumental, nor guitar-based, but was full of "rich, dense and unquestionably special" "floating vocals (with) Four Freshman-ish harmonies riding over a droned, propulsive burden" ^[93]. The Beach Boys' songwriter Brian Wilson grew gradually more eccentric, experimenting with new studio techniques as he became associated with the burgeoning counterculture. Beach Boys with Surfboard This is a copyrighted promotional photo with a known source. ... Beach Boys with Surfboard This is a copyrighted promotional photo with a known source. ... The Beach Boys, 1963 (L to R, David Marks, Carl Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Mike Love, Brian Wilson) The Beach Boys are a pop music group formed in Hawthorne, California in 1961, whose popularity has lasted into the twenty-first century. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Surfin USA was released on Monday, March 25th, 1963 and was the second album released by The Beach Boys. ... Brian Wilson, c. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political Opposition. ...

The counterculture was a youth movement that included political activism, especially in opposition to the Vietnam War, and the promotion of various hippie ideals. The hippies were associated primarily with two kinds of music: the folk-rock and country rock of people like Bob Dylan and Gram Parsons, and the psychedelic rock of bands like Jefferson Airplane and The Doors. This movement was very closely connected to the British Invasion, a wave of bands from the United Kingdom who became very popular throughout much of the 1960s. The first wave of the British Invasion included bands like The Zombies and the Moody Blues, followed by the legendary hard-driving rock bands like the Rolling Stones, The Who and, most famously, The Beatles. The sound of these bands was "hard-driving rock and roll", with The Beatles' came coming from songs that were "essentially note-for-note reproductions of... African American rock 'n' roll classics" by Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Smokey Robinson, The Shirelles and the Isley Brothers ^[94]. Flower-Power Bus Hippie (or sometimes hippy) is a term originally used to describe some of the rebellious youth of the 1960s and 1970s. ... Folk-rock is a musical genre, combining elements of folk music and rock music. ... Country rock is a musical genre formed from the fusion of rock and roll with country music. ... Portrait photograph of Bob Dylan taken by Daniel Kramer Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman May 24, 1941) is one of Americas most influential poets, musicians, and songwriters of the twentieth century. ... Gram Parsons, wearing his Nudie suit on the lot of A&M records Gram Parsons (November 5, 1946 – September 19, 1973) was born Ingram Cecil Connor III in Winter Haven, Florida to a wealthy family of fruit growers with extensive properties both there and in Waycross, Georgia, where he was... Psychedelic music draws its inspiration from the experience of mind-altering drugs such as cannabis, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy and especially LSD. Characteristic features of the style include modal melodies, lengthy instrumental solos, esoteric lyrics and trippy special effects such as reversed, distorted, delayed and/or phased sounds. ... Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band from San Francisco, a pioneer of the LSD-influenced psychedelic rock movement. ... The Doors self-titled debut (1967) The Doors (formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, California) were a popular and influential American rock band. ... The British Invasion was an influx of rock and roll performers from Great Britain who became popular in the United States, Australia and elsewhere in 1964 ending the years immediately afterward. ... For the undead creature of Vodun lore, see zombie. ... The Moody Blues were originally a British rhythm and blues-based band; they later became best known for psychedelic music and early progressive rock. ... This article is about the rock band. ... The Who in 1968. ... The Beatles (L-R, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, John Lennon), in 1964, performing on The Ed Sullivan Show promoting their first U.S. hit song, I Want To Hold Your Hand, and ushering in the British Invasion of American popular music. ... Little Richard Little Richard (born Richard Wayne Penniman, December 5, 1932 in Macon, Georgia) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist, and an early pioneer of rock and roll. ... Chuck Berry Charles Edward Anderson Berry (born October 18, 1926), better known as Chuck Berry, is a highly influential American guitarist, singer and composer. ... William Smokey Robinson (born February 19, 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American R&B and soul singer and songwriter. ... The Shirelles were an influential American girl group in the early 1960s. ... The Isley Brothers are an American pop, R&B, funk and soul group who began their musical career in Cincinnati in the early 1950s. ...

Woodie Guthrie

Folk-rock drew on the sporadic mainstream success of groups like the Kingston Trio and the Almanac Singers, while Woodie Guthrie and Pete Seeger helped to politically radicalize rural white folk music ^[95]. The popular musician Bob Dylan rose to prominence in the middle of the 1960s, fusing folk with rock and making the nascent scene closely connected to the Civil Rights Movement. He was followed by a number of country-rock bands like The Byrds and the Flying Burrito Brothers, folk-oriented singer-songwriters like Joan Baez and Joni Mitchell, who remained politically activist even after Dylan had begun focusing more on music; by the end of the decade, there was little political or social awareness evident in the lyrics of pop-singer-songwriters like James Taylor and Carol King. Famous picture of Woody Guthrie holding his guitar which has painted on it This machine kills fascists. ... Famous picture of Woody Guthrie holding his guitar which has painted on it This machine kills fascists. ... The Kingston Trio is an American folk group, perhaps the single most prominent one. ... The Almanac Singers were a group of folk musicians who achieved brief popularity in the early 1940s. ... Woodrow Wilson Guthrie (July 14, 1912 - October 3, 1967), known almost universally as Woody, was a folk singer and raconteur who wrote some of Americas best-loved songs. ... Pete Seeger, 1944 Peter Seeger (born May 3, 1919 in New York City), almost always known as Pete Seeger, is a folk singer and political activist. ... Portrait photograph of Bob Dylan taken by Daniel Kramer Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman May 24, 1941) is one of Americas most influential poets, musicians, and songwriters of the twentieth century. ... Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African American and to achieve racial equality. ... The Byrds’ original line-up. ... The Flying Burrito Brothers were an early country rock band, best known for their massively influential debut album, 1969s The Gilded Palace of Sin. ... Joan Baezs 1975 bestseller Diamonds & Rust. ... Self portrait by Joni Mitchell, on the cover of her album Both Sides Now Joni Mitchell, CC (born Roberta Joan Anderson on November 7, 1943, in Fort Macleod, Alberta), is a legendary Canadian musician and painter. ... The term singer-songwriter refers to performers who both write and sing their own material. ... The Best of James Taylor album cover James Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, born in Boston, Massachusetts. ... Carole King (born February 9, 1942) is an American singer and songwriter, most active as a singer during the early to mid 1970s, and active as a successful songwriter considerably longer both before and after her period as a popular singer. ...

	"Mr. Tambourine Man" ( info)
	This helped launch careers of both the performers, The Byrds, and the songwriter, Bob Dylan.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Mr. ... The Byrds’ original line-up. ... Portrait photograph of Bob Dylan taken by Daniel Kramer Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman May 24, 1941) is one of Americas most influential poets, musicians, and songwriters of the twentieth century. ...

Jerry Garcia, Grateful dead frontman

Psychedelic rock was a hard, driving kind of guitar-based rock, closely associated with the city of San Francisco, California, which also produced the pioneering blues-rock singer Janis Joplin, who was originally from Port Arthur, Texas ^[96]. Though Jefferson Airplane was the only psychedelic San Francisco band to have a major national hit, with 1967's "Somebody to Love" and "White Rabbit", the Grateful Dead, a folk, country and bluegrass-flavored jam band, "embodied all the elements of the San Francisco scene and came... to represent the counterculture to the rest of the country" ^[97]; the Grateful Dead also became known for introducing the counterculture, and the rest of the country, to the ideas of people like Timothy Leary, especially the use of hallucinogenic drugs like LSD for spiritual and philosophical purposes ^[98]. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The downtown San Francisco skyline, looking east from the central part of the city. ... Blues Rock or Blues-rock is a fusion genre of music which combines elements of the blues with rock and roll. ... Janis Joplin on the cover of her posthumously released live album In Concert Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) was an American blues-influenced rock singer and occasional songwriter with a distinctive voice. ... Port Arthur is a city located in Jefferson County, and is situated in East Texas. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Grateful Dead in the late 1970s: (from left) Mickey Hart, Phil Lesh, Jerry Garica, Brent Mydland, Bill Kreutzmann, Bob Weir The Grateful Dead, often referred to as The Dead, was an American psychedelia-influenced jam band, formed in 1965 in San Francisco from the remnants of another band, Mother... The term jam band is commonly used to describe psychedelic rock-influenced bands whose concerts largely consist of bands reinterpreting their songs as springboards into extended improvisational pieces of music. ... Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer, psychologist, campaigner for psychedelic drug research and use, 60s counterculture icon and computer software designer. ... D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, commonly called acid, LSD, or LSD-25, is a powerful semisynthetic psychedelic drug. ...

	"White Rabbit" ( info)
	This is by Jefferson Airplane and is one of the most legendary songs of the psychedelic rock genre.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... WhiteRabbit. ... Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band from San Francisco, a pioneer of the LSD-influenced psychedelic rock movement. ... Psychedelic music draws its inspiration from the experience of mind-altering drugs such as cannabis, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy and especially LSD. Characteristic features of the style include modal melodies, lengthy instrumental solos, esoteric lyrics and trippy special effects such as reversed, distorted, delayed and/or phased sounds. ...

Alternative and indie rock

Main articles: Alternative rock and indie rock The terms alternative rock and alternative music1 were coined in the early 1980s to describe punk rock-inspired music genres which didnt fit into the mainstream genres of the time. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ...

Alternative rock is a diverse grouping of rock subgenres that developed from the early 1980s anti-corporate rock of the tail end of the punk rock boom. More specifically, it is made up mostly of genres that appeared in the 1980s and became popular or well known by the 1990s, such as indie rock, post-punk, gothic rock, and college rock. Most alternative bands were unified by their collective debt to punk, which laid the groundwork for underground and alternative music in the 1970s. Though the genre is considered to be rock, some of its genres were influenced by folk music, reggae and jazz music among other genres. Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... Post punk generally refers to the particularly fertile and creative period following the initial punk rock explosion. During the first wave of punk, roughly spanning 1976-1983, bands such as The Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Ramones and The Damned began to challenge the current styles and conventions of rock... Gothic rock evolved out of post punk during the late 1970s. ... In the USA, college rock was a term used to describe 1980s alternative rock bands which combined the experimentation of post punk and new wave with a more melodic pop style. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. ... Reggae is a style of music developed in Jamaica and is closely linked to the Rastafari movement, though not universally popular among Rastafarians. ... For other article subjects named Jazz see jazz (disambiguation). ...

In the United States, many cities developed their own alternative rock scenes, like Minneapolis, Minnesota, Athens, Georgia, Washington, D.C. and, most influentially, Seattle, Washington. The most prominent American bands of this era include Fugazi, Hüsker Dü and Sonic Youth ^[99]. Downtown Minneapolis as viewed from the Stone Arch Bridge Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and the county seat of Hennepin County. ... Downtown Athens, as seen through the University of Georgia arch Athens or Athens-Clarke County is a city located in Clarke County, Georgia, U.S., in the northeastern part of the state, just off of Georgia 316. ... Washington, D.C., short for the District of Columbia (also known as the the District or, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United States of America. ... Seattle skyline City nickname: The Emerald City Location of Seattle in King County and Washington State County King Mayor Greg Nickels (NP) Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 369. ... Alternate meanings: Fugazi (disambiguation) Fugazi (left to right): Ian MacKaye, Brendan Canty, Joe Lally, and Guy Picciotto Fugazi is a post-hardcore group from Washington, D.C., formed in 1987. ... Hüsker Dü was an influential rock music group from Minneapolis/St. ... Current members of Sonic Youth, L to R: Steve Shelley, Thurston Moore, Kim Gordon, Lee Ranaldo, Jim ORourke Sonic Youth are an experimental rock group formed in New York City in 1981. ...

	"Holiday Song" ( info)
	This song is by the Pixies, the biggest band of late 1980s alternative rock.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... HolidaySong. ... Pixies, pictured early in their career - Black Francis, Kim Deal, Dave Lovering, and Joey Santiago Pixies are a rock music group. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... The terms alternative rock and alternative music1 were coined in the early 1980s to describe punk rock-inspired music genres which didnt fit into the mainstream genres of the time. ...

Grunge

Main article: Grunge Grunge music (sometimes also referred to as the Seattle Sound) is a genre of indie rock inspired by hardcore punk, thrash metal, and alternative rock. ...

Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain

Grunge music is an independent-rooted music genre that was inspired by hardcore punk, thrash metal, and alternative rock. Grunge has a "dark, brooding guitar-based sludge" sound ^[100], drawing on elements of earlier bands like Sonic Youth and their use of "unconventional tunings to bend otherwise standard pop songs completely out of shape" ^[101]. With the addition of a "melodic, Beatlesque element" to the sound of bands like Nirvana, grunge became wildly popular across the United States ^[102]. This is a magazine cover. ... This is a magazine cover. ... A music genre is a category (or genre) of pieces of music that share a certain style or basic musical language (van der Merwe 1989, p. ... Hardcore punk (or hardcore) is an intensified version of punk rock usually characterized by short, loud, and often angry songs with exceptionally fast tempos and chord changes. ... Thrash metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music. ... The terms alternative rock and alternative music1 were coined in the early 1980s to describe punk rock-inspired music genres which didnt fit into the mainstream genres of the time. ... Current members of Sonic Youth, L to R: Steve Shelley, Thurston Moore, Kim Gordon, Lee Ranaldo, Jim ORourke Sonic Youth are an experimental rock group formed in New York City in 1981. ... Drummer Dave Grohl, left, guitarist/singer/songwriter Kurt Cobain, center, and bassist Krist Novoselic, right. ...

Grunge became commercially successful in the late 1980s and early 1990s, peaking in mainstream popularity between 1991 and 1994. Bands from cities in the U.S. Pacific Northwest such as Seattle, Washington, Olympia, Washington, and Portland, Oregon, were responsible for creating grunge music and later made it popular with mainstream audiences. The supposed Generation X, who had just reached adulthood as grunge's popularity peaked, were closely associated with grunge, the sound which helped "define the desperation of (that) generation" ^[103]. // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Darker red states are always part of the Pacific Northwest. ... Seattle skyline City nickname: The Emerald City Location of Seattle in King County and Washington State County King Mayor Greg Nickels (NP) Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 369. ... State Capitol and waterfront, Olympia, Washington. ... Portland skyline. ... Generation X is a term used in demographics, the social sciences, and more broadly in popular culture. ...

	"Come As You Are" ( info)
	This song is by Nirvana, who did more than any other group to bring grunge into the mainstream.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... ComeAsYouAre. ... Drummer Dave Grohl, left, guitarist/singer/songwriter Kurt Cobain, center, and bassist Krist Novoselic, right. ...

Soul

Main article: Soul Soul Music is a Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett, published in 1994. ...

	"What'd I Say" ( info)
	This was the most well-known hit from Ray Charles, a noted R&B and soul singer.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... WhatdISay. ... Ray Charles at the piano. ...

Soul music: 1960s

Main articles: Girl group, Motown and album-oriented soul A girl group, as the name implies, is a musical group featuring a group of female singers. ... Motown Record Company, L.P., also known as Tamla-Motown outside of the United States, is a record label specializing in the musical genres of R&B, pop, soul music, and hip-hop music. ...

Soul music: 1970s

Main articles: Philly soul For the American indoor football team, see Philadelphia Soul. ...

Funk

Main article: Funk Funk is a distinct style of music originated by African-Americans, e. ...

Soul music: 1980s and 90s

Main articles: New Jack Swing and neo-soul New jack swing is a hybrid style of rhythm and blues (R&B) or soul music combined with hip hop, popular from the late 1980s to early/mid-1990s. ... Neo soul (also known as nu soul) is a musical genre that fuses R&B, 1970s style soul, and hip hop. ...

Latin music

Main article: Latin music in the United States Latin music has long influenced American popular music, jazz, rhythm and blues and even country music. ...

Tejano

Main article: Tejano music Tejano is also the name of Texans of Spanish origin. ...

Latin music: 1950s

Main articles: Cha-cha-cha, mambo and boogaloo For the dance, see Cha-cha-cha (dance). ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... Boogaloo (shing-a-ling, popcorn music) is a genre of Latin music and dance that was very popular in the United States in the late 1960s. ...

Salsa music

Main article: Salsa music Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Caribbean rhythm that is popular in many Latino countries. ...

Heavy metal

Main article: Heavy metal music Heavy metal is a form of music characterised by aggressive, driving rhythms and highly amplified distorted guitars, generally with grandiose lyrics and virtuosic instrumentation. ...

Heavy metal: 1980s and 90s

Main articles: Hair metal and thrash metal Hair metal is a type of heavy metal music that arose in the late 1970s, in the United States, and was a strong force in popular music throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. ... Thrash metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music. ...

Punk rock

Main article: Punk rock Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ...

Hardcore

Main article: Hardcore punk Hardcore punk (or hardcore) is an intensified version of punk rock usually characterized by short, loud, and often angry songs with exceptionally fast tempos and chord changes. ...

Hardcore was the response of American youths to the worldwide punk rock explosion of the late 1970s. Hardcore stripped punk rock and New Wave of its sometimes elitist and artsy tendencies, resulting in short, fast, and intense songs that spoke to disaffected youth ^[104]. Hardcore exploded in the American metropolises of Los Angeles, Washington, DC, New York and Boston and most American cities had their own local scenes by the end of the 1980s. Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... This article is about the largest city in California. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki (R) Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th-century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ...

Disco

Main article: Disco music Discothèque redirects here. ...

	"Brick House" ( info)
	This song is by The Commodores and is a well-remembered song from one of the biggest bands of the disco era.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... BrickHouse. ... The Commodores was a highly successful soul/funk band in the 1970s. ... Disco is an up-tempo style of dance music (generally between 110 and 136 beats per minute) that originated in the early 1970s, mainly from funk and soul music, popular with audiences in larger cities all over the world, and derives its name from the French word discothèque (meaning...

Electronic music

Main article: House music and techno music House music refers to a collection of styles of electronic dance music, the earliest forms beginning in the early- to mid- 1980s. ... Techno is a form of electronic music that emerged in the mid-1980s and primarily refers to a particular style developed in and around Detroit and subsequently adopted by European producers. ...

Hip hop

Main article: Hip hop music Hip hop music is a style of popular music. ...

Hip hop is a cultural movement, of which music is a part (as are graffiti art and breakdancing). The music is itself composed of two parts, rapping, the delivery of swift, highly rhythmic and lyrical vocals, and DJing, the production of instrumentation either through sampling, instrumentation, turntablism or beatboxing ^[105]. Hip hop is a cultural movement that began amongst urban African American youth in New York and has since spread around the world. ... Graffiti on the banks of the Tiber river in Rome, Italy. ... This USPS stamp depicts an 80s breakdancer and a boombox. ... Rapping is one of the elements of hip hop as well as the distinguishing feature of most hip hop music. ... DJ or dj may stand for Disc jockey, dinner jacket The DeadJournal website, or Djibouti. ... In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or element of a new recording. ... A musical instrument is a device that has been constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. ... Turntablism is a subgenre of pop music which emerged from hip hop. ... Beatboxing is the vocal percussion of hip hop culture and music. ...

Hip hop arose in the early 1970s in Harlem, New York City. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc is widely regarded as the progenitor of hip hop; he brought with him the practice of toasting over the rhythms of popular songs (the root of modern dub music and ragga). In New York, DJs like Kool Herc played records of popular funk, disco and rock songs. Emcees originally arose to introduce the songs and keep the crowd excited and dancing; over time, the DJs began isolating the percussion break of songs (when the rhythm speeds and climaxes), thus producing a repeated beat that the emcees rapped over ^[106]. Harlem is a neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, long known as a major African American cultural and business center. ... Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... Categories: People stubs | Hip hop musicians | Hip hop DJs | 1955 births ... Toasting, chatting, or DJing is the act of talking or chanting over a rhythm or beat. ... Dub is a form of Jamaican music, which developed in the early 1970s. ... Raggamuffin (or ragga) is a kind of reggae that includes digitized backing instrumentation. ... Percussion instruments are music instruments played by being struck, shaken, rubbed or scraped, hence the percussive name. ...

Rapping included greetings to friends and enemies, exhortations to dance and colorful, often humorous boasts. By the beginning of the 1980s, there had been popular hip hop songs like "Rappers Delight" by the Sugarhill Gang and the major celebrities of the scene, like LL Cool J and Kurtis Blow. Other performers experimented with politicized lyrics and social awareness, while others performed fusions with jazz, heavy metal, techno, funk and soul. // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... Rappers Delight is a 1979 (see 1979 in music) single by American hip hop trio The Sugarhill Gang; it is widely acknowledged as the first hip hop hit single. ... The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop group, known mostly for one hit, Rappers Delight, the first hip hop single to become a Top 40 hit. ... LL Cool J James Todd Smith (born January 14, 1968) is an American hip hop artist better known by his stage name, LL Cool J (an acronym for Ladies Love Cool James). He is best known for romantic ballads like I Need Love as well as hardcore rap like I... Kurtis Blow, (born Curtis Walker on August 9, 1959), is one of the most influential early rappers and hip hops first mainstream star. ... Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. ... Heavy metal is a form of music characterised by aggressive, driving rhythms and highly amplified distorted guitars, generally with grandiose lyrics and virtuosic instrumentation. ... Techno is a form of electronic music that emerged in the mid-1980s and primarily refers to a particular style developed in and around Detroit and subsequently adopted by European producers. ... Funk is a distinct style of music originated by African-Americans, e. ... Soul Music is a Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett, published in 1994. ...

Hip hop began to diversify in the latter part of the 1980s. New styles appeared, like alternative hip hop and the closely related jazz rap fusion, pioneered by rappers like De La Soul and Guru. The crews Public Enemy and N.W.A. did the most during this era to bring hip hop to national attention; the former did so with incendiary and politically charged lyrics, while the latter became the first prominent example of gangsta rap. Alternative hip hop (also known as underground hip hop, Bohemian hip hop, or Backpacker rap) is a style of hip hop music distinguished by socio-political lyrics, sparse beats that sample few and/or unusual sources(see jazz rap), often include live instrumentation, and uniquely positive rhymes. ... Jazz rap is a fusion of alternative hip hop music and jazz, developed in the very late 1980s and early 1990s. ... Album cover of 3 Feet High and Rising De La Soul is a massively influential alternative hip hop group, best known for their eclectic sampling and quirky, surreal lyrics, and their contributions to the evolution of the jazz rap subgenre. ... Guru Guru (Gifted Unlimited Rhymes Universal) is an alternative rapper, best known for his pioneering work in the fusion of jazz and rap. ... The Public Enemy logo. ... N.W.A (the abbreviation stands for Niggaz with Attitude) was a hip hop group that popularized gangsta rap with the groundbreaking Straight Outta Compton (1989) album, a vicious hardcore record that became an underground hit notorious for its hardcore lyrics, especially those of Fuck Tha Police, which resulted in... Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop music which involves a lyrical focus on the lifestyles of inner-city thugs, criminals and gangsters. ...

	"Follow the Leader" ( info)
	This song is by Eric B. & Rakim and is sometimes considered the peak of the golden age of old school hip hop.
	Problems listening to the file? See media help.

File links The following pages link to this file: Apollo 8 Accordion Antonio Vivaldi Aramaic language Symphony No. ... Follow the Leader. ... Eric B. & Rakim Eric B. & Rakim was an East Coast hip hop duo that popularized the James Brown-sampled funky hip hop of the late 1980s. ... Old school hip hop is the very first hip hop to come out of the block parties of New York City in the 1970s and early 1980s. ...

Gangsta rap

Main article: Gangsta rap Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop music which involves a lyrical focus on the lifestyles of inner-city thugs, criminals and gangsters. ...

Gangsta rap is a kind of hip hop, most importantly characterized by a lyrical focus on macho sexuality, physicality and a dangerous, criminal image. Craig Werner notes that black hip hop performers were pressured into projecting images that fit into "white stereotypes of black life as primal, sexual violent... (as) hip-hop gained popularity, musicians who'd actually lived something resembling the life they sang about... faced the temptation (of) catering to the fantasies of the young white men who made up the majority of gangsta rap's audience" ^[107].

Dr. Dre

Though the origins of gangsta rap can be traced back to the mid-1980s raps of Philadelphia's Schoolly D and the West Coast's Ice-T, the style is usually said to have begun in the Los Angeles and Oakland area, where Too $hort, NWA and others found their fame. This West Coast rap scene spawned the early 1990s G-funk sound, which paired gangsta rap lyrics with a thick and hazy tone, often relying on samples from 1970s P-funk; the best-known proponents of this sound were the breakthrough rappers Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg. common pic of Dr. Dre, uploaded under fair use This work is copyrighted. ... common pic of Dr. Dre, uploaded under fair use This work is copyrighted. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... // Background Schoolly D is the moniker of Jesse B. Weaver, Jr. ... See: West Coast of the United States West Coast, New Zealand West Coast, Tasmania This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Ice T Tracy Marrow (born February 16, 1958 in Newark, New Jersey), better known as Ice-T or Ice T, is an American rapper, singer, actor, and former pimp. ... Too Short, or Too $hort, (born Todd Anthony Shaw on April 28, 1966) is a rapper who started his career in his hometown of Oakland, California. ... NWA is a three-letter abbreviation for National Weather Association, meteorological society based in Charlottesville, Virginia. ... In the 1980s, hip hop music began to break into the mainstream of the United States. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... G-funk, an abbreviation of Gangsta-funk, is a type of hip hop music that emerged from West Coast gangsta rap in the early 1990s. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... P-Funk is an abbreviated, compound name for two bands, Parliament and Funkadelic. ... Dr. Dre This article is about the Los Angeles rapper and producer Dr Dre. ... Snoop Dogg Calvin Cordozar Broadus (born October 20, 1971 in Long Beach, California) is a rap musician and actor. ...

Musical institutions

Main category: Category:American orchestras

Many American cities are home to a orchestra, with the most prominent including the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic, the oldest symphony in the country. There is also a National Symphony Orchestra. Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Orchestra at City Hall (Edmonton). ... The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (ASO) is an American orchestra based in Atlanta, Georgia. ... The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the worlds most renowned orchestras. ... The San Francisco Symphony is a major orchestra based in San Francisco, California. ... The Los Angeles Philharmonic is an orchestra based in Los Angeles, California, USA. From 1964 to 2003, the orchestra played its concerts in the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Los Angeles Music Center. ... The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, based in Chicago, Illinois, is one of the leading orchestras in the world. ... The New York Philharmonic is an American orchestra based in New York City. ... The National Symphony Orchestra in Washington DC is a major symphony orchestra that performs at the Kennedy Center. ...

There are a number of non-profit organizations in the United State that promote music in various aspects, such as ethnic folk music or music education. The Save the Music foundation, which promotes musical education and enrichment, is very well-known. A non-profit organization (sometimes abbreviated to not-for-profit or non-profit) is an organization whose primary objective is to support some issue or matter of private interest or public concern for non-commercial purposes. ...

Music education

Main article: Music education in the United States

Music festivals and holidays

Christmas

Main article: Christmas music The 1995 re-release album cover of White Christmas A Christmas song is a song which is normally sung during the Christmas period, and usually has some Christmas or winter related theme. ...

References

• "Nashville sound/Countrypolitan". Allmusic. URL accessed on June 6, 2005.
• Baraka, Amiri (Leroi Jones) (1963). Blues People: Negro Music in White America. William Morrow. ISBN 068818474X.
• Blush, Steven (2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. ISBN 09229157177.
• Chase, Gilbert (2000). America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 025200454X.
• Clarke, Donald (1995). The Rise and Fall of Popular Music. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312115733.
• Collins, Ace (1996). The Stories Behind Country Music's All-Time Greatest 100 Songs. Boulevard Books. ISBN 1572970723.
• Crawford, Richard (2001). America's Musical Life: A History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393048101.
• Ewen, David (1957). Panorama of American Popular Music. Prentice Hall.
• Ferris, Jean (1993). America's Musical Landscape. Brown & Benchmark. ISBN 0697125165.
• Garofalo, Reebee (1997). Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0205137032.
• Gillett, Charlie (1970). The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll. Outerbridge and Dienstfrey. ISBN 0285626191.; cited in Garofalo
• "Band Music From the Civil War Era". Library of Congress. URL accessed on June 13, 2005.
• Lipsitz, George (1982). Class and Culture in Cold War America. {{{Publisher. {{{ID}}}.}|ID=ISBN 0030592070}}
• Lomax, Alan (1960). The Folksongs of North America in the English Language. Doubleday and Company.; cited in Nettl
• Malone, Bill C. (1985). Country Music USA: Revised Edition. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292710968.; cited in Garofalo
• Marcus, Greil (June 24, 1993). "Is This the Woman Who Invented Rock and Roll?: The Deborah Chessler Story". Rolling Stone: 41.; cited in Garofalo
• Nettl, Bruno (1965). Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• Palmer, Robert (April 19, 1990). "The Fifties". Rolling Stone: 48.; cited in Garofalo
• "Hank Williams". PBS' American Masters. URL accessed on June 6, 2005.
• Ward, Ed, Geoffrey Stokes and Ken Tucker (1986). Rock of Ages: The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll. Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0671544381.
• Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.) (2000). Rough Guide to World Music. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1858286360.
• "Nashville Sound". Roughstock's History of Country Music. URL accessed on June 6, 2005.
• Sawyers, June Skinner (2000). Celtic Music: A Complete Guide. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306810077.
• Struble, John Warthen (1995). The History of American Classical Music. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 081602927.
• Szatmary, David P (2000). Rockin' in Time: A Social History of Rock-And-Roll. Prentice Hall. ISBN 013022636.
• van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0193161214.
• Vibe magazine (1999). The Vibe History of Hip Hop. Vibe magazine. ISBN 0609805037.
• Werner, Craig (1998). A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race and the Soul of America. Plume. ISBN 0452280656.

June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...

Notes

1. ^  Provine, Rob with Okon Hwang and Andy Kershaw. "Our Life Is Precisely a Song" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 167 Andy Kershaw, a BBC radio DJ, remarks that North Korea is the only country on earth where I have not, at some stage, heard country music.
2. ^  Though the scope of the topic music of the United States necessarily includes the non-state territories, the music of these regions is generally quite distinct from the rest of the country, and has more in common with regional neighbors than the more distant mainland. This article, therefore, will focus on the fifty states and the music of Washington D.C., discussing the musics of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa and Virgin Islands only in as much as they have had on effect on the more general aspects of American music.
3. ^  Ferris, pg. 11 American rhythms, metered or unmetered, are often more flexible than the rhythms of European music. Western composers have always varied rhythmic effects by placing accents between beats or on normally weak beats in the technique called syncopation. However, the bold and consistent syncopation of some American classical, as well as popular, music has a distinctive flavor. Much of the refreshing spontaneity we associate with some characteristically American pieces is in fact derived from their delightfully asymmetrical rhythms. (paragraph break) The long, irregular melodies of a number of American vocal and instrumental works are sometimes thought to reflect the wide-open spaces of our land. These flexible melodies also seem to suggest the informality and the sense of personal freedom characteristic of American life. Composers sometimes quote or imitate a familiar American melody for programmatic or nationalistic effect. For example, some American have used black spirituals, Indian melodies, cowboy songs or early American hymn tunes as musical references to particular American experiences. (emphasis in original)
4. ^  Nettl, pg. 180
5. ^  Struble, pg. xvii
6. ^  Rolling Stone, pg. 18 At first, it was a body of music that combined the depth and drama of the classics with undemanding technique, eschewing complexity in favor of direct expression. If it was vocal music, the words would be in English, despite the snobs who declared English an unsingable language. In a way, it was part of the entire awakening of America that happened after the Civil War, a time in which American painters, writers and 'serious' composers addressed specifically American themes. (quotations around serious in original)
7. ^  Ferris, pgs. 18-20 Ferris notes the use of three instruments in three families: percussion, wind and string, though gives no examples of the latter in use. She names five basic types of instruments: rattles, rasps, drums, whistles and flutes, elsewhere also noting the rare use of trombone and panpipes in isolated areas. She characterizes Native American music as essentially song, generally monophonic, utilizing vocables and descending melodic phrases and usually accompanied by one or more rattles or drums, providing a percussive effect. Ferris does not mention the use of choral vocals.
8. ^  Means, Andrew. "Hey-Ya, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 594 Some insist that in essence it goes back hundreds, maybe thousands of years; others that it was created as a tourist spectacle by traders and Indian agents around the turn of the century. The truth probably embraces part of each theory. In context, the turn of the century can only be the 20th century. Means' qualifier of in essence is important, because any Native American music that predates European contact is folk music, which evolves steadily over time; thus, any music played hundreds or thousands of years ago either had little to do with modern native folk music or else represents a profound and unique exception to the ordinary evolution of folk music. The atmosphere and purpose surrounding modern powwows may, of course, extend prior to European contact, but due to a lack of written records, this is purely speculative.
9. ^  Cooper, Mike. "Steel and Slide Hula Baloos" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 56 Cooper addresses and describes the terms mele and mele hula pahu.
10. ^  Nettl, pg. 171
11. ^  Ewen, pg. 53
12. ^  Szatmary, pg. 2 Torn from their kin, enduring an often fatal journey from their homes in West Africa to the American South, and forced into a servile way of life, Africans retained continuity with their past through music. Szatmary attributes patting juba to an ex-slave writing in 1853.
13. ^  Ferris, pg. 50
14. ^  Ferris, pg. 99
15. ^  Ewen, pg. 54
16. ^  Broughton, Viv and James Attlee. "Devil Stole the Beat" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 569-570 Broughton and Attlee addresses the uses and purposes of spiritual songs with coded messages, citing the examples "Steal Away to Jesus", "Let My People Go" and "Go Down Moses".
17. ^  Ewen, pg. 58
18. ^  Rolling Stone, pg. 20 Ward, Stokes and Tucker cite the lament in the lyrics, the so-called blues scale, with its flatted or indeterminate third and the codified form of the blues with an A A B structure. The explicit timeframe is sourced as scholars usually place the event in the first decade of this century.
19. ^  Clarke, pg. 136
20. ^  Nettl, pg. 201
21. ^  Nettl, pgs. 201-202
22. ^  Lomax, pg. 1, cited in Nettl, pg. 202
23. ^  Barraclough, Nick and Kurt Wolff. "High an' Lonesome" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 536 Barraclough and Wolff describe the religious beliefs of the hillbillies and musical practices of the Holiness Pentecostal and Old Regular Baptist churches, but that Protestant Christian music was an influence on old-time music is an inference. They also introduce the term happy clappy, distinguishing it with scare quotes.
24. ^  Rolling Stone, pg. 51 Monroe was always a hard guy to get along with, and two of the best musicians who had ever played with him, a guitar-and-banjo duo named Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, exited his band to make a more modern, stremalined form of bluegrass music fueled by Scrugg's unusual three-finger banjo-picking style.
25. ^  Merwe, pg. unavailable
26. ^  Kochan, Alexis and Julian Kytasty. "The Bandura Played On" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 1, pg. 308 Kochan and Kytasty describe Humeniuk as King of the Ukrainian Fiddlers, alongside an image of a record entitled Pawlo Humeniuk: King of the Ukrainian Fiddlers, New York 1925-1927: The Early Years, with the apparent logo indicating the label as Arhoolie Polalyric and the number as 7025.
27. ^  Burr, Ramiro. "Accordion Enchilada" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 604 Burr refers to conjunto historian Manuel Peña, but does not provide an explicit citation or quotation, though he is the implied source for the embryonic conjunto form originated in south Texas in the late nineteenth century when German, Czech and Polish immigrants introduced the accordion into the region (emphasis in original). Burr specifically cites as Mexican and European forms: corridos, rancheras, boleros, waltz, polka; a sidebar entitled Conjunto Rhythms cites as rhythmic influences: vals (French waltz), shottis (scottische), mazurka, huapango, cumbia, bolero, ranchera, corrido, the "most prominent" rhythm being the Bavarian oom-pah polka beat (parenthetical descriptors in original).
28. ^  Broughton, Simon. "Rhythm and Jews" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 583 Setting the timeframe as between 1880 and 1924, Broughton claims around three million -- a third of the then population, presumably referring to the Jews of Eastern Europe. Broughton mentions by name Tarras, Kandel and Schwartz, along with Naftule Brandwein, and cites modern klezmer musician and historian Henry Sapoznik in support for his general claim regarding the roots of modern klezmer.
29. ^  Struble, pg. xiv - xv
30. ^  Struble, pg. 2
31. ^  Ewen, pg. 7
32. ^  Struble, pg. 4-5
33. ^  Struble, pg. 4
34. ^  Ferris, pg. 66 The best songs of these "Yankee pioneers" were as rugged, naive, and honest as the sturdy tunesmiths who wrote them. Untouched by the influence of their sophisticated European contemporaries, they relied upon old, familiar techniques and their own honest taste. Colonial Americans, after all, had been out of touch with European music since the early seventeenth century, the very time that tonality was becoming the harmonic system of the Western World. Although aware of the major and minor scales, the singing school masters did not know all the rules of the tonal system. Nor did they feel obliged to conform to those they understood, frequently basing their melodies upon modal or pentatonic scales. The European rules of harmony that governed relationships between "tense" and "relaxed" (or dissonant and consonant) sounds were also quite unfamiliar to American pioneers, whose harmonies were often conceived according to personal taste rather than formal precedent.
35. ^  Crawford, pg. unavailable
36. ^  Chase, pg. unavailable
37. ^  Ewen, pg. 3
38. ^  Clarke, pgs. 1-19
39. ^  Ewen, pg. 153-154
40. ^  Garofalo, pg. 72
41. ^  Ewen, pg. 9
42. ^  Ewen, pg. 11
43. ^  Ewen, pg. 17
44. ^  Struble, pg. xvii
45. ^  Howard, John Tasker, cited in Ewen, pg. 19 (no specific source given)
46. ^  Ewen, pg. 21
47. ^  Ewen, pg. 25
48. ^  Library of Congress: Band Music from the Civil War Era
49. ^  Ewen, pg. 29
50. ^  Ewen, pg. 15
51. ^  Malone, pg. 4, cited in Garofalo, pg. 45
52. ^  Garofalo, pg. 45
53. ^  Sawyers, pg. 191
54. ^  Sawyers, pg. 198
55. ^  Barraclough, Nick and Kurt Wolff. "High an' Lonesome" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 537 Barraclough and Wolff do not purport to explain the European and African roots of the guitar and banjo, only the change from the ubiquitous fiddle-and-banjo to include the guitar.
56. ^  Rolling Stone, pgs. 19-20 Ward, Tucker and Stokes do not cite any explanation for the spread of the guitar aside from the price, which cost between $2.70 and $10.80 through the Sears, Roebuck & Co 1900 catalogue; they also give low prices for pianos, violins and banjos. When these inexpensive musical instruments found their way into the most remote areas of the nation, they inalterably changed centuries of musical traditions. The English/Scottish people of Appalachia, whose ballads had mostly been sung unaccompanied and who used the fiddle as a lead instrument for dancing, began to adapt their traditional melodies to the intonation of the readily available guitar, with its fixed frets. Soon, they started playing guitar chords behind the modal dance melodies that squeezed around them like a tight pair of shoes.
57. ^  Garofalo, pg. 45
58. ^  Collins, pg. 11
59. ^  Garofalo, pg. 74
60. ^  Gillett, pg. 9, cited in Garofalo, pg. 74
61. ^  Werner, pg. 60
62. ^  Garofalo, pg. 75
63. ^  Roughstock
64. ^  PBS American Masters
65. ^  Allmusic
66. ^  Collins, pg. 75
67. ^  Ferris, pg. 228 Conceived as dance music, and long considered a kind of popular or vernacular music, jazz has become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the music of the concert hall.
68. ^  Ferris, pg. 233 Their hot new dance music combined the steady beat and stirring tempo of European march and dance tunes with the subtle and complex syncopations of black African and Caribbean effects.
69. ^  Ferris, pg. 233
70. ^  Garofalo, pg. 71
71. ^  Clarke, pgs. 200-201
72. ^  Garofalo, pg. 72
73. ^  Ferris, pg. 243
74. ^  Clarke, pg. 268
75. ^  Broughton, Viv and James Attlee. "Devil Stole the Beat" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 569 Its seminal figure was a piano player and ex-blues musician by the name of Thomas A. Dorsey (1899-1993), who began composing songs based on familiar spirituals and hymns fused to blues and jazz rhythms. (emphasis in original)
76. ^  Werner, pgs. 4-5
77. ^  Broughton, Viv and James Attlee. "Devil Stole the Beat" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 569 Many of rock'n'roll's characteristics, from rhythms to vocal styles, from dance steps to stagediving, were first conceived on the gospel circuit -- and it's perhaps no surprise that it started early, with Elvis Presley, Little Richard and Jerry Lee Lewis -- among many other American singers -- learning at the feet of gospel's own legends. (emphasis in original)
78. ^  Baraka, pg. 168, cited in Garofalo, pg. 76
79. ^  Garofalo, pg. 76, 78
80. ^  Rolling Stone, pgs. 99-100 Ward, Stokes and Tucker call cover versions the ants at the increasingly sumptuous rhythm-and-blues picnic.
81. ^  Rolling Stone, pgs. 101-102Ward, Stokes and Tucker cite Diddley and Berry, singling out Berry's "Maybellene" for staying in the Top Ten for weeks.
82. ^  Palmer, pg. 48; cited in Garofalo, pg. 95
83. ^  Lipsitz, pg. 214 ; cited in Garofalo, pg. 95
84. ^  Garofalo, pg. 131
85. ^  Gillett, pg. 38; cited in Garofalo, pg. 132
86. ^  Garofalo, pgs. 96-97, 121
87. ^  Garofalo, pg. 121
88. ^  Marcus, pg. , cited in Garofalo, pg. 121
89. ^  Garofalo, pg. 122
90. ^  Garofalo, pg. 131
91. ^  Garofalo, pg. 185
92. ^  Szatmary, pgs. 69-70 Also a guitar enthusiast who had released a few undistinctive singles on his own label in 1960, Dale worked closely with Leo Fender, the manufacturer of the first mass-produced, solid-body electric guitar and the president of Fender Instruments, to improve the Showman amplifier and to develop the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound.
93. ^  Rolling Stone, pg. 251 Though the Beach Boys' instrumental sound was often painfully thin, the floating vocals, with the Four Freshman-ish harmonies riding over a droned, propulsive burden ("inside outside, U.S.A." in "Surfin' U.S.A."; "rah, rah, rah, rah, sis boom bah" in "Be True to Your School"} were rich, dense and unquestionably special.
94. ^  Garofalo, pg. 201
95. ^  Garofalo, pg. 196
96. ^  Clarke, pgs. 476-477
97. ^  Garofalo, pg. 218
98. ^  Garofalo, pg. 218
99. ^  Garofalo, pgs. 446-447
100. ^  Garofalo, pg. 448
101. ^  Garofalo, pg. 451
102. ^  Szatmary, pg. 285 Recording the songs that would become Nevermind, Nirvana added a melodic, Beatlesque element, which had shaped Cobain, Novoselic, and new drummer Dave Grohl.
103. ^  Szatmary, pg. 284 Grunge, growing in the Seattle offices of the independent Sub Pop Records, combined hardcore and metal to top the charts and help define the desperation of a generation.; in context, this presumably refers to Generation X, though that term is not specifically used.
104. ^  Blush, pgs. 12-13
105. ^  Garofalo, pgs. 408-409
106. ^  Vibe, pg. unavailable
107. ^  Werner, pg. 290

Andy Kershaw (born Rochdale, Lancashire, 1959) is a British broadcaster, known predominantly as a champion of world music. ... Country music, formerly called country and western music or country-western, is an amalgam of popular musical forms developed in the southern United States, with roots in traditional folk music, spirituals, and the blues. ... The music of Washington D.C. is known for two primary scenes, hardcore and associated derivatives and a hip hop-dance music hybrid called go go. ... A rasp is a woodworking tool used for shaping wood. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. ... Go Down Moses is an African-American spiritual, that is a retelling of events in the Old Testament of the Bible (Exodus, chapters 3-12), in which God commands Moses to demand the release of the Israelites from bondage in Egypt. ... The corrido is a popular narrative song and poetry form of the mestizo Mexican cultural area (which includes the Southern states of USA, taken from Mexican sovereignship in the midst and late 19th. ... The ranchera is a Mexican music style closely associated with the Mexican mariachi groups which evolved in Jalisco in the post-revolutionary period. ... The bolero is a type of dance and musical form. ... The waltz is a dance in 3/4 time, done primarily in closed position, the commonest basic figure of which is a full turn in two measures using three steps per measure. ... Polka is a type of dance and genre of dance music; it originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, and is still a common genre of Czech folk music; it is also common both in Europe and in the Americas. ... The waltz is a dance in 3/4 time, done primarily in closed position, the commonest basic figure of which is a full turn in two measures using three steps per measure. ... The mazurka is a Polish folk dance in triple time with a usually moderate tempo, containing a heavy accent on the third or second beat. ... The huapango is a lively Mexican dance of Spanish origin that is especially popular in the lands along the Gulf of Mexico. ... Cumbia is a Colombian folk dance and dance music. ... Oom-pah is an onomatopoeic name for a type of Germanic music typically involving brass instruments. ... Naftule Brandwein (1889-1963) was a Jewish clarinettist and one of the most influential figures in the history of klezmer music. ... Henry Sapoznik is an award winning author, record and radio producer and performer of traditional Yiddish and American music. ... Chuck Berry Charles Edward Berry (born October 18, 1926), better known as Chuck Berry, is an American guitarist, singer and composer. ...

Further reading

1. Claghorn, Charles Eugene (1973). Biographical Dictionary of American Music. Parker Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0130763314.
2. Hitchcock, H. Wiley (1999). Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0139076433.
3. Koskoff, Ellen (2000). Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3: The United States and Canada. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0824049446.
4. Seeger, Ruth Crawford (2003). The Music of American Folk Song and Selected Other Writings on American Folk Music. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 1580461360.
5. "Performing Arts, Music". Library of Congress collections. URL accessed on June 13, 2005.

June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about:

Music of the United States

• American Federation of Musicians
• Music Business Journal
• Music Publisher's Association
• Music Library Association
• Recording Industry Asssociation
• American Guild of Music