Amylin, or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), is a 37-residue peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic β-cells at the same time as insulin (in a roughly 100:1 ratio). Hugo is a masculine name. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), which is a branch of the US National Institutes of Health. ... Swiss-Prot is a curated biological database of protein sequences created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute. ... Short and long arms Chromosome. ... Chromosome 12 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ... Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. ... Beta cells are a type of cell in the pancreas in areas called the islets of Langerhans. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ...

Function

Amylin functions as part of the endocrine pancreas and contributes to glycemic control. Although amylin's normal role may not yet be fully known, it aids in limiting glycemic excursions by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety, and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin. The endocrine system is a control system of ductless endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate within the body via the bloodstream to affect distant organs. ... The pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine system that serves two major functions: exocrine (producing pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin). ... Glycemic control is a medical term referring to the typical levels of blood sugar (glucose) in a person with diabetes mellitus. ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ...

Rodent amylin knockouts are known to fail to achieve the normal anorexia following food consumption. Because it is an amidated peptide, like many neuropeptides, it is believed to be responsible for the anorectic effect. Knockout (also referred to as a K.O. or knock), is a winning criterion in several full-contact combat sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai and others sports involving striking. ... Anorexia (deriving from the Greek α(ν)- (a(n)-, a prefix that denotes absence) + όρεξη (orexe) = appetite) is the decreased sensation of appetite. ... A Neuropeptide is any of the variety of peptides found in neural tissue; e. ...

History

IAPP was identified independently by two groups as the major component of diabetes-associated islet amyloid deposits in 1987.^[1][2] This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Amyloid describes various types of protein aggregations that share specific traits when examined microscopically. ...

Pharmacology

Synthetic amylin, or pramlintide (brand name Symlin) was recently approved for adult use in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1. Insulin and pramlintide, injected separately but both before a meal, work together to control the post-prandial glucose excursion.^[3] Pramlintide acetate (Symlin) is a relatively new adjunct treatment for diabetes (both Type 1 and 2). ... Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a form of diabetes mellitus. ...

References

1. ↑  Cooper GJ, Willis AC, Clark A, Turner RC, Sim RB, Reid KB. 1987. Purification and characterization of a peptide from amyloid-rich pancreases of type 2 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84(23):8628–8632. PMID 3317417.
2. ↑  Westermark P, Wernstedt C, Wilander E, Hayden DW, O'Brien TD, Johnson KH. 1987. Amyloid fibrils in human insulinoma and islets of Langerhans of the diabetic cat are derived from a neuropeptide-like protein also present in normal islet cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84(11):3881-3885. PMID 3035556.
3. ↑  Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc
4. ↑  Amyloidosis in cats from Petdiabetes wiki.
5. ↑  Chronic Oxidative Stress as a Central Mechanism for Glucose Toxicity in Pancreatic Islet Beta Cells in Diabetes. JBC Vol. 279, Issue 41, 42351-42354, October 8, 2004