This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. For the republic in the British Isles governed by Lords Protector, see The Protectorate.

In international law a protectorate is a political entity (a sovereign state or less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal princely state) that formally agrees (voluntarily or under pressure) by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the protector, which engages to protect it (diplomatically or, if needed, militarily) against third parties, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship. The Protectorate in English history refers specifically to the English government of 1653 to 1659 under the direct control of Oliver Cromwell, who assumed the title of Lord Protector of the newly declared Commonwealth of England (later the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) after the English Civil War. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince and is thus a principality taken in the broad sense. ...

Rationale

In the case of so-called amical protection, mainly extended by the great powers to fellow Christian (generally European) states and tiny ones without significant intrinsic importance, the terms may often be very favorable for the protectorate. The political interest of the protector is often moral (a matter of image, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, dynastic, historical or ethno-cultural ties, etc.), and/or countering a rival or enemy power, e.g. preventing the Ottoman empire from maintaining or obtaining control of areas of strategic importance. Even if this involves the very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations, this may constitute no real sacrifice, since they would not have been able to get similar use out of them without the muscle which only the protector can field for its interest.

Often the conditions are far less generous in areas of colonial protection. Here the western powers were generally after real control, so eager to obtain terms that reduced the protectorate to a de facto condition rather similar to a colony, but using the pre-existing native state as an ideal agent of indirect rule; sometimes a protectorate was even established by and/or exercised by the other form of indirect rule: a chartered company, which truly becomes a de facto state 'in' (but geographically overseas) its European home state, allowed to conduct its own foreign policy and generally disposing of its own armed forces. Indirect rule is a type of European colonial policy as practiced in large parts of British India (see Princely states) and elsewhere in the British Empire (including Malaya), in which the traditional local power structure, or at least part of it, is incorporated into the colonial administrative structure. ... The arms of the British South Africa Company A chartered company is an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration and colonisation. ...

In fact, 'protectorates' were even declared which were not even duly entered into by pre-existent traditional states, or only by a party in its internal politics of dubious authority, while colonial 'protectors' frequently decided on their own to 'reshuffle' several protectorates into a new, artificial unit, a logic not quite respectful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain the protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreemeent of February 26, 1895 actually stipulated that the colonial powers could declare a procectorate in Black Africa (the last continent to be further carved up between them) a protecorate could be estiblsihed be diplomatcal notification, even without actual possession on the ground. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as 'colony' and 'protectorate' for an amalgamation, convenient only for the colonizer/protector, of geographically proximious territories over which it held (de facto) sway by protective or 'raw' colonial logic.

In practice, a protectorate often has direct foreign relations only with the protecting power, so other states must deal with it by approaching the protector. Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own, but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.

Protectorates differ from League of Nations Mandates, and similar United Nations Trust Territories, which gave in practice similar authority to "responsible" Western powers or Japan in various areas of the non-European world over former colonial possessions (including protectorates) of the losers in World Wars I and II, since a protectorate formally enters into the protection itself, while the international mandates are imposed upon them by the 'world community-representing body'. Mandates in the Middle east and Africa. ... United Nations Trust Territories were the successors of the League of Nations mandates and came into being when the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946. ...

British & Commonwealth protectorates

Protection is a long-established term in English law for the duty of a sovereign to keep the subject safe from harm, including harm done by the sovereign; the subject has a corresponding duty of allegiance and obedience. Thus, in 1775, George III declared the thirteen colonies "out of his protection" for their disobedience — almost equivalent to a declaration of war. Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ... Allegiance is the duty which a subject or a citizen owes to the state or to the sovereign of the state to which he belongs. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... Betsy Ross purportedly sewed the first American flag with 13 stars and 13 stripes representing each of the 13 states. ...

When the British took over Cephallenia in 1809, they proclaimed that "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as Invaders, with views of conquest, but as Allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection." When the British continued to occupy the Ionian Islands after the Napoleonic wars, they did not formally annex the islands, but described them as a protectorate. The islands were constituted by the Treaty of Paris in 1815 as the independent 'United States of the Ionian Islands' under British protection. Kefalonia also known as Cephalonia, Kefallinia, or Cefalonia (Ancient Greek: Κεφαλλήνια Modern Greek: Κεφαλλονιά), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece. ... // Headline text This article is about the group of islands west of Greece. ... Combatants Allies: • Great Britain/United Kingdom, • Prussia, • Austria, • Sweden, • Russia, • and Others • France • Denmark-Norway • Poland Casualties Full list The Napoleonic Wars consisted of a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... The Treaty of Paris of 1815 was signed on November 20, 1815, following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. ...

Other British protectorates followed. In 1894 Prime Minister William Gladstone's government officially announced that Uganda was to become a British Protectorate, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled civil service. Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a High Commissioner, rather than a Governor. 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... William Ewart Gladstone (December 29, 1809 - May 19, 1898) was a British Liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894). ...

British law made a distinction between a protectorate and protected state. Constitutionally the two were of similar status:

• Britain controlled defence and external relations in both cases
• however in protectorates Britain established an internal government, while in protected states a form of local internal self-government was already in existence.

Persons connected with former British protectorates, protected states, mandated or trust territories may still be British protected persons if they did not acquire the nationality of their country at independence. See British nationality law British Protected Person (BPP) is a form of British nationality under the British Nationality Act 1981. ... British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom concerning British citizenship and other categories of British nationality. ...

Other cases include:

Americas

• Mosquito Coast (amical, over Central America's Miskito Indian nation)

Mosquito Coast, Honduras/Nicaragua The article is about the Central American area. ... For the insect, see mosquito The Miskito are a Native American people in Central America. ...

Middle East

• Aden Protectorates in Yemen (1873-1967)
• Egypt (1882-1922)
• British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1822-1971)
  • Bahrain (1880-1971)
  • Kuwait (1899-1961)
  • Oman (informal; 1891-1971)
  • Qatar (1916-1971)
  • Trucial States, precursor of the UAE (1892-1971)

Aden Protectorate (Arabic: عدن حماية []) (ca. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Regional map showing the word Bahr Fars, (Persian Sea) in Arabic, from the 9th century text Al-aqalim by Persian geographer Istakhri. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... UAE redirects here; for other uses of that term, see UAE (disambiguation) The United Arab Emirates is an oil-rich country situated in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia, comprising seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. ... UAE redirects here; for other uses of that term, see UAE (disambiguation) The United Arab Emirates is an oil-rich country situated in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia, comprising seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ...

South and South East Asia

• Afghanistan
• Bhutan (1910-1947)
• British North Borneo (1888-1946)
• Brunei (1888-1984)
• Federation of Malaya (1948-1957)
  • Federated Malay States (1895-1946)
  • Unfederated Malay States (various-1946)
• Maldives (1887-1965)
• Sarawak (1888-1946)

1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... North Borneo was a British Protectorate and later Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom, situated in what is now the province of Sabah Malaysia. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Federation of Malaya, or in Malay Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, was formed in 1948 from the British settlements of Penang and Malacca and the nine Malay states and replaced the Malayan Union. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Federated Malay States (FMS) was a federation of four states on the Malay Peninsula - Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Negeri Sembilan - established by the British government in 1895, and lasted until 1946, when they together with the Straits Settlements and the Unfederated Malay States formed the Malayan Union. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Unfederated Malay States was a group of five Malay states, namely Johore, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah and Perlis. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... State motto: United, Industrious, Dedicated (Malay: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti ) Capital Kuching Governor T.Y.T Tun Datuk Patinggi Abang Muhammad Salahuddin Chief Minister Y.A.B. Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Bin Mahmud / Pehin Sri Dr. Hj. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Subsaharan Africa

• Basutoland (1868-1871, 1884-1966)
• British Central Africa (1893-1907)
• British East Africa Protectorate (1895-1920)
• British Somaliland (1887-1960)
• Bechuanaland Protectorate (1884-1966)
• Gambia Protectorate (1894-1965)
• Gold Coast Protectorate (1902-1957)
• Kenya Protectorate (1920-1963)
• Northern Rhodesia (1924-1964)
• Nyasaland Protectorate (1907-1964)
• in present Nigeria: Bight of Biafra, Bight of Benin and after their merger Bight of Biafra and Benin Niger Coast Protectorate; Northern Nigeria Protectorate and Southern Nigeria Protectorate (established 16 Jul 1884 over Brass, Bonny, Opobo, Aobh and Old Calabar (excluding Lagos), confirmed 5 Jun 1885), as Oil Rivers Protectorate)
• Sierra Leone as a whole was no protectorate but a crown colony (1896-1961); however within a few monarchies were not eliminated:
  • the Shenge kingdom founded by the Caulker family (Plantatin Island) in 1810, since 1861 under British protectorate, in 1888 incorporated into Sierra Leone (dynasty ended)
  • Temne (Koya-Temne) kingdom (ruler style Bais) since 31 August 1896 a British protectorate.
• Swaziland (1902-1968)
• Uganda Protectorate (1894-1962)
• Walvis Bay protectorate (1878-1884)
• Zanzibar (1890-1963)

The mountainous and largely arid land that came to be Basutoland was populated by San (bushmen, Qhuaique) until the end of the 16th century. ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... Flag of British Central Africa The British Central Africa Protectorate existed in the area of present-day Malawi between 1891 and 1907. ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The East Africa Protectorate was a British dependency extending from the Indian Ocean inland to Uganda. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... The British Somaliland Protectorate was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, later part of Somalia. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... The Bechuanaland Protectorate (BP) was a protectorate established on March 31, 1885 by Britain in the area of what is now Botswana. ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Flag of Northern Rhodesia. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... The Republic of Malawi is a land-locked nation in east Africa. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... The Niger Coast Protectorate was a British protectorate in the Oil Rivers area of present-day Nigeria, originally established as the Oil Rivers Protectorate in 1891, renamed on 12 May 1893, and merged with the chartered territories of the Royal Niger Company on 1 January 1900 to form the colony... Northern Nigeria was a British colony formed in 1900 from the interior territories of the Royal Niger Company, north from about where the Niger River and Benin River joined at Lokoja. ... Southern Nigeria was a British protectorate in the coastal areas of modern-day Nigeria, formed in 1900 from union of the Niger Coast Protectorate with territories chartered by the Royal Niger Company below Lokoja on the Niger River. ... The Niger Coast Protectorate was a British protectorate in the Oil Rivers area of present-day Nigeria, originally established as the Oil Rivers Protectorate in 1884, renamed on 12 May 1893, and merged with the chartered territories of the Royal Niger Company on 1 January 1900 to form the colony... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Bais may refer to: Bais City, a city located in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines Bais, a commune of the Ille-et-Vilaine département, in France Bais, a commune of the Mayenne département, in France Bais Rajputs, Rajputs/kshatriya living in Unnao/Raibarely dist of UP India... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar (IPA pronunciation: ), as used today, is the collective name for two East African islands off mainland Tanzania: Unguja (also called Zanzibar) and Pemba. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ...

Oceania

• British Solomon Islands (1893-1978)
• Cook Islands (1888-1901)
• Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1892-1916)
• Niue (1900-1901)
• Tokelau (1877-1916)
• Tonga (1900-1970)

1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Gilbert and Ellice Islands were a British protectorate from 1892 and colony from 1916 — until 1 January 1976 when the islands were divided into two different colonies which became independent nations shortly after. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ...

Other protectorates

Dutch

• various sultanates in the Dutch East Indies (present Indonesia)

The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ...

German

• the German Empire (Second Reich) used the word Schutzgebiet, literally 'protectorate', for its true colonies as well.

Cases involving indirect rule include: In the Pacific: Motto: Gott mit Uns (German: God with us”) Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I   Capital Berlin Official language(s) German Minor language(s) Polish (Posen, Upper Silesia, Masuria) French (Elsass-Lothringen) Government Constitutional Monarchy  - First Kaiser Wilhelm I...

• German New Guinea
• Nauru, various officials posted with the Head Chiefs
• northern Solomon islands

In Africa: German New Guinea (Ger. ...

• sultanate of Witu, in Kenya
• German South-West Africa (later Namibia)
• Rwanda, a Resident with the native Mwami (king)
• Urundi, a Resident with the native Mwami (king; 1908 Sultan)

Besides these colonial uses, within Europe the Nazi Third Reich established: Wituland (also Witu or Swahililand) was an approximately 3000 km² territory in East Africa centered on the town of Witu just inland from Indian Ocean port of Lamu north of the mouth of the Tana River in what is now Kenya. ... Flag of German South West Africa German South-West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika, DSWA) was a colony of Germany from 1884 until 1915, when it was taken over by South Africa and administered as South-West Africa, finally becoming Namibia in 1990. ... Motto: Unité, Travail, Progrès (French: Unity, Work, Progress) Anthem: Burundi bwacu Capital Bujumbura Largest city Bujumbura Official language(s) Kirundi and French Government President Republic Pierre Nkurunziza Independence  - Date From Belgium July 1, 1962 Area  â€¢ Total  â€¢ Water (%)   27,830 km² (142nd) 7. ...

• Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 1939 to 1945 (a nazi puppet regime in Czechia)
• Slovakia from 1939 to 1945, the German representative being officially a diplomat styled Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary.

Flag of the Protectorate The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (in German: Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren, in Czech: Protektorát Čechy a Morava) was the ethnic-Czech protectorate (in fact a puppet state) of the German Reich established in the central parts of Bohemia and Moravia. ...

French

• Saar, not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany that would by referendum return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former League of Nations mandate

Most French protectorates were rather colonial: The Saar, corresponding to the current German state of Saarland, was a protectorate under French control between 1947 and 1959. ...

In Asia:

• In present India: Arkat (Arcot/Carnatic) was 1692 - 1750 a French protectorate until 1763 independence recognized under British protectorate
• In Indochina:
  • Cambodia 11 August 1863 French protectorate
  • Annam and Tonkin 6 June 1884
  • Laos 3 October 1893 French protectorate

In North African and Indian Ocean Muslim cultures: Arcot is a city and metropolitan district in Vellore District of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Annam, literally meaning Pacified South, is a region of central Vietnam that fell under Chinese rule in 111 BC as Annan (安南). Known locally as Trung Bộ, meaning Central Boundary, it was formerly a kingdom the size of Sweden with its capital at Huế. It had been seized by the French... Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Chinas Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces, east of northern Laos, and west of the Gulf of Tonkin. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

• Comoros 21 April 1886 French protectorate (Anjouan *) till 25 Jul 1912 annexed
• present Djibouti was orginally, since 24 June 1884, the Territory of Obock and Protectorate of Tadjoura (Territoires Française d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as French Somaliland (Côte Française des Somalis).
• Mauritania on 12 May 1903 French protectorate; within Mauritanian several traditional states:
  • Adrar emirate since 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish)
  • the Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), since 1905 under French protectorate.
  •  ? Brakna confederation's emirate
  • Trarza confederation's emirate since 15 December 1902 a French protectorate
• Morocco - most of the sultanate was 30 March 1912 - 2 March 1956 French protectorate *
• over Madagascar Traditional States
  • 6 August 1896 Kingdom of Imerina under French protectorate. 28 February 1897 French Madagascar colony.
• Tunisia 12 May 1881 becomes a French protectorate by treaty. ... 20 March 1956 French protectorate terminated.

In Sub-saharan Africa: April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Adrar, a Berber word meaning mountain, is the name of several areas in Northwest Africa: the province of Adrar, Mauritania the Adrar Plateau in Mauritania the city of Adrar, Algeria Adrar Province, Algeria This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same... Brakna is a region in south-west Mauritania. ... Trarza is a region in south-west Mauritania. ... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in leap years). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

• in Benin traditional states
  • ... 1889 Independent of Danhome, under French protectorate
  • 23 February 1863 - 2 January 1865 Porto-Novo a French protectorate. 19 May 1868 Cotonou a French Protectorate. 14 April 1882 Porto-Novo French protectorate. ...
• in Central African Republic traditional states:
  • 12 December 1897 French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French)
  • 1894 French protectorate over the Sultanate of Bangassou *
• present Burkina Faso was since 20 February 1895 a French protectorate named Haute-Volta ('Upper Volta')
• in Chad: Baghirmi state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate
• Côte d'Ivoire: 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast
• Guinea: 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud).
• in Niger, Damagaram sultanate (later capital Zinder) since 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled Sarkin Damagaram or Sultan)
• in Senegal: 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers

In Oceania: February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Cotonou, population 536,827 (1992), is the seat of government of Benin, though the official capital is Porto-Novo. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... Porto-Novo, population 179,138 (1992), is the official capital of Benin. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Bangassou is a city in the south eastern Central African Republic, lying on the north bank of the Oubangui River. ... February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Upper Volta (French Haute-Volta) was the name of the African country now called Burkina Faso until August 4, 1984. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

• in French Polynesia * 1842 Otaheiti becomes a French protectorate
• on Wallis and Futuna:
  • 4 November 1842 Wallis declared to be a French protectorate by King of Uvea and Captain Mallet of ...
  • 5 April 1887 `Uvea (Wallis) becomes a French protectorate.

November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The uvea (Lat. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...

Italian

Twice in Europe:

• Monaco 20 November 1815 under amical Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia*
• 3 June 1917 Albanian independence from the Ottoman empire under an Italian protectorate declared by Italy (this is opposed by most Albanians).

In the colonial empire: November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

• Ethiopia: the orthodox empire was 2 May 1889 - 26 October 1896 by the Treaty of Uccialli declared a protectorate by Italy (Abyssinian Italian Protectorate); contested by Ethiopia
• in Libya: on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared Cirenaica (Cyrenaica).
• in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate (in the north east; unoccupied until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 Italian Somalia (Italian Somaliland) colony.
  • Majerteen or Harti sultanate since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 Apr 1895), 1927 incorporated into Italian colony.
  • Hobyo sultanate (split off from Majerteen sultanate) since Dec 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 Apr 1895), Oct 1925 incorporated into Italian colony (known as Obbia).

May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Roman Empire ca. ... August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Harti is a Somalian clan. ... Hobyo is an ancient harbor city in the Mudugh region of Somalia. ...

Japanese

• held a protectorate over the monarchy of Korea before annexing that country
• Manchuria

Korea (Korean: (조선 or 한국, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Manchuria (Manchu: Manju; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Simplified Chinese: 满洲; pinyin: Mǎnzhōu, Russian: ) is a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ...

Russian

• Emirate of Bukhara
• Khiva

The Emirate of Bukhara (1747-1920) was a state in Central Asia, with its capital in Bukhara and was a Russian protectorate from 1868. ... Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia, which lies in the present-day Khorezm Province of Uzbekistan. ...

Spanish

• in Morocco 27 November 1912 - 7 April 1956 the so-called Spanish Zone (most of the sultanate was under French protectorate) jalifado *
• in Mauritania: Adrar emirate since 1886 under Spanish protectorate till 9 January 1909, then French protectorate

November 27 is the 331st day (332nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Joint protectorates

compare condominium

• the Adriatic republic of Ragusa (presently Dubrovnic in Croatian Dalmatia) was a joint Habsburg Austrian - Ottoman Turkish protectorate 20 August 1684 - 24 August 1798 - so exceptionally both a Catholic and a Muslim protector
• The United States of the Ionian Islands were a federal Septinsular Republic of seven formerly Venetian (see Provveditore) Ionian islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo and Paxos), officially under joint protectorate of the Allied Christian Powers, de facto a UK amical protectorate.

In international law, a condominium is a territory in which two sovereign powers have equal rights. ... Ragusa can refer to: The city of Ragusa in Sicily, Italy. ... Pontikonisi Island in the background with the Vlaheraina Monastery in the foreground. ... Geography The capital of the Cephallonia prefecture is Argostoli. ... Zakýnthos (Ζάκυνθος, also known as Zante), the third largest of the Ionian Islands, covers an area of 410 square kilometers and its coastline is roughly 123 kilometers in length. ... Lefkada, or Lefkas (Greek: Modern: Λευκάδα, Ancient/Katharevousa: -as) is an Greek island in the Ionian Sea, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge. ... For other places named Ithaca, see Ithaca (disambiguation). ... Kythira, also seen as Kythera, Cythera or Tsirigo, is an island, one of the Ionian Islands. ... Paxi (Greek Παξοί) formerly known as Paxos and sometimes spelled Paxoi, is the smallest of the Ionian Islands. ...

Contemporary usage by the United States

Some agencies of the United States government, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency, still use the term protectorate to refer to insular areas of the United States such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as were the Philippines at the end of Spanish colonial rule. However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) within the United States Department of Interior exclusively uses the term insular area rather than protectorate. The government of the United States, established by the United States Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. ... EPA redirects here. ... An insular area is United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nations federal district. ... The Office of Insular Affairs is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that manages several United States possessions. ... The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally-owned land. ...

See also

• Chinese Protectorate
• suzerainty
• tributary (political)
• Protector (titles for Heads of State and other individual persons)
• British protected person

The Chinese Protectorate was an administrative body responsible for the well-being of ethnic Chinese residents of the Straits Settlements during that territorys British colonial period. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ... The English word Protector, identical to its Latin root, means he who or that which protects, and specifically refers to : Protector was the second submarine built by pioneering American naval engineer Simon Lake In science fiction, Protector is the title of a novel by American writer Larry Niven, featuring Pak... British Protected Person (BPP) is a form of British nationality under the British Nationality Act 1981. ...

Sources and references

(incomplete)

• WorldStatesmen- see each modern state, here grouped by colonial/protecting power
• Nouveau Larousse Illustré, undated, early 20th century, in French

Colonialism
Belgian Empire | British Empire | Danish Empire | Dutch Empire | Empire of Japan | French colonial Empire | German colonial Empire | Italian Empire | Portuguese Empire | Russian Empire | Spanish Empire | Swedish Empire | US-American Empire