NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Amir Abbas Hoveida

Amir Abbas Hoveida, BA (Persian: امیر عباس هویدا;‎ Amīr `Abbās Hoveyda) February 18, 1919 – April 7, 1979), also spelled Hoveyda, was an Iranian politician. He served as Prime Minister of Iran from January 27, 1965 to August 7, 1977. Image File history File linksMetadata Hoveyda5. ... As the result of an amendment to the Constitution of Iran in 1989, there is no longer a post titled Prime Minister of Iran, but Iran has had many prime ministers since the Qajar era, when the country was internationally known as Persia. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... Hasan Mansour was assasniated. ... Jamshid Amuzegar (1923 - ); former Iranian Prime Minister. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Tehran (also spelled Teheran) (تهران in Persian), population 8,000,000 (metropolitan: 10,000,000), is the capital of Iran and one of the major world cities. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). ... Tehran (also spelled Teheran) (تهران in Persian), population 8,000,000 (metropolitan: 10,000,000), is the capital of Iran and one of the major world cities. ... Bachelor of Arts (B.A., BA or A.B.), from the Latin Artium Baccalaureus is an undergraduate bachelors degree awarded for either a course or a program in the liberal arts or the sciences, or both. ... Persian (local name: FÄrsÄ« or PÄrsÄ« ) is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, India, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). ... As the result of an amendment to the Constitution of Iran in 1989, there is no longer a post titled Prime Minister of Iran, but Iran has had many prime ministers since the Qajar era, when the country was internationally known as Persia. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... August 7 is the 219th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (220th in leap years), with 146 days remaining. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...

Early life

Born in Tehran to Habibollah Hoveida (Ayn al-Molk), a seasoned diplomat most prominent during the latter years of the Qajar dynasty, and Afsar al-Moluk, a descendent of the very royal family the senior Hoveida would serve for much of his adult life. Because of the responsibilities borne by diplomats such as Ayn al-Molk, the Hoveida family was never fixed in one residence for any prolonged length of time. This nomadic existence is clearly evident in Amir Abbas’ education. Studying in various countries gave Hoveida a unique cosmopolitan flair that would remain being his most enduring characteristic. During the family’s stay in Beirut, Lebanon, Hoveida attended Lycee Francais, an institution affiliated with the French government. His love for France and its culture are rooted in his tutelage at the lycee. French literary works by the likes of Andre Gide, Andre Malraux, Moliere, and Baudelaire, captivated the young Hoveida and gave way for his intellectual growth. Some pundits suggest that it was Hoveida’s intellectual prowess which initially attracted him into the shah’s folds. For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... The Qajar dynasty ( ) (Persian: â€Ž - or Ø¯ÙˆØ¯Ù…Ø§Ù† Ù‚Ø§Ø¬Ø§Ø± - QÃ¢jÃ¢r) was the ruling family of Persia from 1781 to 1925. ... Beirut ( translit: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... LycÃ©e FranÃ§ais (French lyceum) is the name given to a private school belonging to a network of over 400 schools worldwide. ... This article is about the political and administrative structures of the French government. ... Andr Paul Guillaume Gide (November 22, 1869 - February 19, 1951) was a French author and spokesman for gay rights. ... Andr Malraux, French author, adventurer and statesman Andr Malraux (November 3, 1901 - November 23, 1976) was a French author, adventurer and statesman. ... Molière, engraved frontispiece to his Works Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known as Molière (January 15, 1622 - February 17, 1673), was a French theatre writer, director and actor, one of the masters of comic satire. ... Charles Baudelaire Charles Pierre Baudelaire (April 9, 1821–August 31, 1867) was one of the most influential French poets. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until...

Hoveida’s desire to attend a French university in 1938 made the young student jump the gun by entering the country of his dreams without completing specific high school prerequisites required for entry. Cited as being the main reason behind Hoveida’s organizational miscalculation was the possibility of military action by an ostensibly belligerent Nazi Germany. Any future occupation of the country would have hindered his chances of attending a French university. Stranded in France, Hoveida decided to complete the required high school credits in London, England, a city that would come to depress the young man. Aside from completing his educational requisites, Hoveida was able to sharpen his command of the English language. His ability to communicate in several languages, including Persian, French, English, Italian, German, and Arabic, helped him climb the political ladder later on in life. Hoveida’s return to France in 1939 would be short lived, nevertheless, due to a brewing diplomatic scuffle between the French government and Reza Shah Pahlavi. Having no choice but to leave France again, Hoveida enrolled at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles in Brussels, Belgium, during the same year. His stay at the university would be markedly ephemeral because of the effects of the German Blitzkrieg which used Belgian territory as an entry route into France. After being displaced for a short time, Hoveida was able to return to the Belgian university, obtaining a bachelor’s degree in Political Science in 1941, under the ever watchful eye of the occupying German administration. A listing of universities and major tertiary education institutions in France. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Persian (local name: FÄrsÄ« or PÄrsÄ« ) is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, India, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Shah Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877–July 26, 1944), called Reza Shah the Great after his death, was Shah of Persia (later Iran) from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. ... The Université Libre de Bruxelles (or ULB) is a French-speaking university in Brussels, Belgium. ... Nickname: The Capital Of Europe, Comic City City of a 100 Museums Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Coordinates: Country Belgium Region Brussels-Capital Region Founded 979 Founded (Region) June 18, 1989 Mayor (Municipality) Freddy Thielemans Area - City 162 (Region) kmÂ² (62. ... The defining characteristic of what is commonly known as Blitzkrieg is that it is a highly mobile form of mechanized warfare. ... Political science is the field of the social sciences concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

Soldier and Foreign Ministry official

Upon his return to Iran in 1942, Hoveida rested for a few months before enlisting as a soldier in Iran’s national army. His plan at the time was to use his experience as a conscript to supplement his seniority at the Foreign Ministry where he applied for employment prior to being drafted. Because of his higher education, Hoveida was able to bypass boot camp and directly enter the Officer’s Academy. Iran’s modern Prime Ministers, until that point, were able to avoid military service through the help of intricate aristocratic networks and exploiting loopholes in the system, but Hoveida voluntarily chose to enlist, making him the only Iranian Prime Minister to have previously served as a conscript. Although rooted in aristocracy himself, Hoveida’s decision is portentous in the sense that resources that were readily available for his predecessors were often scarce for the young government official. Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... In the period after 1935, when the country (formerly known as Persia) came to be called Iran, the military of Iran has engaged in one major conflict, and has supported at least one proxy army. ... A foreign minister is a cabinet minister that helps to form foreign policy for sovereign nations. ... Alternative meaning: Prime Minister (band) A prime minister is the leading member of the cabinet of the top level government in a parliamentary system of government of a country, alternatively A prime minister is an official in a presidential system or semi-presidential system whose duty is to execute the... As the result of an amendment to the Constitution of Iran in 1989, there is no longer a post titled Prime Minister of Iran, but Iran has had many prime ministers since the Qajar era, when the country was internationally known as Persia. ...

The Foreign Ministry dispatched a message eight months later confirming Hoveida’s appointment. To some, the quick application process is evidence enough to suggest that there were influential forces that helped expedite Hoveida’s subsequent employment. These claims, however, are often based on hearsay rather than substantiated facts. During his time in the Ministry, Hoveida befriended many elements of Iranian high society, including the likes of Sadeq Hedayat and Sadeq Chubak. His affinity for the country’s intelligentsia is clearly observed in his earlier strategy as PM. By trying to consolidate the partnership between the monarchial regime and the intellectual opposition, Hoveida believed that the incremental reforms he desired would bear fruit. Others like Jalal al-e Ahmad, writer and social and political critic, saw Hoveida’s ‘infiltration’ of Iran’s intellectual ranks as a form of sycophancy. On the other hand, Hedayat and other eccentric characters were quick to identify and repel opportunists who were attempting to leech off their social status. Hedayat and others never distanced themselves from Hoveida, symbolizing the latter’s authenticity. Sadegh (or Sadeq) Hedayat (in Persian: ØµØ§Ø¯Ù‚ Ù‡Ø¯Ø§ÛŒØª), is Irans foremost modern writer of prose fiction and short stories. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Jalal Al-e-Ahmad (Ø¬Ù„Ø§Ù„ Ø¢Ù„ Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯)â€Ž (1923-1969) was an Iranian writer and social/political critic. ... Sadegh (or Sadeq) Hedayat (in Persian: ØµØ§Ø¯Ù‚ Ù‡Ø¯Ø§ÛŒØª), is Irans foremost modern writer of prose fiction and short stories. ... Sadegh (or Sadeq) Hedayat (in Persian: ØµØ§Ø¯Ù‚ Ù‡Ø¯Ø§ÛŒØª), is Irans foremost modern writer of prose fiction and short stories. ...

As Hoveida garnered more experience, opportunities within Iran’s governmental apparatus were becoming available to him. In August 1944, for instance, he accepted a position to accompany Zein al-Abedin Rahnema, Iran’s minister plenipotentiary, to France. Being an avid Francophile, Hoveida would enjoy his time as an embassy official, but he would soon be entangled in an international scandal that would taint him for the rest of his life. The “Paris Story” recounts the illegal importation of financial assets, stored in Swiss banks during the war for security purposes, from Switzerland into the coffers of wealthy French businessmen in 1945. To avoid border taxes, diplomatic personnel were persuaded to act as the intermediary, simply because embassy vehicles were, by law, unable to be searched. Although Hoveida never had anything to do with the illegal transfers, his mere association with some of those indicted, including Rahnema, was enough for him to be used as a scapegoat in the affair. Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... The term plenipotentiary (from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power) refers to, as a noun, a person who has, or as an adjective that confers, full powers. ... A Francophile is term given to people with a severe mental illness: its symptoms are a craven attitude towards fighting to preserve what is claimed to be loved, a belief that the French Emprie was and is vastly superior to the British (a falsehood) and an habitual insertion of... Swiss banks are world-renowned for their stability, privacy and protection of clients. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... The Scapegoat by William Holman Hunt, 1854. ...

Aside from experience, patronage from the likes of Abdullah Entezam, an independent minded diplomat of “sterling reputation,” served to aid Hoveida’s ascendance to the upper echelons of public office. With the autocratic mandate of Mohammad Reza Shah seeping through every crevice of Iranian society, the only way to obtain high ranking positions in any societal position was through crucial internal patronage, reinforcement Hoveida sufficiently lacked prior to working with Entezam. The two first got to work together when Hoveida was stationed in Stuttgart, West Germany. While there in 1947, Hoveida was assigned with the task of negotiating over deals made between Iran and Nazi Germany. The most notable case involved Iran’s purchase of factory equipment required for the construction of a steel mill, in which the transaction of the material components were never successfully completed. Image File history File links Entezam2. ... Image File history File links Entezam2. ... Generally, patronage is the act of a so-called patron who supports or favors some individual, family, group or institution. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... Stuttgart [], located in southern Germany, is the capital of the state of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg with a population of approximately 590,000 (as of September 2005) in the city and around 3 million in the metropolitan area. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

In 1950, Hoveida returned to an ever changing Iran once again. This time, he would be caught in one of the most tumultuous periods of Iran’s modern period. As Hoveida toiled away at a notably boring job as assistant director of the public relations office at the Foreign Ministry, Mohammad Mossadegh was mobilizing nationalist sentiment as he rose to power. During this period, Entezam was appointed as minister of foreign affairs, allowing Hoveida to assume a more intellectually stimulating role as Entezam’s executive secretary. His tenure did not last long before Mossadegh was appointed Prime Minister, dissolving the former cabinet along with Hoveida’s job. 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mohammed Mossadegh (Persian: محمد مصدق‎) (May 19, 1882 - March 4, 1967) was prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. ... Mohammed Mossadegh (Persian: محمد مصدق‎) (May 19, 1882 - March 4, 1967) was prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

Leaving Iran once again in 1952, Hoveida was able to secure a position with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees through the help of his European contacts. As a liaison officer, he was given the task of visiting various continents, including Asia, Africa, and the Americas, promulgating the plight of refugees and in effect receiving several commendations from high ranking UN officials. 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Headquartereded in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (established December 14, 1950) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement. ... This article is about the continent. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas consists of the land in the Western hemisphere. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ...

The Iranian embassy in Turkey would serve to be Hoveida’s final official position outside Iran’s frontiers. Assistant to the ambassador, who so happened to be the father of his good friend, Hassan-Ali Mansour, Hoveida would make a quick exit after Mansour’s father was replaced by an authoritarian army general in 1957. Hasan Mansour was assasniated. ... Mansour is a district in Iraq. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Rise to power

Hoveida’s rise to power involved many years of service within the Ministry of foreign affairs, but this path took on a whole new approach once he joined the Board of Directors of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) in 1958 at the behest of his patron Entezam, who had by then assumed a high ranking position at the company. As managing director and special assistant to Entezam, Hoveida used his experiences in the West to transform management-worker relations. As an example, he introduced innovative methods by which workers filed grievances in regard to any aspect of the working environment they deemed unsatisfactory, and helped to figuratively enmesh the roles of management and the labourers into a collective entity. One way he went about doing this was by eating many of his meals alongside wage labourers in the cafeteria. Although he advocated the emulation of Western models to improve overall productivity and worker relations, Hoveida was very outspoken in favour of expelling foreign technicians and attracting indigenous sources of labour. It was during his tenure in which the NIOC’s periodical, Kavosh (Exploration), was first published. What is unique about this magazine is that it was, initially, virtually void of any semblance of the growing cult which surrounded Mohammad Reza Shah. The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. ... The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until...

Continuing his duties as managing director at the NIOC, Hoveida also helped Hassan Ali Mansour in establishing a semi-independent group of highly trained, Western educated, and young technocrats. The organization’s main goal was to devise methods of rectifying the nation’s ailing economy. Known as the Progressive Circle, this government sponsored dowreh (“Persian for a gathering held at regular intervals”) was a deliberate attempt by the shah to thin out the older generation of politicians with a new ‘progressive’ crop. With its inception in 1959, the Circle acted in conjunction with a similar government commission called the Plan Organization. Hoveida would play a major leadership role in the Circle and would be the catalyst behind much of its recruitment efforts. The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. ... Hasan Mansour was assasniated. ... The term Western World or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... This article is about a movement that supports the use of technology to enhance society. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Besides experience and patronage, Freemasonry was seen by many politicians at the time as a supplemental credit towards obtaining high ranking government positions. It is no doubt that many members of the Foroughi Lodge, the chapter Hoveida would eventually join, harboured and produced many influential politicians of Iran’s modern era. Hoveida became a Freemason in 1960 believing that his mere association with the organization would help propel him into the national spotlight. Hoveida would succeed in this regard, but the attention he received was all but positive. Freemasonry in Iran has always been seen as an extension of British imperialism, and with rumours surrounding Hoveida’s religious persuasion, opportunities to attack Hoveida’s character were not taken for granted by his political adversaries during his years as head of foreign affairs and Prime Minister. It is well documented that Court Minister Asadollah Alam and General Nasiri of SAVAK, Iran’s domestic security and intelligence service, helped expedite the publication of key controversial books against Freemasonry, referencing Hoveida in each piece. Rumours were also spread by his detractors that he was a Bahá'í, a persecuted religion in Iran. Some Iranian conspiracy theorists have falsly suggested that the religion was ‘artificially’ designed by British agents. The Masonic Square and Compasses. ... American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... The Masonic Square and Compasses. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... This article is about a journal. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Asadullah Alam was from a Feudal tribe of Birjand Amir Asadollah Alam was a Prime Minister of Iran. ... General Nematollah Nassiri was the director of SAVAK, the Iranian intelligence agency during the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. ... SAVAK (Persian: Ø³Ø§ÙˆØ§Ú©, short for Ø³Ø§Ø²Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø§Ø·Ù„Ø§Ø¹Ø§Øª Ùˆ Ø§Ù…Ù†ÛŒØª Ú©Ø´ÙˆØ± Sazeman-e Ettelaat va Amniyat-e Keshvar, Organization for Intelligence and National Security) was the domestic security and intelligence service of Iran from 1957â€“1979. ... The Masonic Square and Compasses. ... This article is about the generally-recognized global BahÃ¡Ã community. ... The persecution of BahÃ¡Ãs refers to the religious persecution of BahÃ¡Ãs in various countries, especially in Iran, the nation of origin of the BahÃ¡Ã Faith, Irans largest religious minority and the location of one of the largest BahÃ¡Ã populations in the world. ... A conspiracy theory is a theory that defies common historical or current understanding of events, under the claim that those events are the result of manipulations by two or more individuals or various secretive powers or conspiracies. ...

High level politics and arrest

When the Progressive Circle soon became a political entity in the form of the Iran Novin (New Iran) Party in 1963, Hoveida would be thrust into the national scene. Flanking Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansour as his Finance Minister in 1964, the now well seasoned Hoveida would make his mark by acting as the cabinet’s intellectual centre. Many observers, both within and without Iran, would take note of Hoveida’s prudent behaviour and shrewdness. To many, he embodied the archetypical statesman. Hoveida’s positive attributes would again be shrouded by scandal and gossip. During the early months of Mansour’s premiership, the government was attacked for ratifying a bill which allowed foreigners extraterritorial rights. More specifically, those who benefited from the law were U.S. military personnel and their dependents. These “capitulation rights” would have a negative impact on the way government at the time was seen by the populace. Because the actions of the government were, by law, reflective of the sitting cabinet at the time, disregarding individual ministerial involvement, Hoveida was also blamed for the bill’s implementation even though he was not directly involved in its drafting. Traditional hat toss celebration at a graduation ceremony at the United States Naval Academy A party is a social gathering intended primarily for celebration and recreation. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Hasan Mansour was assasniated. ... The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Mansour is a district in Iraq. ... Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ...

Mansour’s assassination on January 21, 1965, by a seventeen-year-old devotee of the Fada’yan-e Islam, would completely alter Hoveida’s future. As he personally reported the news to an obviously distraught shah, he was ordered to formulate a cabinet. Hoveida would replace the deceased Mansour as the longest running premier in Iran’s modern history. It is important to note, however, that the sense of autonomy seen among past Prime Ministers such as Ali Amini, Haj Ali Razmara, and Mohammad Mossadegh, has been systematically marginalized by the autocratic Mohammad Reza Shah. In his rather successful campaign at consolidating power, the king maintained his international image as a constitutional monarch, but Hoveida’s tenure as PM attests to how this portrayal was not an objective reflection of circumstances. Hoveida’s premiership would be the pivot behind his resistance to such powerlessness. Mansour is a district in Iraq. ... Assassin and Targeted killing redirect here. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Fedayeen (from Arabic fidÄÄ«, plural fidÄÄ«yÄ«n ÙØ¯Ø§Ø¦ÙŠÙˆÙ†, one who is ready to sacrifice his life for the cause) describes several distinct, primarily Arab groups at different times in history. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... Mansour is a district in Iraq. ... Alternative meaning: Prime Minister (band) A prime minister is the leading member of the cabinet of the top level government in a parliamentary system of government of a country, alternatively A prime minister is an official in a presidential system or semi-presidential system whose duty is to execute the... Ali Amini Ali Amini (1905â€”1992) was the Prime Minister of Iran from May 6, 1961 to July 19, 1962. ... Major General Razmara Sepahbod Haj Ali Razmara (1901 â€“ March 7, 1951) was a military leader and Prime Minister of Iran. ... Mohammed Mossadegh (Persian: محمد مصدق‎) (May 19, 1882 - March 4, 1967) was prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

On July 19, 1966, Hoveida married Laila Emami in a small ceremony. Only a small number of guests were invited to attend, including the shah, Queen Farah, Laila’s parents, Hoveida’s mother, and his friend Dr. Manouchehr Shahgholi, and his wife. The marriage would unfortunately end five years later in 1971, but the two would remain friends, often traveling with one another. July 19 is the 200th day (201st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 165 days remaining. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... Farah Diba-Pahlavi Farah Diba, as she appeared during the visit of US president Richard Nixon to Iran on May 30, 1972. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ...

The first half of Hoveida’s premiership is marked by a sense of optimism. As already mentioned, in 1966, Hoveida attempted to allure many elements of the intellectual community, as well as the opposition, into an informal agreement with the regime. Although talks between the two sides eventually broke down, Hoveida never lost sight of what a partnership between the two could have accomplished. His pragmatic approach to politics allowed him to envision an incremental reform process that can be carried out through action. This is contrary to the path assumed by many Iranian intellectuals at the time, which involved quixotic solutions to problems such as electoral corruption and media censorship. Hoveida resumed many of the reform initiatives set out by the Mansour administration. In particular, reform plans that were laid out by Mohammad Reza Shah in the White Revolution. Although a secularist, he would even allocate government revenue to the clerical establishment, a policy that was on the decline ever since Reza Shah’s modernization initiatives during the 1920’s. This glass is half full. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... Pragmatism is a school of philosophy which originated in the United States in the late 1800s. ... Mansour is a district in Iraq. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reform programs launched in 1963 by the last Shah of Iran, His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. ... This article concerns secularism, the exclusion of religion and supernatural beliefs. ... Reza Shah the Great, also Reza Pahlavi (Persian: â€Ž) (March 16, 1878 â€“ July 26, 1944), styled His Imperial Majesty, was Shah of Persia from December 15, 1925 until 1935 (at which time he requested that the international community refer to the country by its local name, Iran) and Shah of Iran... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...

Hoveida’s plan to crack down on corruption is a perfect example of how inept the premiership in Iran had gotten. His inability to move forward with his personal mandate eventually turned the overtly optimistic Hoveida into a cynic. After years of political maneuvering, most of his proposed initiatives were stonewalled by bureaucratic obstacles. During the 1970’s, the now veteran Prime Minister became nonchalant when it came to following through with his own convictions. His earlier aggression towards the dysfunctions of an obtrusive system slowly turned into feigned support. Publicly, Hoveida assumed the notion that the regime in its current state would eventually reform on its own, and that political liberalization was only a small issue in the grand scheme of modernization. In private, Hoveida often lamented over Iran’s conditions, admitting to insufficiencies of the state and his own political impotence. The powerlessness of the premier’s office was coupled with intricate internal rivalries. Hoveida had an intensely rough relationship with the likes of Asadollah Alam and Ardeshir Zahedi, son of the famed participant in the 1953 coup against Mossadegh, General Fazlollah Zahedi. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Modernization is closely linked to classical liberalism. ... Asadullah Alam was from a Feudal tribe of Birjand Amir Asadollah Alam was a Prime Minister of Iran. ... Ardeshir Zahedi Ardeshir Zahedi (born October 16, 1928) was an important Iranian diplomat during the 1960s and 1970s, serving as the countrys foreign minister and its ambassador to the United States and the United Kingdom. ... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... Mohammed Mossadegh (Persian: محمد مصدق‎) (May 19, 1882 - March 4, 1967) was prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. ... Muhammad Fazlollah Zahedi (1897-1963) was an Iranian general and politician. ...

On March 2, 1975, the shah dissolved the Iran Novin Party and its opposition elements in creating a single party system headed by the Rastakhiz (Resurgence/Resurrection) Party. In relation to Hoveida, it is believed that the shah was being threatened by the growing influence wielded by party officials, Hoveida being the most notable. The growth of an independent apparatus was contrary to Mohammad Reza Shah’s contrivance involving the consolidation of all power. Hoveida’s inability to garner any type of power base in government allowed him to concentrate much of his energy on developing the Iran Novin Party. The networks he had slowly developed over the years came to trouble the monarch. Although Hoveida would be coerced into relinquishing his position as PM, he accepted a temporary intermediary role as secretary general of Rastakhiz before a new Prime Minister can be appointed. Image File history File links Hoveydacabinet. ... Image File history File links Hoveydacabinet. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... Jamshid Amuzegar (1923 - ); former Iranian Prime Minister. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... Rastakhiz (Resurrection) is an Iranian monarchist party that was founded in the late 1960s under the government of Amir Abbas Hoveyda. ... Rastakhiz (Resurrection) is an Iranian monarchist party that was founded in the late 1960s under the government of Amir Abbas Hoveyda. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Rastakhiz (Resurrection) is an Iranian monarchist party that was founded in the late 1960s under the government of Amir Abbas Hoveyda. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

Hoveida would eventually serve as Minister of Court within Jamshid Amouzegar’s administration in 1977. With this role, he would come to discover the pervasiveness of internal corruption, once concealed by Asadollah Alam and the team he had surrounded himself with. Due to several reasons, one being Ardeshir Zahedi’s relentless attacks on him, Hoveida resigned on September 9, 1978. Jamshid Amuzegar (1923 - ); former Iranian Prime Minister. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... Asadullah Alam was from a Feudal tribe of Birjand Amir Asadollah Alam was a Prime Minister of Iran. ... Ardeshir Zahedi Ardeshir Zahedi (born October 16, 1928) was an important Iranian diplomat during the 1960s and 1970s, serving as the countrys foreign minister and its ambassador to the United States and the United Kingdom. ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

At this point, the growing tide of revolution was becoming discernable, giving Hoveida ample opportunity to leave the country before revolutionary forces could have had a chance to overthrow the 2500 year old monarchy. Aside from persistent efforts by family and friends to leave the country as quickly as possible, the shah himself proposed Hoveida with an ambassadorial position to Belgium. His refusal to leave the country can be judged as being a result of naïveté or blind optimism, but Hoveida’s decision can also be assessed from alternate angles. For one, he did not want to abandon his mother who was incapable of traveling at the time. On a more personal level, Hoveida came to the conclusion that after years of self-exile, he would do all he could to remain in Iran. With all these points of rationale being considered, Hoveida actually came to believe that revolutionary fervour was capable of being contained and that everything would eventually straighten out, allowing the country to resume its present course. The following is a comprehensive list of all Persian Empires and their rulers: // Early realms in Iran Elamite Kingdom, 3000â€“660 BC The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province. ... Shah is a Persian term for a monarch (king or emperor) that has been adopted in many other languages. ...

In an effort to slow down the momentum of the revolution, the shah was advised by many of his surrounding cohorts to arrest Hoveida, using him as a scapegoat for the past-ills of the crumbling regime. On November 7, 1978, Hoveida was arrested by order of the monarch. He would be held under house arrest in an upper-Tehran residence often affiliated with SAVAK activity. Once Mohammad Reza Shah fled the country, the SAVAK agents assigned with the task of guarding Hoveida, absconded from their posts, leaving Hoveida open to arrest by revolutionary forces. November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... SAVAK (Persian: Ø³Ø§ÙˆØ§Ú©, short for Ø³Ø§Ø²Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø§Ø·Ù„Ø§Ø¹Ø§Øª Ùˆ Ø§Ù…Ù†ÛŒØª Ú©Ø´ÙˆØ± Sazeman-e Ettelaat va Amniyat-e Keshvar, Organization for Intelligence and National Security) was the domestic security and intelligence service of Iran from 1957â€“1979. ... His Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (اعلیحضرت محمدرضا شاه پهلوی; October 26, 1919 – July 27, 1980) also knows as Aryamehr, was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until... SAVAK (Persian: Ø³Ø§ÙˆØ§Ú©, short for Ø³Ø§Ø²Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø§Ø·Ù„Ø§Ø¹Ø§Øª Ùˆ Ø§Ù…Ù†ÛŒØª Ú©Ø´ÙˆØ± Sazeman-e Ettelaat va Amniyat-e Keshvar, Organization for Intelligence and National Security) was the domestic security and intelligence service of Iran from 1957â€“1979. ...

Trial and execution

After surrendering to Dariush Forouhar, a member of the revolution’s Provisional Government, Hoveida was taken to the Refah School, a temporary headquarters for the revolution’s vanguard. Because of the shah’s departure, Hoveida had become the most prized prisoner of the old regime. On March 15, 1979, he would face the newly established revolutionary court for the first time. Sadeq Khalkhali, who would come to be known as the 'Hanging Judge' for his whimsical approach to revolutionary justice, would head the tribunal that had assembled to try the former Prime Minister. Traditional conventions of the judiciary had all but been abandoned during the trials of Hoveida and countless others. Among many of the anomalous traits personified by the trial, the ‘Islamic’ court ignored notions of due process, impartiality of the judge, allowing the defendant to consult legal options. Many pundits have come to conclude that the verdict was already made by the likes of Ayatollah Khomeini before the trial ever commenced. Abbas Milani, in his book The Persian Sphinx, translates Khalkhali’s indictment of Hoveida: Image File history File links Sadegh_Khalkhali. ... Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali (صادق خلخالی in Persian) (1927? - November 26, 2003) was a hardline Shia cleric of the early years of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Dariush Forouhar (1928-1998) was the leader of the Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran (Nation of Iran Party), a pan-Iranist opposition party in Iran which he founded in 1951. ... The Provisional Government of Iran (PGOI) preceded the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Shah is a Persian term for a monarch (king or emperor) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). ... Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali (صادق خلخالی in Persian) (1927? - November 26, 2003) was a hardline Shia cleric of the early years of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali was known as the Hanging Judge to many for his involvement in many executions in the early days of the Iranian revolution of 1979. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political... Abbas Milani on C-SPAN 2 Abbas Malek-Z Milani (born 1949) is an Iranian-American historian, Iranologist, and author. ... Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali Ayatollah Sadeq Ahmadi Givi aka Sadegh Khalkhali (Persian: â€Ž ) (1927â€“November 26, 2003) was a much maligned, hardline Shia cleric of the early years of the Islamic Republic of Iran who became notorious for his cavalier attitude in passing on death sentences, and became known as Irans...

Amir Abbas Hoveyda, son of Habibollah, birth certificate number 3542, issued in Tehran, born in 1295 (1917), previously minister of the deposed royal court, and the shah’s ex-Prime Minister, a citizen of Iran, is accused of: For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... Events Mongol leader Ghazan Khan is converted to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders. ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Shah is a Persian term for a monarch (king or emperor) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...

The composition of the trial’s proceedings, not surprisingly, reflected the style in which the indictment was designed and promulgated. Many of the charges were never substantiated and often reflected uninvestigated rumours of the day. Abbas Milani agrees with this notion when he described the essence of the court’s ambience: This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... Mohammad al-MahdÄ« () (or Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Ali) is, according to Twelver Shias, the twelfth Imam and the Mahdi, a figure considered by both Sunnis and Shias to be the ultimate saviour of mankind. ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Colonialism is a system in which a state claims sovereignty over territory and people outside its own boundaries, often to facilitate economic domination over their resources, labor, and often markets. ... Majlis (Ù…Ø¬Ù„Ø³) is an Arabic term used to describe various types of formal legislative assemblies in countries with linguistic or cultural connections to Islamic countries. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orangeâ€”the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... Natural olive oil Synthetic motor oil Oil, in a general sense, is a chemical compound that is not miscible with water, and is in a liquid state at ambient temperatures. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Atomic mass 238. ... At its start, the United States was a collection of small colonies on the eastern seaboard with little international import. ... This article is about the continent. ... Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (Persian: â€Ž) (October 16, 1919, Tehran â€“ July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty, and holding the imperial titles of ShÄhanshÄh (King of Kings) and Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the monarchial ruler of Iran from September 16, 1941 until the Iranian... Farah Diba-Pahlavi Farah Diba, as she appeared during the visit of US president Richard Nixon to Iran on May 30, 1972. ... The term Western World or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956â€“present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic - President George W. Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ... Espionage is the practice of obtaining information about an organization or a society that is considered secret or confidential (spying) without the permission of the holder of the information. ... A compass rose with west highlighted This article refers to the cardinal direction; for other uses see West (disambiguation). ... Anthem(s): Hatikvah (The Hope) Capital Jerusalem [1] Largest city Jerusalem Official language(s) Hebrew, Arabic Government Parliamentary democracy - President Moshe Katsav - Prime Minister Ehud Olmert Independence From the United Kingdom - Declaration 14 May 1948 (05 Iyar 5708) Area - Total 22,1451 kmÂ² (151th) 8,5501 sq mi - Water (%) ~2... The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, as well as United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi Lotter... The Masonic Square and Compasses. ... Rastakhiz (Resurrection) is an Iranian monarchist party that was founded in the late 1960s under the government of Amir Abbas Hoveyda. ... Pith helmet of the Second French Empire. ... The Senate of Iran (Majles-e Sena) was a legislative chamber that was disbanded after the Islamic Revolution in 1979 in Iran. ... Heroin, also known as diamorphine (BAN) or diacetylmorphine (INN), is a semi-synthetic opioid. ... Hasan Mansour was assasniated. ... SAVAK (Persian: Ø³Ø§ÙˆØ§Ú©, short for Ø³Ø§Ø²Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø§Ø·Ù„Ø§Ø¹Ø§Øª Ùˆ Ø§Ù…Ù†ÛŒØª Ú©Ø´ÙˆØ± Sazeman-e Ettelaat va Amniyat-e Keshvar, Organization for Intelligence and National Security) was the domestic security and intelligence service of Iran from 1957â€“1979. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Islamic Revolutionary Court[1] is a special court in the Islamic Republic of Iran designed to eliminate those suspected of wanting to overthrow the Islamic regime. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Abbas Milani on C-SPAN 2 Abbas Malek-Z Milani (born 1949) is an Iranian-American historian, Iranologist, and author. ...

On April 7, 1979, Hoveida was transported to Qasr Prison, once a getaway palace for monarchs of the Qajar dynasty. Quickly shuffled back in front of Khalkhali’s tribunal, he once again heard the court’s indictment at three in the afternoon. There is some speculation as to who ordered the resumption of the trial. Bani Sadr, one among many leaders of the Provisional Revolutionary Government who advocated a public trial, states that only Khomeini himself had the authority to make such an order. One particular reason why the patriarch scoffed at the idea of a public trial was because he wanted to prevent Hoveida from revealing the lucrative transfers made out to the clerical establishment during his tenure as Prime Minister. Behind locked doors, Hoveida’s fate, which had already been decided upon by Khomeini days earlier, was sealed. After final efforts at stalling his execution ended in failure, the ex-Prime Minister was taken into the prison’s yard. Before reaching the area designated for fire squad executions, a man from behind pulled out a pistol and shot Hoveida twice in the neck. As he fell to the ground, a mercy shot was fired off, ending his life. Image File history File links Hoveyda_at_morgue. ... Image File history File links Hoveyda_at_morgue. ... Mortuary, a film directed by Tobe Hooper, see Mortuary (film). ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). ... The Qajar dynasty ( ) (Persian: â€Ž - or Ø¯ÙˆØ¯Ù…Ø§Ù† Ù‚Ø§Ø¬Ø§Ø± - QÃ¢jÃ¢r) was the ruling family of Persia from 1781 to 1925. ... Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali Ayatollah Sadeq Ahmadi Givi aka Sadegh Khalkhali (Persian: â€Ž ) (1927â€“November 26, 2003) was a much maligned, hardline Shia cleric of the early years of the Islamic Republic of Iran who became notorious for his cavalier attitude in passing on death sentences, and became known as Irans... Abolhassan Banisadr Abolhassan Banisadr (Persian: Ø§Ø¨ÙˆØ§Ù„ØØ³Ù† Ø¨Ù†ÛŒâ€ŒØµØ¯Ø±;born March 22, 1933) was the first elected President of Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. ... The Provisional Government of Iran (PGOI) preceded the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political...

Hoveida's corpse was held in Tehran's morgue for several months after his execution, before it was secretly released to his immediate family and buried in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran as an unknown deceased John Doe. For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... Behesht-e Zahra is the name of the largest cemetery of Iran. ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... In the United States, the name John Doe is typically used as a placeholder name for a male party in a legal action or legal discussion whose true identity is unknown or is intended to be anonymous. ...

References

Abbas Milani on C-SPAN 2 Abbas Malek-Z Milani (born 1949) is an Iranian-American historian, Iranologist, and author. ...

Contents

Early life

Soldier and Foreign Ministry official

Rise to power

High level politics and arrest

Trial and execution

References

See also

External links

Contents

Early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Soldier and Foreign Ministry official

Rise to power

High level politics and arrest

Trial and execution

References

See also

External links

Early life