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Encyclopedia > Ammonia (data page)


This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia. For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ...

Contents

Structure and properties

Molecular structure
Point group C3v
Bond length 101.7 pm (N–H)
Bond angle 107.8° (H–N–H)
Bond strength 435 kJ/mol (H–NH2)
Crystal data
Crystal structure  ?
Properties
Dipole moment 1.46 D
Dielectric constant 22 ε0 at 239 K
Magnetic susceptibility diamagnetic
Acidity of NH4+ (pKa) 9.25

In mathematics, point group is a group of geometric symmetries (isometries) leaving a point fixed. ... In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is the distance between two bonded atoms in a molecule. ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... Geometry of the water molecule Molecules have fixed equilibrium geometries--bond lengths and angles--that are dictated by the laws of quantum mechanics. ... In chemistry, bond strength is measured between two atoms joined in a chemical bond. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The Earths magnetic field, which is approximately a dipole. ... The debye (symbol: D) is a non-SI and non-CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... In physics and electrical engineering, the magnetic susceptibility is the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field. ... The acid dissociation constant (Ka), also known as the acidity constant or the acid-ionization constant, is a specific equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with its conjugate base in aqueous solution [1]. // When an acid dissolves in water, it partly dissociates forming hydronium ions and its conjugate... The acid dissociation constant (Ka), also known as the acidity constant or the acid-ionization constant, is a specific equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with its conjugate base in aqueous solution [1]. // When an acid dissolves in water, it partly dissociates forming hydronium ions and its conjugate...

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data

Phase behavior
Triple point 195.4 K (–77.75 °C), 6.060 kPa
Critical point 405.5 K (132.3 °C), 11.300 MPa
Std enthalpy change
of fusion, ΔfusHo		 +5.653 kJ/mol
Std entropy change
of fusion, ΔfusSo		 +28.93 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change
of vaporization, ΔvapHo		 +23.35 kJ/mol at BP of –33.4 °C
Std entropy change
of vaporization, ΔvapSo		 +97.41 J/(mol·K) at BP of –33.4 °C
Solid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHosolid		  ? kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Sosolid		  ? J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp  ? J/(mol K)
Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHoliquid		  ? kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Soliquid		  ? J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp 80.80 J/(mol K)
Gas properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHogas		 −45.92 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy,
Sogas		 192.77 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity, cp 35.06 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity ratio, γ
at 15°C		 1.310
P in mm Hg 1 10 40 100 400 760 1520 3800 7600 15600 30400 45600
T in °C –109.1(s) –91.9(s) –79.2(s) –68.4 –45.4 –33.6 –18.7 4.7 25.7 50.1 78.9 98.3

Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid.
In physics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. ... For other uses, see Pascal. ... The term critical point can mean any of: critical point (thermodynamics) critical point (mathematics) critical loops (topology) critical point (set theory) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... For other uses, see Pascal. ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... The standard entropy change of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a substance. ... The standard enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvHo, also (less correctly) known as the heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... The standard entropy change of vaporization is the increase in entropy when vaporizing a substance. ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 atmosphere... In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 atmosphere... In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 atmosphere... In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The heat capacity ratio is simply the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant volume It should be noted that chemical engineers and many others commonly refer to the heat capacity ratio as rather than . ...

log10 of anydrous Ammonia vapor pressure. Uses formula shown below.
log10 of anydrous Ammonia vapor pressure. Uses formula shown below.


Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...


Vapor pressure formula for ammonia:[1]

log10(P) = A   –   B / (T – C)

where P is pressure in kPa and T is temperature in Kelvins For other uses, see Pascal. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ...

A = 6.67956; B = 1002.711; C = 25.215   for T = 190 K through 333 K
 
Vapor over Anhydrous Ammonia[2]
Temp. Pressure ρ of liquid ρ of vapor ΔvapH
–78 °C 5.90 kPa
–75 °C 7.93 kPa 0.73094 g/cm3 7.8241×10–5 g/cm3
–70 °C 10.92 kPa 0.72527 g/cm3 1.1141×10–4 g/cm3
–65 °C 15.61 kPa 0.71953 g/cm3 1.5552×10–4 g/cm3
–60 °C 21.90 kPa 0.71378 g/cm3 2.1321×10–4 g/cm3
–55 °C 30.16 kPa 0.70791 g/cm3 2.8596×10–4 g/cm3
–50 °C 40.87 kPa 0.70200 g/cm3 3.8158×10–4 g/cm3 1417 J/g
–45 °C 54.54 kPa 0.69604 g/cm3 4.9940×10–4 g/cm3 1404 J/g
–40 °C 71.77 kPa 0.68999 g/cm3 6.4508×10–4 g/cm3 1390 J/g
–35 °C 93.19 kPa 0.68385 g/cm3 8.2318×10–4 g/cm3 1375 J/g
–30 °C 119.6 kPa 0.67764 g/cm3 1.0386×10–3 g/cm3 1361 J/g
–25 °C 151.6 kPa 0.67137 g/cm3 1.2969×10–3 g/cm3 1345 J/g
–20 °C 190.2 kPa 0.66503 g/cm3 1.6039×10–3 g/cm3 1330 J/g
–15 °C 236.3 kPa 0.65854 g/cm3 1.9659×10–3 g/cm3 1314 J/g
–10 °C 290.8 kPa 0.65198 g/cm3 2.3874×10–3 g/cm3 1297 J/g
–5 °C 354.8 kPa 0.64533 g/cm3 2.8827×10–3 g/cm3 1280 J/g
 0 °C 429.4 kPa 0.63857 g/cm3 3.4528×10–3 g/cm3 1263 J/g
 5 °C 515.7 kPa 0.63167 g/cm3 4.1086×10–3 g/cm3 1245 J/g
 10 °C 614.9 kPa 0.62469 g/cm3 4.8593×10–3 g/cm3 1226 J/g
 15 °C 728.3 kPa 0.61755 g/cm3 5.7153×10–3 g/cm3 1207 J/g
 20 °C 857.1 kPa 0.61028 g/cm3 6.6876×10–3 g/cm3 1187 J/g
 25 °C 1003 kPa 0.60285 g/cm3 7.7882×10–3 g/cm3 1167 J/g
 30 °C 1166 kPa 0.59524 g/cm3 9.0310×10–3 g/cm3 1146 J/g
 35 °C 1350 kPa 0.58816 g/cm3 1.0431×10–2 g/cm3 1124 J/g
 40 °C 1554 kPa 0.57948 g/cm3 1.2006×10–2 g/cm3 1101 J/g
 45 °C 1781 kPa 0.57130 g/cm3 1.3775×10–2 g/cm3 1083 J/g
 50 °C 2032 kPa 0.56287 g/cm3 1.5761×10–2 g/cm3 1052 J/g
 55 °C 2310 kPa 0.55420 g/cm3
 60 °C 2613 kPa 0.54523 g/cm3 2.05×10–2 g/cm3
 65 °C 2947 kPa 0.53596 g/cm3
 70 °C 3312 kPa 0.52632 g/cm3 2.65×10–2 g/cm3
 75 °C 3711 kPa 0.51626 g/cm3
 80 °C 4144 kPa 0.50571 g/cm3 3.41×10–2 g/cm3
 85 °C 4614 kPa 0.49463 g/cm3
 90 °C 5123 kPa 0.48290 g/cm3 4.39×10–2 g/cm3
 95 °C 5672 kPa 0.47041 g/cm3
100 °C 6264 kPa 0.45693 g/cm3 5.68×10–2 g/cm3
Temp. Pressure ρ of liquid ρ of vapor ΔvapH
The table above gives properties of the vapor-liquid equilibrium of anhydrous ammonia at various temperatures. The second column is vapor pressure in kPa. The third column is the density of the liquid phase. The fourth column is the density of the vapor. The fifth column is the heat of vaporization needed to convert one gram of liquid to vapor.

 
Vapor over Aqueous Ammonia Solution[3]
Temp.  %wt NH3 Partial Pressure
NH3		 Partial Pressure
H2O
0 °C 4.72 1.52 kPa 0.68 kPa
9.15 3.31 kPa 0.71 kPa
14.73 6.84 kPa 0.55 kPa
19.62 11.0 kPa 0.40 kPa
22.90 14.9 kPa 0.37 kPa
10 °C 4.16 2.20 kPa 1.21 kPa
8.26 4.96 kPa 1.17 kPa
12.32 8.56 kPa 1.01 kPa
15.88 12.68 kPa 0.93 kPa
20.54 19.89 kPa 0.83 kPa
21.83 22.64 kPa 0.73 kPa
19.9 °C 4.18 3.65 kPa 2.19 kPa
6.50 6.11 kPa 2.15 kPa
6.55 6.13 kPa 2.13 kPa
7.72 7.49 kPa 2.08 kPa
10.15 10.75 kPa 2.01 kPa
10.75 11.51 kPa 1.96 kPa
16.64 22.14 kPa 1.72 kPa
19.40 28.74 kPa 1.64 kPa
23.37 40.32 kPa 1.37 kPa
30.09 °C 3.93 5.49 kPa 4.15 kPa
7.43 11.51 kPa 3.89 kPa
9.75 16.00 kPa 3.80 kPa
12.77 23.33 kPa 3.55 kPa
17.76 38.69 kPa 3.31 kPa
17.84 38.81 kPa 3.24 kPa
21.47 53.94 kPa 2.95 kPa
40 °C 3.79 8.15 kPa 7.13 kPa
7.36 17.73 kPa 6.76 kPa
11.06 29.13 kPa 6.55 kPa
15.55 47.14 kPa 5.52 kPa
17.33 57.02 kPa
20.85 76.81 kPa 5.04 kPa
50 °C 3.29 10.54 kPa 11.95 kPa
5.90 20.17 kPa 11.61 kPa
8.91 32.88 kPa 11.07 kPa
11.57 45.56 kPa 10.75 kPa
14.15 60.18 kPa 10.27 kPa
14.94 64.94 kPa 10.03 kPa
60 °C 3.86 18.25 kPa 19.21 kPa
5.77 28.78 kPa
7.78 40.05 kPa 18.47 kPa
9.37 50.09 kPa 18.07 kPa
9.37 63.43 kPa 17.39 kPa
Temp.  %wt NH3 Partial Pressure
NH3		 Partial Pressure
H2O

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Heat capacity of liquid and vapor

Heat capacity of anhydrous ammonia gas. Uses polynomial obtained from CHERIC.
Heat capacity of anhydrous ammonia gas. Uses polynomial obtained from CHERIC.[4]
Heat capacity of anhydrous liquid ammonia. Uses polynomial obtained from CHERIC.
Heat capacity of anhydrous liquid ammonia. Uses polynomial obtained from CHERIC.[4]

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Spectral data

UV-Vis
λmax None nm
Extinction coefficient, ε None
IR
Major absorption bands 3444, 3337, 1627, 950 cm−1
NMR
Proton NMR  
Carbon-13 NMR  None - no carbons
Other NMR data  
MS
Masses of
main fragments		 17 (100%)
16(80%)
15(9%)

Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) (Greek: νάνος, nanos, dwarf; μετρώ, metrÏŒ, count) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre (or one millionth of a millimetre), which is the current SI base unit of length. ... The parameter used to describe the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter is the complex index of refraction, ñ, which is a combination of a real part and an imaginary part. ... For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). ... Wavenumber in most physical sciences is a wave property inversely related to wavelength, having SI units of reciprocal meters (m−1). ... Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei. ... Pacific Northwest National Laboratorys high magnetic field (800 MHz, 18. ... Pacific Northwest National Laboratorys high magnetic field (800 MHz, 18. ... Mass spectrometry (previously called mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or informally, mass-spec and MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ...

Regulatory data

Regulatory data
EINECS number 231-635-3 (gas)
215-647-6 (soln.)
EU index number 007-001-00-5 (gas)
007-001-01-2 (soln.)
PEL-TWA (OSHA) 50 ppm (35 mg/m3)
IDLH (NIOSH) 300 ppm
Flash point 11 °C
Autoignition temperature 651 °C
Explosive limits 15–28%
RTECS number BO0875000

The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each chemical substance commercially available in the European Union between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981. ... The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for personal exposure to a substance, usually expressed in parts per million (ppm). ... If you are searching for the organization, click OSHA. Osha (Ligusticum porteri) is a perennial herb used for its medicinal properties. ... Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH or NIOSH IDLH) is a limit for personal exposure to a substance defined by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), normally expressed in parts per million (ppm). ... The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness. ... For other uses, see Flash point (disambiguation). ... The autoignition temperature, or the ignition temperature of a substance is the lowest temperature at which a chemical will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere, without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. ... The explosive limit of a gas or a vapour, is the limiting concentration (in air) that is needed for the gas to ignite and explode. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ...

Material Safety Data Sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. An example MSDS in a US format provides guidance for handling a hazardous substance and information on its composition and properties. ...


References

  • NIST Chemistry WebBook
  1. ^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1436
  2. ^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1451 and 1468
  3. ^ Perman, Jour. Chem. Soc. 83 1168 (1903)
  4. ^ a b Pure Components Properties (Queriable database). Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. Retrieved on 1 June 2007.

Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure. Temperature and air pressure can vary from one place to another on the Earth, and can also vary in the same place with time. ...


Disclaimer applies.


External links

  • IR spectrum (from NIST)

  Results from FactBites:
 
Ammonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (3989 words)
Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, while ammonium chloride (sal-ammoniac) and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts; crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in Patagonian guano.
Ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase, and then enters the urea cycle to be either incorporated into amino acids or excreted in the urine.
Ammonia reacts violently with the halogens, and causes the explosive polymerization of ethylene oxide.
Ammonia Information Center - ammonia refrigeration (3076 words)
Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, while ammonium chloride (sal-ammoniac) and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts; crystals of ammonium ammonia refrigeration bicarbonate ammonia fertilizer have been found in Patagonian guano.
Ammonia has thermodynamic properties that make it very well suited as a refrigerant, since it liquefies readily under pressure, and does ammonia burn was used in virtually all refrigeration units prior to the advent of haloalkanes such as Freon.
Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of Nessler's solution, which gives a distinct yellow aqueous ammonia chime coloration in the presence of the least trace of ammonia or ammonium salts.
  More results at FactBites »


 
 

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