Four double-A (AA) rechargeable batteries

In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. While such storage in an electrostatic form is practical in some specialized uses (in a capacitor), batteries consist of electrochemical devices such as one or more galvanic cells or more recently fuel cells, and may in the future use other technologies. The first possible evidence of batteries in history are the Baghdad Batteries from sometime between 250 BCE and 640 CE. The modern development of batteries started with the Voltaic pile developed by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800 and has continued ever since. The battery industry generates 2.8 billion dollars in sales annually. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Electrostatics is the branch of physics that deals with the force exerted by a static (i. ... Various types of capacitors SMD capacitors: electrolytic at the bottom line, ceramic above them; classic ceramic and electrolytic capacitors at the right side for comparison A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which equal but opposite electric charges... Electrochemistry is the science of the reactions that can take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode, which can be a metal or a semiconductor including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). ... The Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, consists of two metals connected by an electrolyte which forms a salt bridge between the metals. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... The Baghdad Battery is the common name for a number of artifacts apparently discovered in the village of Khuyut Rabboua (near Baghdad, Iraq) in 1936. ... (Redirected from 250 BCE) Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC - 250s BC - 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC Years: 255 BC 254 BC 253 BC 252 BC 251 BC - 250 BC... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... The Voltaic pile was the first modern electric battery, invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800. ... Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) was an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the electric battery. ... 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Cell vs. battery

In a technical sense, the distinction may be made between

• an electrical battery, a device for creating or storing electrical energy composed of several similar (usually identical) cells that are connected together, versus
• an electrical cell, a single such unit, possibly one cell in a (strict-terminology) battery of multiple cells or possibly the entire device.

That distinction, however, is considered pedantic in most contexts (other than the expression dry cell), and in current English usage it is more common to call a single cell used on its own a battery than a cell. Dry Cell was/is a four piece nu metal/hard rock band hailing from California. ...

An example is a double A (AA) battery. Even though most people call it a battery, in reality it is a cell (as are the other lettered designations although one often hears the more-correct "D cell" or "C cell"). A car battery is a true "battery" because it uses multiple cells inside of it that are connected together in series, thus forming a battery. Similarly, a 9-volt battery is a true battery as it must contain more than one cell. Multiple batteries or cells may also be refered to as a battery pack as a set of multi-cell 12 V batteries in an electric vehicle. A battery pack is a set of any number of (preferably) identical batteries or individual battery cells. ... An electric vehicle is a vehicle whose motion is provided by electric motors. ...

Electrical component

Circuit symbol for a battery, simplified electrical model, and more complex, but still incomplete model

The cells in a battery can be connected in parallel or in series, or both. A parallel combination of cells has the same voltage as a single cell, but can supply a higher current (the sum of the currents from all the cells). On the other hand, a series combination has the same current rating as a single cell but its voltage is the sum of the voltages of all the cells. Most practical electrochemical batteries, such as 9 volt flashlight (torch) batteries and 12 V automobile (car) batteries, have a series structure. Parallel arrangements suffer from the problem that, if one cell discharges faster than its neighbour, current will flow from the full cell to the empty cell, wasting power and possibly causing overheating. Even worse, if one cell becomes short-circuited due to an internal fault, its neighbour will be forced to discharge its maximum current into the faulty cell, leading to overheating and possibly explosion. Cells in parallel are therefore usually fitted with an electronic circuit to protect them against these problems. In both series and parallel types, the energy stored in the battery is equal to the sum of the energies stored in all the cells. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... In electricity, current refers to electric current, which is the flow of electric charge. ... The volt (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential difference. ... A small variety of cars, the most popular kind of automobile. ...

A battery can be simply modelled as a perfect voltage source (i.e. one with zero internal resistance) in series with a resistor. The voltage source depends mainly on the chemistry of the battery, not on whether it is empty or full. When a battery runs down, its internal resistance increases. When the battery is connected to a load (e.g. a light bulb), which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of the battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load. When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source. As the battery runs down and its internal resistance increases, the proportion of its internal voltage that gets through the internal resistance to appear at the load gets smaller, so the battery's ability to deliver power to the load decreases. Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an electrical component opposes the passage of current. ... Resistor symbols A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that passes a current that is proportional to the potential difference between its terminals in accordance with Ohms law. ... Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an electrical component opposes the passage of current. ... Light bulb may be used to refer to many different types of electric lighting, some of which have their own page: Incandescent light bulb, the most common type. ... The output impedance, source impedance, or internal impedance of an electronic device is the opposition exhibited by its output terminals to the flow of an alternating current (AC) of a particular frequency as a result of resistance, induction and capacitance. ... Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power, often known as power or electricity, involves the production and delivery of electrical energy in sufficient quantities to operate domestic appliances, office equipment, industrial machinery and provide sufficient energy for both domestic and commercial lighting, heating, cooking and industrial processes. ...

Battery concepts

Battery capacity

The capacity of a battery to store charge is often expressed in ampere hours (1 A·h = 3600 coulombs). If a battery can provide one ampere (1 A) of current (flow) for one hour, it has a real-world capacity of 1 A·h. If it can provide 1 A for 100 hours, its capacity is 100 A·h. Likewise, 20 A for 2 hours equals 40 A·h capacity. But... The ampere (symbol: A) is the SI base unit of electrical current equal to one coulomb per second. ... The coulomb (symbol: C) is the SI unit of electric charge. ...

While a battery that can deliver 10 A for 10 hours can be said to have a capacity of 100 A·h, that is not how the rating is determined by the manufacturers. A 100 A·h rated battery most likely will not deliver 10 A for 10 hours. Battery manufacturers use a standard method to determine how to rate their batteries. Their rating is based on tests performed over 20 hours with a discharge rate of 1/20 (5%) of the expected capacity of the battery an hour. So a 100 ampere-hour battery is rated to provide 5 A for 20 hours at room temperature. The efficiency of a battery is different at different discharge rates. When discharging at 5% an hour, the battery's energy is delivered more efficiently than at higher discharge rates. This is Peukert's Law. Peukerts Law defines a way to measure the capacity of a Battery (electricity) over a range of discharge rates. ...

To calculate the 5% discharge rate of a battery, take the manufacturer's ampere-hour rating and divide it by 20. For example, you have a AA cell rated at 1300 mA h (milliampere hours). The 5% discharge rate from which this rating was derived would be 1300 mA·h / 20 h = 65 mA.

Battery lifetime

Primary batteries are designed to be used only once. Once all the energy has been drained from the battery, it is "dead". Even if never taken out of the original package, primary batteries go dead in a couple of years, due to self discharge.

With the exception of lead-acid batteries, most rechargable batteries can only be recharged about 400 times[1].

Battery explosion

Under extreme conditions, certain types of batteries can explode violently. A battery explosion is usually caused by the misuse or malfunction of a battery (such as the recharging of a non-rechargeable battery or shorting a car battery).

With car batteries, explosions are most likely to occur when a short circuit generates currents of very high magnitude. A short circuit malfunction in a battery placed in parallel with other batteries ("jumped") can cause its neighbour to discharge its maximum current into the faulty cell, leading to overheating and possible explosion. In addition, car batteries liberate hydrogen when they are overcharged even slightly (because of electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte). Normally the amount of overcharging is very small and so is the amount of highly explosive gas developed, and the light gas dissipates very quickly. However, when "jumping" a car battery, the high current can cause the rapid release of large volumes of hydrogen, which could be ignited by a spark nearby (for example, when removing the jumper cables). In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...

When a non-rechargeable battery is recharged at a high rate, an explosive gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen may be produced faster than it can escape from within the walls of the battery, leading to pressure build-up and a possible explosion. In extreme cases, the battery acid may spray violently from the casing of the battery and cause injury.

Additionally, disposing of a battery in fire may cause an explosion as steam builds up within the sealed case of the battery.

Overcharging, which is charging a battery beyond its electrical capacity, can also lead to a battery explosion, leakage, or irreversible damage to the battery. It may also cause damage to the charger or device in which the overcharged battery is later used.

Common battery types

Various batteries: two 9-volt, two "AAA", two "AA", and one each of "C", "D", a cordless phone battery, a camcorder battery, a 2-meter handheld ham radio battery, and a button battery; plus, a US quarter, for scale

From a user's viewpoint, at least, batteries can be generally divided into two main types - rechargeable and non-rechargeable (disposable). Each is in wide usage. Various batteries: two 9-volt, two AAA, two AA, and one each of C, D, a cordless phone battery, a camcorder battery, a 2-meter handheld ham radio battery, and a button battery; plus, a US quarter, for scale. ... Rechargeable batteries are batteries that can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy. ...

Disposable batteries, also called primary cells, are intended to be used once, until the chemical changes that induce the electrical current supply are complete, at which point the battery is discarded. These are most commonly used in smaller, portable devices with either low current drain, only used intermittently, or used well away from an alternative power source. See also: waste. Waste inside a rubbish bin Waste is unwanted or undesired material left over after the completion of a process. ...

By contrast, rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be re-charged after they have been drained. This is done by applying externally supplied electrical current which causes the chemical changes that occur in use to be reversed. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.

The oldest form of rechargeable battery still in modern usage is the wet cell lead-acid battery. This battery is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well-ventilated to deal with the explosive oxygen and hydrogen gases which are vented by these batteries during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Despite this, its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make its use common where the weight and ease of handling are not concerns. Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries today. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries today. ...

A common form of lead-acid battery is the modern car battery. This can deliver about 10,000 watts of power at a nominal 12 volts (although the true open-circuit voltage is closer to 13.7 V) and has a peak current output that varies from 450 to 1100 amperes. The battery's electrolyte is sulfuric acid, which can cause serious injury if splashed on the skin or eyes. A small variety of cars, the most popular kind of automobile. ... The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power. ... The volt (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential difference. ... The ampere (symbol: A) is the SI base unit of electrical current equal to one coulomb per second. ... Sulfuric acid (British English: sulphuric acid), H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...

A more expensive type of lead-acid battery called a gel battery (or "gel cell") contains a semi-solid electrolyte to prevent spillage. More portable rechargeable batteries include several "dry cell" types, which are sealed units and are therefore useful in appliances like mobile phones and laptops. Cells of this type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel-cadmium (nicad or NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-Ion) cells. Laptop with touchpad. ... The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd or NiCad) is a popular type of rechargeable battery for portable electronics and toys. ... The National Institute of Mental Health is a part of the United States National Institutes of Health. ... Lithium ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated Li-Ion) are a type of rechargeable battery commonly used in consumer electronics. ... Li-Ion Camera Battery Lithium ion batteries (or Li-ion) have become very common and dropped in price recently. ...

Homemade cells

Almost any liquid or moist object that has enough ions to be electrically conductive can serve as the electrolyte for a cell. As a novelty or science demonstration, it is possible to insert two electrodes into a lemon, potato, glass of soft drink, etc. and generate small amounts of electricity. As of 2005, "two-potato clocks" are widely available in hobby and toy stores; they consist of a pair of cells, each consisting of a potato (lemon, etc.) with two electrodes inserted into it, wired in series to form a battery with enough voltage to power a digital clock. Homemade cells of this kind are of no real practical use, because they produce far less current—and cost far more per unit of energy generated—than commercial cells, due to the need for frequent replacement of the fruit or vegetable. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Traction batteries

Traction batteries (secondary batteries or accumulators) are designed to provide power to move a vehicle, such as an electric car or tow motor. To prevent spilling, the electrolyte in traction batteries is gelled. The electrolyte may also be embedded in a glass wool which is wound so that the cells have a round cross-sectional area (AGM-type). The following types are also in use[2]: AGM, or Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries A newer type of sealed battery uses Absorbed Glass Mats, or AGM between the plates. ...

• Zebra NiNaCl (or NaNiCl) battery operating at 270 °C requiring cooling in case of temperature excursions
• NiZn battery (higher cell voltage 1.6 V and thus 25% increased specific energy, very short lifespan)

Lithium-ion batteries is now pushing out NiMh-technology in the sector while for low investment costs the lead-acid technology remains in the leading role[3].

Flow Batteries

Flow batteries are a special class of battery where additional quantities of electrolyte are stored outside the main power cell of the battery, and circulated through it by pumps. Flow batteries can have extremely large capacities and are gaining populatity in grid energy storage applications. A Flow Battery is a form of secondary battery in which the electrolytes are not confined to within the power cell its self. ... An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. ... Demand for electricity from the worlds various grids varies over the course of the day and from season to season. ...

Disposable

• Zinc-carbon battery
• Alkaline battery
• Silver-oxide battery
• Lithium battery
• Mercuric-oxide battery
• Zinc-air battery

A carbon-zinc cell consists of a zinc container filled with substances that react chemically to produce an electric current. ... 2 AAA Alkaline batteries Alkaline batteries are a type of power cell dependent upon the reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide (Zn/MnO2). ... A Silver-oxide battery is a primary cell with an open circuit voltage of 1. ... Lithium batteries are primary batteries that have lithium metal anodes. ... Zinc-air batteries is a non-rechargeable electro-chemical battery powered by the oxidation of zinc with oxygen from the air. ...

Rechargeable

• Absorbed_Glass_Mat
• Gel battery
• Lead-acid battery
• Li-ion battery
• Li-Polymer battery
• NaS battery
• NiMH battery
• NiCd battery

AGM, or Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries A newer type of sealed battery uses Absorbed Glass Mats, or AGM between the plates. ... A gel battery is a lead-acid battery with gelified electrolyte. ... Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries today. ... Li-Ion Camera Battery Lithium ion batteries (or Li-ion) have become very common and dropped in price recently. ... Lithium ion polymer batteries, or more commonly lithium polymer batteries (Abbreviated Li-Poly or LiPo) are rechargeable batteries which have technologically evolved from lithium ion batteries. ... A NaS battery is a type of battery contructed from Sodium (Na) and Sulfur (S). ... Modern, high capacity NiMH rechargeable batteries A Nickel metal hydride (or NiMH) battery is a type of rechargeable battery similar to a nickel-cadmium (NiCad) battery but does not have expensive (and environmentally risky) cadmium. ... The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd or NiCad) is a popular type of rechargeable battery for portable electronics and toys using the metals nickel and cadmium as the active chemicals. ...

Common battery sizes

Disposable cells and some rechargeable cells come in a number of standard sizes, so the same battery type can be used in a wide variety of appliances. Some of the major types used in portable appliances include the A-series (A, AA, AAA, AAAA), B, C, D, F, G, J, and N, 3R12, 4R25 and variants, PP3 and PP9, and the lantern 996 and PC926. These and less common types are included in the list of battery sizes appearing in the following section (the list can be opened as a separate page as well). Four double-A batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. ... An AA battery is 50. ... An AAA battery is 44. ... Four double-A batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. ... Four double-A batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. ... A PP3 battery is oblong, and is 9V, and has two prongs on the top to connect power to whatever you connect it to. ... List of battery sizes This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ...

List of battery sizes

Note: 6 V, 9 V, and 12 V batteries are commonly made using multiple 1.5 V cells placed in series. See electrochemical cell. When rechargeables (NiMH or NiCd) are used, the total voltage must be multiplied by 0.83 as a single cell is 1.24 V instead of 1.5 V. An electrochemical cell is a setup used for creating an electromotive force(voltage) in a conductor separating two reactions. ... Rechargeable batteries are batteries that can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy. ... The National Institute of Mental Health is a part of the United States National Institutes of Health. ... The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd or NiCad) is a popular type of rechargeable battery for portable electronics and toys. ...

The relevant European standard is IEC 60086-1 Primary batteries - Part 1: General (BS397 in the UK).

The relevant US standard is ANSI C18.1 American National Standard for Dry Cells and Batteries-Specifications.

An extensive series of articles on many aspects of batteries and their use in portable equipment is available at Buchmann.ca.

History

There is some evidence—in the form of the Baghdad Batteries from sometime between 250 BCE and 640 CE (while Baghdad was under Parthian and Sassanian dynasties of ancient Persia) of galvanic cells having been used in ancient times. Such ancient knowledge in the history of electricity bears no known continuous relationship to the development of modern batteries. The hypothesis that these devices had an electrical function, while plausible, remains unproven, as with devices discovered in Egyptian digs that are alleged to be batteries as well. The Baghdad Battery is the common name for a number of artifacts apparently discovered in the village of Khuyut Rabboua (near Baghdad, Iraq) in 1936. ... (Redirected from 250 BCE) Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC - 250s BC - 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC Years: 255 BC 254 BC 253 BC 252 BC 251 BC - 250 BC... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Reproduction of a Parthian warrior as depicted on Trajans Column The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Origins Bust of Parthian soldier, Esgh-abad Museum, Turkmenia. ... Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty A.D. 4th century). ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... The Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, consists of two metals connected by an electrolyte which forms a salt bridge between the metals. ...

In 1748, Benjamin Franklin coined the term battery to describe the simple capacitor he experimented with, which was an array of charged glass plates. He adapted the word from its earlier sense meaning a beating, which is what an electric shock from the apparatus felt like. In those days, the entertaining effect of an electric shock was one of the few uses of the technology. Other experimenters made batteries from a number of Leyden jars connected in parallel. The definition was later widened to include an array of electrochemical cells or capacitors. The Voltaic pile was a chemical battery developed by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. Volta researched the effects which different metals produced when exposed to salt water. In 1801, Volta demonstrated the Voltaic cell to Napoleon Bonaparte (who later ennobled him for his discoveries). The discoverer of biological electricity Luigi Galvani, researched the same effect with two pieces of the same metal exposed to salt water. Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Baptiste Greuze 1777 For the former mayor of Nepean, see Ben Franklin (politician) Dr. Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was an American publisher, journalist, author, philanthropist, abolitionist, public servant, statesman, scientist, librarian, diplomat, poet, musician, philosopher, economist, and inventor. ... Various types of capacitors SMD capacitors: electrolytic at the bottom line, ceramic above them; classic ceramic and electrolytic capacitors at the right side for comparison A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which equal but opposite electric charges... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... In medicine, shock (hypoperfusion) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inability of the body to supply enough oxygen to meet tissue requirements. ... Original capacitor The Leyden jar was the original capacitor, developed in the 18th century and used to conduct many early experiments in electricity. ... Left: Series / Right: Parallel Arrows indicate direction of current flow. ... In computer programming, an array, also known as a vector or list, is one of the simplest data structures. ... An electrochemical cell is a setup used for creating an electromotive force(voltage) in a conductor separating two reactions. ... Various types of capacitors SMD capacitors: electrolytic at the bottom line, ceramic above them; classic ceramic and electrolytic capacitors at the right side for comparison A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which equal but opposite electric charges... The Voltaic pile was the first modern electric battery, invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800. ... Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) was an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the electric battery. ... 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737–December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna. ...

The scientific community at this time called this battery a pile, accumulator, because it held charge, or artificial electrical organ. Some early battery researchers called the device a gravity cell because gravity kept the two sulfates separated. The name crowfoot cell was also commonly used because of the shape of the zinc electrode used in the batteries. Sulfate is the IUPAC name for the SO42- ion (British English: Sulphate), consisting of a central sulfur atom single bonded to four tetrahedrally oriented oxygen atoms. ...

In 1800, William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used a battery to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. Sir Humphry Davy researched this chemical effect at the same time. Davy researched the decomposition of substances (called electrolysis). In 1813, he constructed a 2,000-plate paired battery in the basement of Britain's Royal Society, covering 889 ft² (83 m²). Through this experiment, Davy deduced that electrolysis was the action in the voltaic pile that produced electricity. In 1820, the British researcher John Frederic Daniell improved the voltaic cell. The Daniell cell consisted of copper and zinc plates and copper and zinc sulfates. It was used to operate telegraphs and doorbells. Between 1832 and 1834, Michael Faraday conducted experiments with a ferrite ring, a galvanometer, and a connected battery. When the battery was connected or disconnected, the galvanometer deflected. Faraday also developed the principle of ionic mobility in chemical reactions of batteries. In 1839, William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen. Grove developed another form the electric cell using zinc and platinum electrodes. These electrodes were exposed to two acids separated by a diaphragm. 1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... There have been several well-known people named William Nicholson, including: William Nicholson (artist) William Nicholson (chemist) William Nicholson (dramatist) William Nicholson (Mayor of Melbourne) Sir William Nicholson (soldier), British General, and Chief of the Imperial General Staff William Nicholson (naval officer) served in the United States Navy. ... Sir Humphry Davy. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, claims to be the oldest learned society still in existence. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... John Frederic Daniell (March 12, 1790 - March 13, 1845) was an English chemist and physicist. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... Sulfate is the IUPAC name for the SO42- ion (British English: Sulphate), consisting of a central sulfur atom single bonded to four tetrahedrally oriented oxygen atoms. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Michael Faraday Michael Faraday (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was a British scientist (a physicist and chemist) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... Ferrite may refer to: (1) ferromagnetic ceramic materials, used in magnetic applications; (2) iron or iron alloys with a body centred cubic crystal structure. ... A ring is usually anything resembling a circle, or a noise that cycles rapidly. ... It has been suggested that Tangent galvanometer be merged into this article or section. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Sir William Robert Grove (1811 – 1896) was a British chemist. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...

In the 1860s, Georges Leclanché of France developed a carbon-zinc battery. It was a wet cell, with electrodes plunged into a body of electrolyte fluid. It was rugged, manufactured easily, and had a decent shelf life. An improved version called a dry cell was later made by sealing the cell and changing the fluid electrolyte to a wet paste. The Leclanché cell is a type of primary (non-rechargeable) battery. In the 1860s, Raymond Gaston Planté invented the lead-acid battery. He immersed two thin solid lead plates separated by rubber sheets in a dilute sulfuric acid solution to make a secondary (rechargeable) battery. The original invention had a short shelf life, though. Around 1881, Émile Alphonse Faure, with his colleagues, developed batteries using a mixture of lead oxides for the positive plate electrolyte. These had faster reactions and higher efficiency. In 1878, the air cell battery was developed. In 1897, Nikola Tesla researched a lightweight carbide cell and a oxygen-hydrogen storage cell. In 1898 Nathan Stubblefield received approval for a battery patent (US600457): this electrolytic coil patent is referred to as an "earth battery". // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... Georges Leclanché (1839 - September 14, 1882) was a French electrical engineer. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... An electrochemical cell is a setup used for creating an electromotive force(voltage) in a conductor separating two reactions. ... An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. ... A subset of the phases of matter, fluids include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids. ... // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries today. ... 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 – c. ... In chemistry, Carbide confusingly refers to three different things: 1. ... Nathan B. Stubblefield (November 22, 1860 - March 28, 1928) was a American inventor and Kentucky melon farmer. ... An earth battery is an early type of voltaic cell buried in the ground so that the soil acts as the electrolyte. ...

In 1900, Thomas Edison developed the nickel storage battery. In 1905, Edison developed the nickel-iron battery. Like all electrochemical cells, Edison's produced a current of electrons that flowed only in one direction, known as direct current. In World War II, Samuel Ruben and Philip Rogers Mallory developed the mercury cell. In the 1950s, Russell S. Ohl developed a wafer of silicon that produced free electrons. In 1954, Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller produced an array of several such wafers, making the first solar battery or solar cell. In the 1950s, Ruben improved the alkaline manganese battery. In 1956, Francis Thomas Bacon developed the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. In 1959, Lewis Urry developed the small alkaline battery at the Eveready Battery Company laboratory in Parma, Ohio. In the 1960s, German researchers invented a gel-type electrolyte lead-acid battery. Duracell was formed in 1964. 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ... Thomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an inventor and businessman who developed many important devices. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... In electricity, current refers to electric current, which is the flow of electric charge. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby boom from returning... Russell Ohl is generally recognized for patenting the modern solar cell (US2402662, Light sensitive device). Ohl was a notable semiconductor researcher prior to the invention of the transistor. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silicon, Si, 14 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 3, p Appearance dark gray, bluish tinge Atomic mass 28. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is a semiconductor device consisting of a large-area p-n junction diode, which, in the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy. ... // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby boom from returning... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 54. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Francis Thomas Bacon (December 21, 1904 - 1992), born at Ramsden Hall, Billericay, Essex, UK was a British Engineer. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lewis Frederick Urry, (January 29, 1927-October 19, 2004), was a Canadian chemical engineer and inventor. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... Energizer Holdings (formerly Eveready Battery), headquartered in St. ... Parma is a medieval city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with splendid architecture and a fine countryside around it. ... State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft (R) Senators Mike DeWine (R) George Voinovich (R) Official language(s) None Area 116,096 km² (34th)  - Land 106,154 km²  - Water 10,044 km² (8. ... The 1960s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ...

Environmental considerations

Since their development over 250 years ago, batteries have remained among the most expensive energy sources, and their manufacture consumes many valuable resources and often involves hazardous chemicals. For this reason many areas now have battery recycling services available to recover some of the more toxic ( and sometimes valuable ) materials from used batteries. Recycle redirects here. ...

The future

Initial research indicates that nanotechnology batteries employing carbon nanotubes will have twice the life of traditional modern batteries. A mite next to a gear set produced using MEMS, the precursor to nanotechnology. ... An electronic device known as a diode can be formed by joining two nanoscale carbon tubes with different electronic properties. ...

A new form of battery is in development called Power Paper. This thin, flexible battery comes in the form of ink cells which can be printed on to virtually any surface and produce power.

Future cell management is able to condition one cell while the others are in operation, so a much longer operation is possible.

See also

• Memory effect
• List of energy topics

With batteries, the memory effect, also known as lazy battery effect, is an effect observed in some rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge. ... This list identifies articles and categories that relate to energy. ...

People/inventors

• John Frederic Daniell
• Thomas Edison
• Luigi Galvani
• Moritz von Jacobi
• Georges Leclanché
• Gaston Planté
• Slavoljub Penkala
• Nikola Tesla
• Alessandro Volta

John Frederic Daniell (March 12, 1790 - March 13, 1845) was an English chemist and physicist. ... Thomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an inventor and businessman who developed many important devices. ... Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737–December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna. ... Moritz Hermann von Jacobi (September 21, 1801 - March 10, 1874) was a Prussian engineer and physicist born in Potsdam. ... Georges Leclanché (1839 - September 14, 1882) was a French electrical engineer. ... Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (April 20, 1871 - February 5, 1922) was an engineer and inventor from Croatia. ... Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 – c. ... Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) was an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the electric battery. ...

Related electrical topics

• Potential difference
• Electric vehicle
• Electrical efficiency
• Electricity
• Electrochemical cell
• Electrochemical potential
• Electrochemistry
• Electromotive force
• Electroplating
• Energy storage
• Lead-acid battery
• Local battery
• Power supply
• Direct current
• Solar power
• Renewable energy
• Peukert's Law

Wikibooks has more about this subject:

Constructing school science lab equipment/Cell holder

Wikibooks has more about this subject:

Electronics:Batteries

Wikibooks has more about this subject:

Electronics:Cells

Potential Difference most commonly refers to Voltage, which is basically like the pressure in an electric current. ... An electric vehicle is a vehicle whose motion is provided by electric motors. ... The efficiency of an entity (a device, component, or system) in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed (a fractional expression). ... Electricity is a general term applied to phenomena involving a fundamental property of matter called an electric charge. ... An electrochemical cell is a setup used for creating an electromotive force(voltage) in a conductor separating two reactions. ... Electrochemical potential is a thermodynamic measure that reflects energy from entropy and electrostatics and is typically invoked in molecular processes that involve diffusion. ... Electrochemistry is the science of the reactions that can take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode, which can be a metal or a semiconductor including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). ... Electromotive force (emf) is a measure of the strength of a source of electrical energy. ... Electroplating is the coating of an electrically conductive item with a layer of metal using electrical current. ... Energy storage is the storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some useful operation. ... Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries today. ... In telecommunication, the term local battery has the following meanings: 1. ... A power supply unit (sometimes abbreviated power supply or PSU) is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. ... Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ... Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ... Renewable energy (sources) or RES capture their energy from existing flows of energy, from on-going natural processes, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows. ... Peukerts Law defines a way to measure the capacity of a Battery (electricity) over a range of discharge rates. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Related electronics concepts

• Series and parallel circuits
• Secondary cell
• Electrode
• Electrolytic capacitor
• Fuel cell
• Galvanic cell
• Ignition system
• Lemon battery
• Jump start
• Lantern
• Flywheel energy storage
• Rechargeable battery
• Maximum power theorem
• Nernst equation
• Superconducting magnetic energy storage
• Grid energy storage

Left: Series / Right: Parallel Arrows indicate direction of current flow. ... A secondary cell is any kind of cell in which the electrochemical reaction of interest is reversible. ... An electrode is a conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with practical capacitors. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... The Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, consists of two metals connected by an electrolyte which forms a salt bridge between the metals. ... The ignition system of an internal-combustion engine is an important part of the overall engine system. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A jump start is a colloquial term for a method of starting an automobile or other internal combustion engine-powered vehicle having a discharged battery. ... Stone lantern A lantern is a portable lighting device used to illuminate broad areas. ... A recent innovation in electrical energy storage is the use of flywheel energy storage, also called flywheel power storage. ... Rechargeable batteries are batteries that can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy. ... This article contains information that is not verifiable. ... In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation gives the electrode potential (E), relative to the standard electrode potential, (E0), of the electrode couple or, equivalently, of the half cells of a battery. ... Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) uses superconductivity - the ability of certain materials to conduct electricity without resistance - to store electrical energy. ... Demand for electricity from the worlds various grids varies over the course of the day and from season to season. ...

Chemicals used in construction

• Sulfur
• Mercury
• Sulfuric acid
• Zinc
• Ammonium chloride
• Antimony
• Cadmium
• Silver
• Nickel
• Nickel metal hydride
• Lithium
• Hydride
• Cobalt
• Manganese
• Nitroglycerin
• Rubidium

General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... Sulfuric acid (British English: sulphuric acid), H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... Ammonium chloride or Sal Ammoniac (chemically ammonium chloride (NH4Cl); also zalmiak, sal armagnac, sal armoniac, and salt armoniack) is, in its pure form, a clear white water-soluble crystalline salt with a biting taste. ... General Name, Symbol, Number antimony, Sb, 51 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous grey Atomic mass 121. ... General Name, Symbol, Number cadmium, Cd, 48 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 5, d Appearance silvery gray metallic Atomic mass 112. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... Modern, high capacity NiMH rechargeable batteries A Nickel metal hydride (or NiMH) battery is a type of rechargeable battery similar to a nickel-cadmium (NiCad) battery but does not have expensive (and environmentally risky) cadmium. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lithium, Li, 3 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 2, s Appearance silvery white/gray Atomic mass 6. ... A hydride is a chemical compound of a hydrogen with other elements. ... This article is on the chemical element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 54. ... Nitroglycerin, also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin, and glyceryl trinitrate, is a chemical compound, a heavy, colorless, poisonous, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rubidium, Rb, 37 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 5, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 85. ...

Related inventions

• Baghdad Battery
• Voltaic pile
• Timeline of invention
• List of inventors
• Smart Battery Data battery warns device when it is going flat.

• Lithium polymer

The Baghdad Battery is the common name for a number of artifacts apparently discovered in the village of Khuyut Rabboua (near Baghdad, Iraq) in 1936. ... The Voltaic pile was the first modern electric battery, invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800. ... This is a chronological list of inventions. ... This is a list of inventors. ... SBD (Smart Battery Data) is a method to monitor a rechargeable battery pack, initiated by Duracell and Intel. ... Lithium polymer batteries (Li-Poly or LiPo) are rechargeable batteries which have technologically evolved from lithium ion batteries. ...

Other

• Gas-electric hybrid engine
• Hybrid car
• Regenerative braking
• Waste
• CMOS battery
• Battery room

A gas-electric hybrid engine is a combination of a gasoline/petrol or diesel internal combustion engine with an electric motor to power a vehicle. ... Honda Insight, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle 2004 Toyota Prius, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle A hybrid vehicle uses multiple energy sources or propulsion systems to provide motive power. ... Regenerative braking is any technology which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would otherwise be lost to heat when braking. ... Waste inside a rubbish bin Waste is unwanted or undesired material left over after the completion of a process. ... CMOS (pronounced see-moss) is the name used for a major class of integrated circuits. ... Telecomunications/Computing A Battery room is a room in a facility used to house batteries for large-scale custom-built backup power systems. ...

External links

• Electrochemistry Encyclopedia NONRECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
• Battery Glossary & Terminology
• Battery Technologies - Directory page covering theory, research and development, and market devices that improve the trend toward clean, renewable energy. (FreeEnergyNews)
• The Microturbine, battery technology as "the Next Big Thing" by Fred Hapgood
• Exide Technologies, a typical manufacturer of batteries for industrial and other applications
• Batteries in a Portable World - A Handbook on rechargeable batteries for non-engineers - Has a comprehensive FAQ section on rechargeable batteries
• Battery Timeline - History of batteries, energy and related technologies
• Mobile phone fuel cells coming in 2007 Infoworld July 13, 2005
• "Battery Resources" of PESWiki, the community-built website dealing with alternative and renewable energy solutions
• A Peukert Calculator spreadsheet