NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Amritsar Massacre

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden) in Amritsar, where, on April 13, 1919, British Indian Army soldiers opened fire on an unarmed gathering of men, women and children. Official sources place the casualties at 379. According to private sources, the number was over 1000, with more than 1200 wounded ^[1], and Civil Surgeon Dr Smith indicated that they were over 1800 ^[2]. The figures were never fully ascertained for political reasons ^{[citation needed]}. Amritsar Massacre 1919 Source: http://www. ... Amritsar Massacre 1919 Source: http://www. ... Amritsar (Punjabi: , , Hindi: . ), meaning Pool of the Nectar of Immortality, is the administrative headquarter of the Amritsar District in Punjab, India. ... 13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Indian Army in the time of the British Raj (1857â€“1947) // Administrative Name The Indian Army is the name for the Indian Armed forces of that country; the meaning of that name changed over time: History The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Mutiny in 1857 by the...

Background

The year 1919 saw mass protests instigated by the Indian National Congress and others across the subcontinent. The main antagonising factors were the Rowlatt Acts, the effects of the First World War upon India, and bad economic conditions. Whilst the educated middle class members of the Congress understood the peaceful methods espoused by Mohandas Gandhi, called satyagraha or 'truth force', many of those who protested did not. On the first day of marches, April 6, a hartal was observed in many places in India. 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party or Congress (I), abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 and basically authorised the government to imprison any person living in the Raj without trial on suspicion of being a terrorist. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... {{for|an account of the opera of that title by Philip Glass| Satyagraha is the philosophy of nonviolent resistance most famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj and also against apartheid in South Africa. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... Hartal is an Indian term for strike action, used often during the Indian independence movement. ...

Growing tension in the Punjab led the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Michael O'Dwyer, to order the arrest and deportation of the two most prominent nationalist leaders in Amritsar, Drs. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal, on 10 April. Crowds attempting to march on the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar to lodge a protest against the arrest and deportation of their popular leaders were met with force, and the situation in Amritsar quickly descended into violence. At least ten Indians were shot dead (Home Political Deposit, Sept, 1919. File No 23. National Archives of India, New Delhi) and thirty wounded in the firing. In a second wave of renewed protests on the same day another twenty Indians were shot dead and many more wounded ^[3]. In the second wave of protests five British civilians were also murdered in retaliation by the crowd. There was also an attack on an English woman, a Miss Sherwood, by members of the crowd. There were reports of arson attacks on and looting of British banks, Government offices, and private property (these occurred, however, under the watch of Kotwali). Some policemen were later apprehended in possession of property stolen from the banks ^[4]. This infuriated the administration and Mr Seymour, a senior British official, is reported to have stated that 'for single European life, a thousand Indians would be killed' ^[5]. Sir Michael Francis ODwyer (born April 1864-Killed March 13, 1940), was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab from 1912 till 1919 which Province he had ruled like a Dictator. ... Amritsar (Punjabi: , , Hindi: . ), meaning Pool of the Nectar of Immortality, is the administrative headquarter of the Amritsar District in Punjab, India. ... Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew was an Indian freedom fighter and a Muslim Indian nationalist leader. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ...

O'Dwyer meanwhile had placed a call to Simla and outlined the situation to the Indian Government. The response was that if the troops were forced to open fire, 'they should make an example'. O'Dwyer carefully wrote this in his personal diary ^[6]. Shimla Shimla (शिमला) is the capital of Himachal Pradesh and a hill station in North India. ...

A high-level meeting was held in Government House, Lahore, where a plan is said to have been formulated by O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, and other top British civil and military officials. Lieutenant Colonel Smith was also present ^[7]. The secret, unofficial meeting was conducted by O'Dwyer and all orders were issued verbally ^[8]. Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer was to carry out the plan to avenge the five British deaths and 'teach Indians the lesson that revolution was a dangerous game' ^[9]. Reginald Dyer. ...

Miles Irving, Deputy Commissioner of the District of Amritsar, handed over charge of the city of Amritsar to the military on 11 April. Brigadier-General Dyer, whose 45th Brigade was based in neighbouring Jullundur and whose area of responsibility included Amritsar, arrived in the city by 9 p.m. on April 11 to take command. (Dyer's rank was non-substantive, only a temporary rank, held because he was commanding 45 Brigade at Jullundur.) He found that instructions had already been given that 'No gatherings of persons nor processions of any sort will be allowed. All gatherings will be fired on'. It is notable in this regard that martial law had not yet been declared in the city. General Dyer subsequently issued a proclamation on 12 April declaring that 'all meetings and gatherings' were forbidden. April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... small alley in Jalandhar, close to the fish-market rikshaws with bananas in Jalandhar, close to the fish-market // Jalandhar is a city in the state of Punjab, India. ... small alley in Jalandhar, close to the fish-market rikshaws with bananas in Jalandhar, close to the fish-market // Jalandhar is a city in the state of Punjab, India. ... Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect (usually after a formal declaration) when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ...

The gathering

On April 13, thousands of Punjabi Indians gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh in the heart of Amritsar, one of the major cultural, religious and commercial towns of Punjab state. The occasion was Baisakhi Day, a Sikh religious day. A tradition had been established for Sikhs to gather in Amritsar to participate in the Baisakhi festival. Those coming from the rural areas of Amritsar District were unaware of the events in Amritsar as communications were inadequate and highly underdeveloped in Punjab. According to the legal niceties the gathering in the Bagh was in violation of the prohibitory orders banning gatherings of five or more persons in the city, a term of martial law. 13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... The Punjabi people (also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan people and speakers of the Punjabi language, an Indo-Aryan tongue, and can be found primarily in the Punjab region of Pakistan and Northern India. ... Traditional fervour and gaiety mark the celebrations of Baisakhi, which stands for the dawn of a new year in north India. ... A Sikh man wearing a turban A Sikh is a follower of Sikhism, a religious faith originating in the Punjab. ... Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect (usually after a formal declaration) when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice. ...

The massacre

A band of 90 soldiers armed with rifles and kukris marched to the park accompanied by two armoured cars on which machine guns were mounted. The vehicles were unable to enter the Bagh through the narrow entrance. A kukri Kukri knife and sheath A Gurkha officer of the Gurkha Contingent, Singapore Police Force patrols around Raffles City during the 117th IOC Session. ... Military armored cars A French VBL reconnaissance vehicle. ... A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm that is capable of firing bullets in rapid succession. ...

The troops were commanded by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer who, immediately upon entering the Bagh and without the slightest warning to the crowd to disperse, ordered his troops to open fire, concentrating especially on the areas where the crowd was thickest. The firing started at 17:15 and lasted for about ten to fifteen minutes. The Bagh, or garden, was bounded on all sides by brick walls and buildings and had only 5 narrow entrances, most of which were kept permanently locked. Reginald Dyer. ...

Since there was only one exit except for the one already manned by the troops, people desperately tried to climb the walls of the park. Some also jumped into a well inside the compound to escape the bullets. A plaque in the monument says that 120 bodies were plucked out of the well alone.

After the firing was over, hundreds of people had been killed and thousands had been injured. Official estimates put the figures at 379 killed (337 men, 41 boys and a six week old baby) and 200 injured, though the actual figure was almost certainly much higher (see above); the wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen, as a curfew had been declared. Debate about the actual figures continues to this day. Image File history File links Dyre. ... Image File history File links Dyre. ...

Back in his headquarters Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been confronted by a revolutionary army, and had been obliged to teach a moral lesson to the Punjab.

In a telegram sent to Dyer, British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer wrote: "Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves" ^[10]. A Lieutenant Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or deputy of a Governor or Governor-General. ... Sir Michael Francis ODwyer (born April 1864-Killed March 13, 1940), was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab from 1912 till 1919 which Province he had ruled like a Dictator. ...

O'Dwyer requested that martial law be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas; this was granted by the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, after the massacre. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect (usually after a formal declaration) when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice. ... Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford (12 August 1868 - 1 April 1933) was a British statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921. ...

Dyer was called to appear before the Hunter Commission, a commission of inquiry into the massacre that was ordered to convene by Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu, in late 1919. Dyer admitted before the commission that he came to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but took no steps to prevent it. He stated that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there. The office of Secretary of State for India or India Secretary was created in 1858 when India was brought under direct British rule (British Raj). ... Edwin Samuel Montagu (1879-1924) was a British Liberal polician. ...

"I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself." — Dyer's response to the Hunter Commission Enquiry

Dyer said he would have used his machine guns if he could have got them into the enclosure, but these were mounted on armoured cars. He said he did not stop firing when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep firing until the crowd dispersed, and that a little firing would do no good.

He confessed that he did not take any steps to tend to the wounded after the firing. Certainly not. It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there, was his response.

Reaction

In the storm of outrage which followed the release of the Hunter Report in 1920, Dyer was placed on the inactive list and his rank reverted to Colonel since he was no longer in command of a Brigade. The then Commander-in-Chief stated that Dyer would no longer be offered employment in India. Dyer was in poor health and so was sent home to England on a hospital ship. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Colonel is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... USNS Comfort takes on supplies at Mayport, FL enroute to Gulf Coast. ...

Some senior British officers and many civilians in India applauded his suppression of 'another Indian Mutiny'. The House of Lords passed a measure commending him. The House of Commons, however, censured him; in the debate Winston Churchill claimed: "The incident in Jallian Wala Bagh was an extraordinary event, a monstrous event, an event which stands in singular and sinister isolation". Dyer's action was condemned worldwide. He was officially censured by the British Government and resigned in 1920. This article is about the British House of Lords. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and is now the dominant branch of Parliament. ... The Rt Hon. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ...

The Morning Post started a sympathy fund for Dyer and received over £26,000. Dyer was presented with a memorial book inscribed with the names of wellwishers. The Morning Post was a conservative daily newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937, when it was acquired by The Daily Telegraph. ...

In India the massacre evoked feelings of deep anguish and anger. It catalysed the freedom movement in the Punjab against British rule and paved the way for Mohandas Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement against the British in 1920. The Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood to the King-Emperor in protest. The massacre became an important catalyst of the Indian independence movement. Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 The Punjab (meaning: Land of five Rivers; also Panjab, Gurmukhi: à¨ªà©°à¨œà¨¾à¨¬, Shahmukhi: Ù¾Ù†Ø¬Ø§Ø¨) is a region straddling the border between India and Pakistan. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... The Non-Cooperation Movement is a collection of techniques used by a subjugated population to achieve freedom from their oppressors. ... Nobel, (Swedish pronunciation: nouÂ´bell ), can mean: Nobel Prize - awarded annually since 1901, from the request of Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize for Literature Nobel Peace Prize Laureates/Winners of the Nobel Prize By Country... à¦°à¦¬à§€à¦¨à§à¦¦à§à¦°à¦¨à¦¾à¦¥ à¦ à¦¾à¦•à§à¦° â€” Gurudev. ... A king-emperor (feminine queen-empress) is a sovereign ruler who is simultaneously a king of one territory and emperor of another. ... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857, reaching its climax with Mahatma Gandhis Quit India Movement (1942-1945), and Subhash Chandra Boses Indian...

Monument and legacy

A trust was formed in 1920 to build a memorial at the site following a resolution passed by the Indian National Congress. In 1923 the trust purchased land for the project]. A memorial was built on the site and inaugurated by the then-President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 13 April 1961 in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders. A flame was later added to the site. The bullet holes can be seen on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day. The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the hail of bullets is also a protected monument inside the park. Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party or Congress (I), abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Dr. Rajendra Prasad (December 3, 1884 â€“ February 28, 1963) was the first President of India. ... 13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Jawaharlal Nehru (à¤œà¤µà¤¾à¤¹à¤°à¤²à¤¾à¤² à¤¨à¥‡à¤¹à¤°à¥‚, JavÄharlÄl NehrÅ«) (November 14, 1889 â€“ May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Scholar, Teacher) Nehru, was an important leader of the Indian Independence Movement and the Indian National Congress, and became the first Prime Minister of India when India won its independence on August 15, 1947. ...

The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough's 1982 film Gandhi with the role of General Dyer played by Edward Fox. It is also depicted in the Indian film Rang De Basanti. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed. ... Gandhi (1982) is an Anglo-Indian film, directed by Richard Attenborough, about the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi, Great Soul), leader of the nonviolent resistance movement against British colonial rule in India during the first half of the 20th century. ... Edward Fox (born 13 April 1937) is an English stage, film and television actor. ... Rang De Basanti (Devanagari: à¤°à¤‚à¤— à¤¦à¥‡ à¤¬à¤¸à¤‚à¤¤à¥€) is a Bollywood movie. ...

In 1997, the Duke of Edinburgh, participating in an already controversial British visit to the Amritsar monument, provoked considerable outrage in India and in the UK with an offhand comment. Having observed a plaque claiming 2,000 casualties, Prince Philip observed, "That's not right. The number is less." 1997 (MCMXCVII in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Duke of Edinburgh is a British dukedom. ...

Revenge for Jallianwala Bagh

On 13 March 1940 a Sikh revolutionary from Sunam, named Udham Singh, who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and was himself wounded, shot dead Sir Michael O'Dwyer, believed to be the chief planner of the massacre (Dyer having died years earlier) at the Caxton Hall in London. March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Udham Singh--a Militant Nationalist and Freedom Fighter of Punjab, India Udham Singh (December 26, 1899 â€“ July 31, 1940), born Sher Singh and also known as Ram Mohammed Singh Azad, was a Sikh Punjabi militant and nationalist. ... Sir Michael Francis ODwyer (born April 1864-Killed March 13, 1940), was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab from 1912 till 1919 which Province he had ruled like a Dictator. ...

The action of Singh was generally condemned by Congress controlled Indian press run by foreign educated liberals. But others like Amrit Bazar Patrika and New Statesman etc had different views. The common people and revolutionary circles had glorified the action of Udham Singh. Most of the press worldwide recalled the story of Jallianwala Bagh and held Sir Michael O'Dwyer responsible for the tragedy and commended Singh's action. Singh was called a "fighter for freedom" and his action was stated as "an expression of the pent-up fury of the down-trodden Indian People" ^[11]. Bergeret, published in large scale from Rome at that time, while commenting upon the Caxton Hall outrage, ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the courageous action of Udham Singh ^[12]. Berliner Borsen Zeitung called the event "The torch of the Indian freedom". Germany radio repeatedly broadcast: "The cry of tormented people spoke with shots". At a public meeting in Kanpur, a spokesman had stated that at last an insult and humilation of the nation had been avenged. Similar sentiments were expressed at numerous other places country-wide ^[13]. Fortnightly reports of the political situation in Bihar mentioned: " It is true that we had no love lost for Sir Michael. The indignities he heaped upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten". In its March 18, 1940 issue, Amrit Bazar Patrika wrote: "O'Dwyer's name is connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget". New Statesman observed: " British conservativism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of rule. Similar comment may be made on British rule in India. Will the historians of the future have to record that it was not the Nazis but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire?". Image File history File links Udhamsingh_1. ... Image File history File links Udhamsingh_1. ... A congress is a gathering of people, especially a gathering for a political purpose. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... KÄnpur (known as Cawnpore before 1948) is the most populous city in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 The Punjab (meaning: Land of five Rivers; also Panjab, Gurmukhi: à¨ªà©°à¨œà¨¾à¨¬, Shahmukhi: Ù¾Ù†Ø¬Ø§Ø¨) is a region straddling the border between India and Pakistan. ... The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism (disambiguation). ...

Singh had told the court at his trial: "I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed (sic) him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengence. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What a greater honor could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland " ^[14].

Singh was hanged for the murder on July 31, 1940. Jawaharlal Nehru applauded Udham Singh in 1952 with the following statement which had appeared in the daily Partap: "I salute Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free". ^[15]. But earlier in March 1940, the liberals including Nehru and Mahatama Gandhi had condemned the action of Udham as senseless. Jawaharlal Nehru (à¤œà¤µà¤¾à¤¹à¤°à¤²à¤¾à¤² à¤¨à¥‡à¤¹à¤°à¥‚, JavÄharlÄl NehrÅ«) (November 14, 1889 â€“ May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Scholar, Teacher) Nehru, was an important leader of the Indian Independence Movement and the Indian National Congress, and became the first Prime Minister of India when India won its independence on August 15, 1947. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869â€“January 30, 1948) (Devanagari, Hindi: à¤®à¥‹à¤¹à¤¨à¤¦à¤¾à¤¸ à¤•à¤°à¤®à¤šà¤¨à¥à¤¦ à¤—à¤¾à¤‚à¤§à¥€,Gujarati:àª®à«‹àª¹àª¨àª¦àª¾àª¸ àª•àª°àª®àªšàª‚àª¦ àª—àª¾àª‚àª§à«€) was the spiritual and political leader of India who led the struggle for Indias independence from the British Empire, empowered by tens of millions of Indians. ...

References

External links

The Golden Temple Harmandir Sahib (also Hari Mandir, Harimandar and other variants) (Punjabi: à¨¹à¨°à¨¿à¨®à©°à¨¦à¨° à¨¸à¨¾à¨¹à¨¿à¨¬) is the most sacred gurdwara in all of Sikhism, located in Amritsar, Punjab, India. ...

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | IndiaFreedom | 1919 | British rule in India Image File history File links The flag of India used in 1931. ... Image File history File links Gandhi_Salt_March. ... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857, reaching its climax with Mahatma Gandhis Quit India Movement (1942-1945), and Subhash Chandra Boses Indian... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3496x2418, 835 KB) en: Gandhi during the Salt March, March 1930. ... European colonies in India were set up by several European nations beginning at the end of the 15th century. ... East India Company was the name of several historic European companies chartered with the monopoly of trading with Asia for their respective countries. ... The Battle of Plassey was a battle that took place on June 23, 1757, near Palashi (à¦ªà¦²à¦¾à¦¶à§€ in Bengali) (anglicised to Plassey), a small village on the Bhagirathi River (a distributary of the Ganga) located about 150 km north of Kolkata, and south of town of Murshidabad (then capital of the... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India. ... Portuguese India (Port. ... Map of India. ... Self rule is the term used to described a people or group being able to exercise all of the necessary functions of power without intervention from any authority which they cannot themselves alter. ... Gandhism (or Gandhi-ism) is an informal reference to the vision, core inspirations, principles, beliefs and philosophy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian Independence Movement. ... {{for|an account of the opera of that title by Philip Glass| Satyagraha is the philosophy of nonviolent resistance most famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj and also against apartheid in South Africa. ... Hindu nationalism is the political and cultural expression, histriographical and political theories of Indian nationalism distinctive to Hindu society in India, which asserts being Hindu as not merely a religious identity, but a national identity. ... Indian Muslim nationalism refers to the political and cultural expression of nationalism, founded upon the religious tenets and identity of Islam, of the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. ... Swadeshi is the Indian term for the boycott of British goods. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... It has been suggested that First War of Indian Independence 1857 be merged into this article or section. ... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857, reaching its climax with Mahatma Gandhis Quit India Movement (1942-1945), and Subhash Chandra Boses Indian... Revolutionary movement for Indian independence is often a less-highlighted aspect of Indian independence movement - the underground revolutionary factions. ... The first Satyagraha revolutions inspired by Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian Independence Movement occurred in Kheda district of Gujarat and the Champaran district of Bihar between the years of 1918 and 1919. ... The Amritsar massacre The Amritsar massacre, also known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh, in Amritsar), where, on April 13, 1919, British Indian Army (Pathan, Baluch and Gurkha) soldiers, on the direct orders of their British officers, opened fire on an unarmed gathering, killing at... The Non-Cooperation Movement is a collection of techniques used by a subjugated population to achieve freedom from their oppressors. ... The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1925 in the state of Gujarat, India during the British Raj was a major episode of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. ... The Indian Statutory Commission was a group of seven British Members of Parliament that had been dispatched to India in 1927 to study constitutional reform in that colony. ... The Nehru Report (1928) was a memorandum outlining a proposed new Dominion (see dominion status) constitution for India. ... The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War. ... Scenes on the eve of the Salt Satyagraha, Gandhis famous 240 mile march on foot to the sea at Dandi. ... 24. ... Sir Stafford Cripps Mission was an attempt in late March of 1942 by the British War Cabinet to secure Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. Led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, the majority Indian National Congress and its supporters were engaged in a program of... The Quit India Movement was a call for immediate independence for India issued by MK Gandhi on August 8, 1942. ... The Bombay Mutiny was the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay (Mumbai) harbour on 21 February 1946. ... The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War. ... The Ghadar Party was a Sikh party formed in the United States in 1910? with the aim to liberate India from British rule. ... Home Rule flag The Home Rule Movement was formed by Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak with the aim of seeking a Dominion status within the British Empire to the Indian Empire in 1917. ... The flag used by Indian National Army during World War II. The Indian National Army (I.N.A) or Azad Hind Fauj was an auxiliary force to the Imperial Japanese Army in its southern mainland campaign during the Second World War. ... Flag of the Provisional Government of Free India. ... Swaraj Party, a political party of colonial India, was organized in 1923 by Deshbandhu Chitaranjan Das (1870-1925) and Motilal Nehru (1861-1931), to participate in legislative councils. ... Anushilan Samiti was one of the secret revolutionary organisations operating in Bengal in the first quarter of the 20th century. ... For the Hindi movie of the same name, see The Rising (Indian film) Mangal Pandey (d. ... Rani Lakshmi Bai, the queen of Jhansi, a Maratha-ruled princely state of northern India, was one of the great nationalist heroes of the Revolt of 1857, and a symbol of resistance to British rule in India. ... Lokmanya Tilak Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, social reformer and freedom fighter who was the first popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. ... Gopal Krishna Gokhale (à¤—à¥‹à¤ªà¤¾à¤² à¤•à¥ƒà¤·à¥â€à¤£ à¤—à¥‹à¤–à¤²à¥‡) was born on May 9, 1866, in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Devanagari: à¤®à¥‹à¤¹à¤¨à¤¦à¤¾à¤¸ à¤•à¤°à¤®à¤šà¤¨à¥à¤¦ à¤—à¤¾à¤‚à¤§à¥€; Gujarati: àª®à«‹àª¹àª¨àª¦àª¾àª¸ àª•àª°àª®àªšàª‚àª¦ àª—àª¾àª‚àª§à«€; October 2, 1869 â€“ January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India, and the Indian independence movement. ... Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (October 31, 1875–December 15, 1950), popularly referred to as Sardar Patel, was an Indian statesman, an important leader of the Indian National Congress and the deputy Prime Minister in the first cabinet of Independent India. ... ... Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Bacha Khan) (1890 - January 20, 1988) was a Pathan political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition to British rule during the final years of the Empire on the Indian sub-continent. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (à¤œà¤µà¤¾à¤¹à¤°à¤²à¤¾à¤² à¤¨à¥‡à¤¹à¤°à¥‚, JavÄharlÄl NehrÅ«) (November 14, 1889 â€“ May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Scholar, Teacher) Nehru, was an important leader of the Indian Independence Movement and the Indian National Congress, and became the first Prime Minister of India when India won its independence on August 15, 1947. ... Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888 - August 1958) was a freedom fighter in Indias struggle for Independence from Britain. ... Chandrasekhar Azad (July 23, 1906 â€“ February 27, 1931) was a great Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary thinker. ... Rajaji Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (December 1878 - December 25, 1972), known as or Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian lawyer, writer, statesman and a Hindu spiritualist. ... Dr. Rajendra Prasad (December 3, 1884 â€“ February 28, 1963) was the first President of India. ... Bhagat Singh Bhagat Singh (September 27, 1907 â€“ March 23, 1931) was an Indian revolutionary, considered to be one of the most famous martyrs of the Indian freedom struggle. ... This article needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Sir James Outram Sir James Outram (January 29, 1803-March 11, 1863), English general, and one of the heroes of the Indian Mutiny, was the son of Benjamin Outram of Butterley Hall, Derbyshire, civil engineer. ... James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess and 10th Earl of Dalhousie (April 22, 1812–December 19, 1860) was a British statesman, and a colonial administrator in India. ... The Right Honourable Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (16 April 1881â€“23 December 1959), known as The Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and as The Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a British Conservative politician. ... Victor Alexander John Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow (24 September 1887 - 5 January 1952) was a British statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. ... Field Marshal The Right Honourable Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell (May 5, 1883 - May 24, 1950) GCB, GCSI, GCIE, CMG, MC, PC was a British Field Marshal and the commander of British Army forces in the Middle East during World War II. He led British forces to victory... The Right Honourable Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (April 24, 1889 - April 21, 1952), British Labour politician, was born in London, the son of a Conservative member of the House of Commons who late in life, as Lord Parmoor, joined the Labour Party. ... Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, PC, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, DSO (25 June 1900 â€“ 27 August 1979) was a British admiral and statesman and an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ... The British Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership, providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations. ... 1. ... Britains holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Pakistan (including East Pakistan, modern-day Bangladesh). ... India under British Raj in 1922, prior to its partition and integration after independence. ...

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