Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: חנה רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Soviet and Romanian communist politician and served as Romania's foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Main figure of the Moskow faction of the Romanian Communist Party, she was the party's unofficial leader from 1944 until Stalin's death. Yiddish (Yid. ... February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Soviet redirects here. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... // Foreign Affairs Ministers of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1862 - 1866 Apostol Arsache 1862 prince Alexandru Cantacuzino 1862 general Ioan G. Ghica 1862-1863 Nicolae Rosetti-Bălănescu 1863-1865 Alexandru Papadopol-Callimachi 1865-1866 Ion Ghica 1866 Petre Mavrogheni 1866 Foreign Affairs Ministers of the Principality... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... PCR hammer and sickle symbol The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a Communist political party in Romania. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314...

Biography

Early life and political career

Pauker was born into a poor, religious Orthodox Jewish family in Codăeşti, Vaslui county. Her parents, Sarah and Hersh Kaufman Rabinsohn, had four surviving children; an additional two died in infancy. As a young woman, she became a teacher. While her younger brother was a Zionist and remained religious, she opted for Socialism, joining the Romanian Social Democratic Party in 1915 and then its successor, the Socialist Party of Romania, in 1916. She was active in the pro-Bolshevik faction of the group, the one that took control after the Party's Congress of May 8–12, 1921 and joined the Comintern under the name of Socialist-Communist Party (future Communist Party of Romania). She and her husband, Marcel Pauker, became leading members. They were both arrested in 1922 for their political activities and went into exile to Switzerland on their release. Orthodox Judaism is one of the three major branches of Judaism. ... Administrative map of Romania with Vaslui county highlighted Vaslui is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Moldovia region, with the capital city at Vaslui (population: 79,658). ... A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Socialist Party of Romania (Romanian: Partidul Socialist din România, commonly known as Partidul Socialist, PS) was a Romanian socialist political party, created on December 11, 1918 by members of the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR), after the latter emerged from clandestinity. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (129th in leap years). ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Marcel Pauker (rendered in Russian as Марцел Паукер - Martsel Pauker; December 6, 1896, Bucharest—August 16, 1938, Butovo - near Moscow) was a Romanian communist militant and husband of Ana Pauker. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

Communist leadership position

Ana Pauker went to France where she became an instructor for the Comintern and was also involved in the Communist movement elsewhere in the Balkans. She returned to Romania and was arrested in 1935, being put on trial together with other leading Communists such as Alexandru Moghioroş and Alexandru Drăghici, and sentenced to ten years in prison. In May 1941 she was sent into exile to the Soviet Union in exchange for a Romanian being detained by the Soviets after the occupation of Bessarabia in 1940, just in time to escape the policy of oppression and massacre of Jews by the regime of Ion Antonescu, in alliance with Nazi Germany. In the meantime, her husband fell victim to the Soviet Great Purge, in 1938. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In June of 1941, after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. ... Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth PiteÅŸti, Romania Date of death June 1... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In Moscow, she became leader of the Romanian Communist exiles who would later become known as the Muscovite faction. She returned to Romania in 1944 when the Red Army entered the country, becoming a member of the post-war government which came to be dominated by the Communists. She was named Foreign Minister in 1947, after Gheorghe Tătărescu had been marginalized. Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... // Foreign Affairs Ministers of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1862 - 1866 Apostol Arsache 1862 prince Alexandru Cantacuzino 1862 general Ioan G. Ghica 1862-1863 Nicolae Rosetti-Bălănescu 1863-1865 Alexandru Papadopol-Callimachi 1865-1866 Ion Ghica 1866 Petre Mavrogheni 1866 Foreign Affairs Ministers of the Principality... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Gheorghe I. Tătărescu (also known as Guţă Tătărescu, with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 1886—March 28, 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934-1937; 1939-1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim...

In 1948 Time magazine featured Ana Pauker's portrait on its cover, with the caption The most powerful woman alive. She promoted forced collectivization, but also supported higher prices for agricultural products - which resulted in the allegation that she was moving away from Marxism, as a "peasantist". She also opposed the purging of Romanian veterans of the Spanish Civil War and French Resistance, as well as Joseph Stalin's plans to have former Communist leader Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu put on trial. Just as forcefully, she argued against the Soviet-inspired monetary reform that drove down prices of farm goods and risked provoking drastic shortages. 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Time, (whose trademark is capitalized TIME) is a weekly American newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ... Marxism takes its name from the praxis (the synthesis of philosophy and political action) of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... LucreÅ£iu Pătrăşcanu, (November 4, 1900, Bacău–April 17, 1954) was a leading member of the Communist Party of Romania, a lawyer, sociologist and economist. ... Monetary Reform is accounting reform that reaches more deeply into banking central bank, money supply and monetary policy. ...

Pauker's initially unreserved Stalinist Muscovite faction within the Communist Party (so called because many of its members, like Pauker, had spent years in exile in Moscow) was opposed by the Prison faction (most of whom had spent the Fascist period, mainly under Antonescu's dictatorship, in Romanian prisons, particularly Doftana Prison). Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the de facto leader of the Prison faction, had supported intensified agricultural collectivization and was a rigid Stalinist: however, he resented Soviet influence (which would become clear at the time of de-Stalinization when, as leader of Communist Romania, he was a determined opponent of Nikita Khrushchev). Joseph Stalin Stalinism is the political and economic system named after Joseph Stalin, who implemented it in the Soviet Union. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Doftana is a Romanian prison that was used in the 1930s to detain political prisoners. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... // See also: Nikita Khrushchev After Stalin had died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Georgi Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. ... Anthem Zdrobite cătuÅŸe (1947 - 1953) Te slăvim Românie (1953 - 1968) Trei Culori (1968-1989) Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Socialist republic Head of State  - 1947–1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej  - 1965-1989 Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Legislature Marea Adunare NaÅ£ionalÇŽ Historical era Cold War  - Monarchy abolished... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: , Nikita Sergeevič Chruščiov; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov[1]; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894[2]–September 11, 1971) was the chief director of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

Downfall

Gheorghiu-Dej profited on the mounting anti-Semitism in Soviet policy, and persuaded Stalin to take action against the Pauker faction. Pauker and her supporters were purged in May 1952, consolidating Gheorghiu-Dej's own grip over country and Party. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Pauker was charged with "cosmopolitanism", the charge Stalin used against Jews in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. According to biographer Robert Levy in Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist (ISBN 0-520-22395-0 ) Pauker was purged at Stalin's urging for being too soft. According to the memoirs of Silviu Brucan, former Romanian ambassador to the United Nations, Stalin told Gheorghiu-Dej that he had chosen him to lead Romania over Pauker, saying: Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian language: безродный космополит, bezrodny kosmopolit) was a Soviet euphemism during Joseph Stalins anti-Semitic campaign of 1948–1953, which culminated in the exposure of the alleged Doctors plot. The term and the persecutions by the authorities unmistakably targeted the Jews. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... Silviu Brucan (b. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

Ana is a good, reliable comrade, but you see, she is a Jewess of bourgeois origin, and the party in Romania needs a leader from the ranks of the working class, a true-born Romanian.… I have decided…

Pauker was arrested in February 1953 and was subjected to prolonged interrogations in preparation to be put on trial, as had occurred with Rudolf Slánský and others in the Prague Trials. After Stalin's death in March 1953 she was freed from jail and put under house arrest instead. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Rudolf Slánský (July 31, 1901, NezvÄ›stice near Kladno – December 2, 1952) was a Czech Communist politician and the partys General Secretary after the World War II. Later he fell into disfavour with the regime and was executed after a show trial. ... The Prague Trials were a series of Stalinist and largely anti-Semitic show trials in Czechoslovakia. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ...

Following the rise of Nikita Khrushchev in the Soviet Union, Pauker was recast by Romania's leaders as having been a staunch ultra-Orthodox Stalinist, despite the fact that she had opposed or had attempted to moderate a number of Stalinist policies while she was in a leadership position. Following the Twentieth Party Congress in Moscow there were fears that Khrushchev might force the Romanian Party to rehabilitate Pauker and possibly install her as Romania's new leader. The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during February 14—February 26, 1956. ...

She was invited in 1956 to talks with Gheorghiu-Dej and his representatives, who insisted that she acknowledge her guilt. Again, she claimed she was innocent and demanded that she be reinstated as a party member, without meeting success. Gheorghiu-Dej went on to scapegoat her, together with Vasile Luca and Teohari Georgescu for their alleged Stalinist excesses in the late 1940s and early 1950s, despite the fact that they had urged moderation against Gheorghiu-Dej's insistence on dogmatism. This is not to say that the period when the three were in power was not marked by political persecution and the murder of opponents (such as the notorious works on the Danube-Black Sea Canal, begun in 1949 and ceased in 1953); Gheorghiu-Dej, who had as much to account for, used moments like these to ensure the survival of his policies in a post-Stalinist age. Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Scapegoat by William Holman Hunt, 1854. ... Vasile Luca (born Luka László) was a Szekler leading member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... Teohari Georgescu[1] (January 31, 1908 — December 31, 1976) was a high-ranking member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The Danube-Black Sea Canal is a canal in Romania which runs from Cernavodă on the Danube to Agigea (southern arm) and Năvodari (northern arm) on the Black Sea. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...

During her forcible retirement, Pauker was allowed to work as a translator from French and German for the Editura Politică publishing house. 1. ...

Family

Marcel and Ana Pauker had three children:

• Tanio (1921-1922)
• Vlad (b. 1926)
• Tatiana (b. 1928)

1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

See also

• Communist Romania

Anthem Zdrobite cătuÅŸe (1947 - 1953) Te slăvim Românie (1953 - 1968) Trei Culori (1968-1989) Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Socialist republic Head of State  - 1947–1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej  - 1965-1989 Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Legislature Marea Adunare NaÅ£ionalÇŽ Historical era Cold War  - Monarchy abolished...

External links

• Book review of Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist
• Ana Pauker: Dilemmas of a Reluctant Stalinist Robert Levy on Ana Pauker.
• Communist Romania article from the City of Braşov website on Romania's Communist period, including the conflicts between Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej.
• "The Doctor's Story", Time, March 25, 1957