Anadenanthera peregrina
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Genus: Anadenanthera Species: A. peregrina
Binomial name
Anadenanthera peregrina Speg.
Range of Anadenanthera peregrina
Synonyms
Acacia angustiloba DC. Acacia microphylla Willd. Acacia peregrina (L.) Willd. Inga niopo Willd. Mimosa acacioides Benth. Mimosa niopo (Willd.) Poiret Mimosa parvifolia Poiret Mimosa peregrina L. Niopa peregrina (L.) Britton & Rose Piptadenia niopo (Willd.) Spruce Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth. [1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families Fabaceae (legumes) Quillajaceae Polygalaceae (milkwort family) Surianaceae The Fabales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... Infrafamilies Acacieae Ingeae Mimoseae Mimozygantheae Parkieae The Mimosoideae is a subfamily of the Family Fabaceae characterized by flowers with small petals and numerous prominent stamens. ... Species See text Anadenanthera is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Leguminosae or Fabaceae. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... A. P. de Candolle A. P. de Candolle (February 4, 1778 - September 9, 1841) was one of the great botanists of all time. ... Carl Ludwig von Willdenow (August 22, 1765 - July 10, 1812) was a German botanist and pharmacist. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... George Bentham George Bentham (September 22, 1800 – September 10, 1884) was an English botanist, perhaps the greatest systematic botanist of the 19th century. ... Categories: People stubs | 1879 births | 1944 deaths | French people ... Britton may refer to: Britton, South Dakota Britton, Michigan This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Rose (disambiguation). ... Species About 35; see text. ... George Bentham George Bentham (September 22, 1800 – September 10, 1884) was an English botanist, perhaps the greatest systematic botanist of the 19th century. ...

Anadenanthera peregrina (known as Yopo, Cohoba, Mopo, Nopo or Parica), is a perennial tree native to the Caribbean and South America.^[1] It grows up to 20 m tall, having a thorny bark. Its flowers are pale yellow to white and spherical. It is not listed as being a threatened species. It is an entheogen used in healing ceremonies and rituals. “West Indian” redirects here. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... This entry covers entheogens in the strict sense of the word (i. ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...

Related species

The usage complex of Yopo is almost identical to that of a related tree, Anadenanthera colubrina, commonly known as Cebíl or Vilca. The beans of A. colubrina have a similar chemical makeup as Anadenanthera peregrina, with their primary constituent being 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin). Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Binomial name (Vell. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ...

Botanical varieties

• Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata
• Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina

Binomial name (Benth. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

Uses

Gum

The gum contains angicose, a sugar.^[2]

Traditional medicine

Bark

The bark is used to treat allergies, asthma, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, flatulence, hemorrhage and pneumonia.^[2] Allergy is an abnormal reaction to a substance foreign to the body that is acquired, predictable and rapid. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases known as flatus in the digestive tract of mammals expelled from the rectum. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about human pneumonia. ...

Gum

The gum is used to treat asthma, bruises, cough, gonorrhea, pneumonia and ulcers.^[2] A bruise, also called a contusion or ecchymosis, is a kind of injury to biological tissue in which the capillaries are damaged, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding tissue. ... Gonorrhea (gonorrhoea in British English) is amongst the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world and is caused by Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria gonorrheae. ... This article is about human pneumonia. ... Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer. ...

Tannin

The tree's bark contains a high-quality tannin. It is said to be better than that of quebracho and mangrove.^[3] A bottle of tannic acid. ... Quebracho is one of the common names, in Spanish, of at least three similar species of trees that grow in the Gran Chaco region of South America: Schinopsis lorentzii (quebracho colorado santiagueño), of the family Anacardiaceae; Schinopsis balansae (quebracho colorado chaqueño), of the same family; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal. ...

Wood

The wood from A. peregrina is very hard and it is good for making furniture.^[4] It has a Janka rating of 3700 lb.^[5] and a density of around 0.86 g/cm³.^[6] For the UK band, see Furniture (band). ...

Warnings

Medicine from the tree definitely should not be used internally for pregnant women or infants. The beans (sometimes called seeds) and falling leaves are hallucinogenic and are toxic to cattle.^[2] For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ...

Chemical compounds

Chemical compounds contained in A. peregrina include: A chemical compound is a chemical substance of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ...

• 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant^[7]
• 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant^[7]
• 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark^[7]
• 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark^[7]
• Bufotenin, Plant,^[7] beans^[8]
• Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit^[7], beans^[8]
• Catechol, Plant^[7]
• Homoorientine, Leaf^[7]
• Leucoanthocyanin, Plant^[7]
• Leucopelargonidol, Plant^[7]
• N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Fruit,^[7] beans, pods,^[8] bark^[9]
• N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit^[7][10]
• N-Methyltryptamine, Bark^[7]
• Orientin, Leaf^[7]
• Saponarentin, Leaf^[7]
• Viterine, Leaf^[7]

The bark and leaves contain tannin and the beans contain saponin.^[2] β-Carboline (9H-pyrid-[3,4-b]-indole) is an organic amine that is the prototype of a class of compounds known as β-Carbolines. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... General structure of an amine oxide An amine oxide, also known as amine-N-oxide and N-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group R3N+-O− (sometimes written as R3N=O or R3N→O). ... Catechol, also benzene-1,2-diol, is a phenol, with formula C6H4(OH)2. ... Proanthocyanidin (also known as OPC, pycno-genol, leukocyanidin and leucoanthocyanin) is a a class of bioflavonoids. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... NMT, or N-methyltryptamine, also known by the name of monomethyltryptamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. ... A bottle of tannic acid. ... Saponins are the glycosides of 27 carbon atom steroids, or 30 carbon atom triterpenoids. ...

Entheogenic uses

This section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.

Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

Traditional usage

Anadenanthera peregrina 1916

Archeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as hallucinogens for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of Humahuaca in the Puna border of the Province of Jujuy, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen DMT, one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 B.C., suggesting Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4000 years old.^[11] Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for Yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 B.C., suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use.^[12] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 399 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1384 × 2080 pixel, file size: 329 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 399 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1384 × 2080 pixel, file size: 329 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Species See text Anadenanthera is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Leguminosae or Fabaceae. ... Hallucinogenic drugs or hallucinogens are drugs that can alter sensory perceptions, elicit alternate states of consciousness, or cause hallucinations. ... Species See text Anadenanthera is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Leguminosae or Fabaceae. ... Humahuaca is a city in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. ... Puna District, Hawaii The Puna district of the Big Island is located on the windward side of the Island of Hawaii in the State of Hawaii. ... Map of Argentina highlighting the province Jujuy is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. ... Hallucinogenic drug - drugs that can alter sensory perceptions. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... Species See text Anadenanthera is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Leguminosae or Fabaceae. ... Carbon-14 is the radioactive isotope of carbon discovered February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben. ... Species See text Anadenanthera is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Leguminosae or Fabaceae. ... Hallucinogenic drug - drugs that can alter sensory perceptions. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Insufflation (Latin insufflatio blowing on or into) is the practice of inhaling substances into a body cavity. ... Species See text Anadenanthera is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Leguminosae or Fabaceae. ...

Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of Yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area, including Cuba and La Española, up to the Spanish Conquest. For other uses, see Orinoco (disambiguation). ... Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... “West Indian” redirects here. ... Early map of Hispaniola The island of Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east. ... Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ...

Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms. Some tribes use Yopo along with banisteriopsis caapi to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of ayahuasca. Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... For other uses, see Bamboo (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Ayahuasca (Quechua, pronounced ) is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. ...

Snuff preparation

To make the psychedelic snuff called Yopo, the black beans from the bean pods of these trees are first toasted until the beans pop like popcorn breaking the bean's husk. The roasting process facilitates removal of the husk and makes the beans easier to grind into a powder. The bean's husk is usually removed because it is difficult to powderise. The bean is then ground with a mortar and pestle into a powder and mixed with a natural form of calcium hydroxide (lime) or calcium oxide (from certain types of ashes, calcined shells, etc.). This mix is then moistened to a consistency similar to bread dough, using a small amount of water. If calcium oxide is used, the water will react with it to form calcium hydroxide. Once moistened, it is kneaded into a ball for several minutes. After kneading, it is then left to sit for several hours to several days, depending on the local customs. During this period most of the excess calcium hydroxide reacts with the carbon dioxide in the air to form less caustic calcium carbonate (carbonatation). The more modern non-traditional use of baking soda or ammonia as a substitute for calcium hydroxide has been used with limited success. A nearly identical snuff called Vilca, can be prepared from the related Anadenanthera colubrina. For psychedelics, see psychedelic drug. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... For other uses, see Popcorn (disambiguation). ... The term husk is mostly used to refer to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn) as it grows on the plant. ... The term husk is mostly used to refer to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn) as it grows on the plant. ... The term husk is mostly used to refer to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn) as it grows on the plant. ... A mortar and pestle is a tool used to crush, grind, and mix substances. ... It has been suggested that Portlandite be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime, quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. ... Calcination (also referred to as Calcining) is thermal treatment process applied to ores and other solid materials in order to bring about a thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a volatile fraction. ... For other uses, see Bread (disambiguation). ... Dough Dough is a paste made out of any cereals (grains) or leguminous crops by grinding with small amount of water. ... Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime, quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. ... It has been suggested that Portlandite be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Portlandite be merged into this article or section. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula CaCO3. ... Carbonatation is the process used in the production of sugar crystals from sugar beets, whereby raw beet juice is mingled with milk of lime and carbon dioxide gas in carbonation tanks. ... Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as baking soda and bicarbonate of soda, is a soluble white anhydrous or crystalline compound, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. ... For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Portlandite be merged into this article or section. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. ... Binomial name (Vell. ...

Entheogenic effects

Shamans use Yopo in a spiritual context much like Ayahuasca is used. Use of Yopo may actually predate Ayahuasca usage. Many shamans believe the visionary dream-state induced by Yopo allows them to contact spirits in the spirit world to gain knowledge about medicinal plants, how to treat an illness, etc. The effects of properly made insufflated Yopo are similar to the effects of vaporized DMT but much longer in duration. The effects begin approximately 15-30 minutes after insufflation and can last up to 2-3 hours. The insufflation process can be painful due to remaining calcium hydroxide, especially when using snuff that hasn’t been properly aged. The effects are can be visual in nature, causing the user to see colorful patterns, objects seen with the eyes may appear to be swirling, transforming into other objects, changing colors, etc. The user may see colorful 3-dimensional moving patterns with the eyes opened or closed. Some users experience more visual effects from Yopo than from DMT. The user may hear dreamy sounds and voices. With the eyes closed or in a dark setting, users may experience full dream-like phenomena, interacting with imaginary places, people, etc. The visions are seen as dreamy or spiritual in nature and do not appear as though they are real. The over effects are generally relaxing. Users often feel a pleasant tingling sensation throughout the body similar to those felt while using Yohimbe. The mind normally remains clear and focused during the entire experience. Some users may experience transient nausea. At high doses, users may feel sweaty, become nervous, experience difficulty it walking, lose motor control, and may enter into a trance state. Specifically, Shaman (saman) is a term in Evenk, Manchu and other Manchu-Tungus languages for an intellectual and spiritual figure; who usually possess power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, one of which is analogous to the function of a healer in other cultures. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Ayahuasca (Quechua, pronounced ) is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Ayahuasca (Quechua, pronounced ) is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. ... Specifically, Shaman (saman) is a term in Evenk, Manchu and other Manchu-Tungus languages for an intellectual and spiritual figure; who usually possess power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, one of which is analogous to the function of a healer in other cultures. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Insufflation (Latin insufflatio blowing on or into) is the practice of inhaling substances into a body cavity. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... Insufflation (Latin insufflatio blowing on or into) is the practice of inhaling substances into a body cavity. ... Insufflation (Latin insufflatio blowing on or into) is the practice of inhaling substances into a body cavity. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... Yohimbine, also known under the outdated names quebrachin, aphrodin, corynine, yohimvetol, and hydroergotocin, is the principal alkaloid of the bark of the West-African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre (formerly Corynanthe yohimbe), family Rubiaceae (Madder family). ...

Shamans sometimes combine Yopo with Banisteriopsis caapi. The Banisteriopsis caapi is usually chewed before, during, and after Yopo is insufflated. This intensifies and prolongs the visionary state produced by Yopo. The combined effects are more dream-like and very similar to Ayahuasca. Specifically, Shaman (saman) is a term in Evenk, Manchu and other Manchu-Tungus languages for an intellectual and spiritual figure; who usually possess power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, one of which is analogous to the function of a healer in other cultures. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Insufflation (Latin insufflatio blowing on or into) is the practice of inhaling substances into a body cavity. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Ayahuasca (Quechua, pronounced ) is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. ...

Active constituents

This section cites its sources but does not provide page references. You can improve this section by introducing citations that are more precise.

Parts of this article may be confusing or unclear. Please help clarify the article. Suggestions may be on the talk page. (August 2007)

This section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (September 2007)

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

Bufotenin

Bufotenine is the main active constituent of properly prepared Yopo. Modern tests, prepared by the DEA and others, have shown that only bufotenin is present in active amounts in the beans.^{[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]} Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ...

The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% bufotenin.^[30] At up to 7.4 % (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated bufotenin^[30] requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.

Bufotenin (5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine) is a positional isomer of psilocin (4-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine), the more popular entheogen found in psilocybin mushrooms. Bufotenin is an amphoteric phenolic compound. It has a hydroxyl (HO) group on the 5 position similar to serotonin. At acidic pH its amine side chain is protonated while at basic pH the phenol is deprotonated. This prefix in chemical nomenclature indicates the presence of a hydroxyl functional group (-OH). ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of chemical bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently (analogous to a chemical anagram). ... Psilocin,(4-HO-DMT) sometimes called psilocine or psilotsin, is a psychedelic (hallucinogenic) mushroom alkaloid. ... This entry covers entheogens in the strict sense of the word (i. ... Psychedelic mushrooms redirects here. ... In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react with either an acid or base (more generally, the word describes something made of, or acting like, two components). ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... Serotonin (pronounced ) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ... The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... Deprotonation is a chemistry term that refers to the removal of a proton (hydrogen ion H+) from a molecule, forming the conjugate base. ...

The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ of bufotenin is between 200-300 mg/kg (in rodents) with death occurring by reparatory arrest. The LD₅₀ in rodents amounts to between 10,000 mg and 15,000 mg for a small 50 kg (110 lb) adult.^[31] Based on the intraperitoneal LD₅₀ for rodents, at 74 mg per gram, it would require approximately 135 grams of beans to reach the estimated LD₅₀of bufotenin for a 50 kg (110 lb) adult. The LD₅₀ for calcium bufotenate and free-base bufotenin in rodents is currently unknown. Human intravenous tests using water soluble acidic salts of bufotenin suggest the LD₅₀ may be much lower in humans with subjects showing signs of peripheral toxicity (purple face, tachycardia, difficulty breathing, etc.) at doses as little as 8 mg in some subjects.^[32] Free base bufotenin when insufflated, taken sublingually, orally, or intrarectally, elicits strong hallucinogenic effects with far less side effects^[30] indicating the toxicity of bufotenin dramatically increases when injected intravenously in acidic salt form. Properly prepared Yopo does not contain acidic salt forms of bufotenin, nor is it injected, which may explain why Yopo has been used safely for thousands of years. In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... An LD50 test being administered In toxicology, the LD50 or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ...

DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

The effects of insufflated DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively short acting, lasting about 1 hour. While the effects of insufflated Yopo typical lasts 2-3 hours. Of the three main compounds present, only insufflated bufotenine lasts 2-3 hours. Claims of Anadenanthera peregrina containing DMT and 5-MeO-DMT as their main active ingredients are based on rare cases where these compounds are found in larger quantities than bufotenine. Typical acid base extraction techniques utilizing solvents like xylene, naphtha, heptane, toluene, and other highly non-polar solvents will exclude bufotenin from the extraction, in favor of DMT and 5-MeO-DMT. It is believed that such extractions have contributed to the misconception that bufotenin is a minor alkaloid in Yopo. Only acid base extractions utilizing more polar solvents like diethyl ether, chloroform, and dichloromethane will extract all three compounds in proper proportions. The majority of the extractions confirm that bufotenin is primarily responsible for the effects of Yopo with the other compounds usually appearing in quantities too small to produce noticeable effects in an average Yopo dose of 5-10 grams. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... The term xylenes refers to a group of 3 benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene. ... Naphtha (CAS No. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , , , , Flash point −4 °C Autoignition temperature 285 °C Explosive limits 1. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , Flash point Non-flammable U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , Flash point None Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ... Binomial name Anadenanthera peregrina Speg. ...

The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT.^[30] The leaves and bark also contain small amounts of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds.^[33] 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ...

At up to 0.04% (0.4 mg per gram) 5-MeO-DMT, an effective light 5 mg dose of insufflated 5-MeO-DMT (5-MeO-DMT dosage, Erowid.org) would require over 12 grams of beans. It would be extremely difficult to insufflate the 12 grams of beans (approximately 72 beans) needed to reach the active dose of 5-MeO-DMT present in the beans. The body would begin to develop tolerance to 5-MeO-DMT before being able to insufflate all 12 grams of beans. Individual sensitivity to 5-MeO-DMT varies. Its been documented that the threshold dose in some individuals is as much as 10 mg insufflated^[34] requiring over 24 grams of beans for an effective dose of 5-MeO-DMT. 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ...

At up to 0.16% (1.6 mg per gram) DMT, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated DMT would require 25 grams or more. It’s likely to be impossible to insufflate the 25 grams of beans required to reach the active dose of DMT present in the beans. An extract of 25 grams of beans could contain up to 1,850 mg of bufotenin, a potentially dangerous dose of bufotenin. With insufflated free-base bufotenin, the maximum published safe dose used has been 100 mg.^[30] Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ...

Unlike bufotenin, both DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively unstable and begin to degrade rather quickly. Schultes and colleges (1977) examined a 120 year old bean collection and found 0.6% bufotenin with no DMT or 5-MeO-DMT present at all. They also examined a batch of beans that contained all three compounds when fresh, but found only bufotenin in the beans after only two years of storage.^[35] Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ... Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. ... 5-MeO-DMT is a very powerful psychedelic tryptamine. ...

Oral usage

When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize based beer).^[36] Moderate doses are unpleasant, producing nausea and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in bilca tauri, an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.^[37] Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous.

Use with MAOIs

Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with Banisteriopsis caapi, an herb containing MAOIs.^[31] Typically Banisteriopsis caapi is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.^[31] Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.^[31] Moderate amounts of Banisteriopsis caapi will effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of Banisteriopsis caapi will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea. There are no well documented reports of the beans being used as a major component in oral ayahuasca (a tea made with Banisteriopsis caapi). This practice may be dangerous. The side effects of bufotenin hydrochloride may increase dramatically and may be fatal do to potentially dangerous interactions with the MAOI compounds present in ayahuasca brews. Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Ayahuasca (Quechua, pronounced ) is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. ... Binomial name (Spruce ex Griseb. ... Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. ... In chemistry, hydrochlorides are salts resulting, or regarded as resulting, from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base (mostly amines). ... Ayahuasca (Quechua, pronounced ) is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. ...

See also

• List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
• Psychedelic plants

This is a list of plants found in the wild in Caatinga vegetation of Brazil. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} ILDIS LegumeWeb
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} PlantaMed (Portuguese)
3. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America By Constantino Manuel Torres, David B. Repke, p. 97
4. ^ PDF Caracterização da Madeira de Angico-Vermelho
5. ^ J.G. Architectural
6. ^ FAO
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
8. ^ ^{a b c} UNO
9. ^ Medicina traditional Ergebnisse einethnomedizinischen ...(German)
10. ^ Psychedelics Encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, p. 313.
11. ^ M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1999
12. ^ Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1995
13. ^ Microgram Bulletin, VOL. XXXVII, NO. 4, DEA, April 2004
14. ^ Microgram Bulletin 32(2):83-89, DEA, 1999
15. ^ Torres & Repke 1996
16. ^ de Smet & Rivier 1987
17. ^ Sdvio Nunes et al. 1987
18. ^ Schultes et al. 1977
19. ^ Yamasato 1972
20. ^ Chagnon, Le Quesne & Cook 1971
21. ^ Fellows & Bell 1971
22. ^ Holmstedt & Lindgren 1967
23. ^ Paris, Saint-Firmin & Etchepare 1967
24. ^ Lacobucci & Rdveda 1964
25. ^ Giesbrecht 1960
26. ^ Pachter, Zacharias & Ribeiro 1959
27. ^ Alvares Pereira 1957
28. ^ Fish, Johnson & Horning 1955
29. ^ Stromberg 1954
30. ^ ^{a b c d e} Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001
31. ^ ^{a b c d} Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, ISBN 0789026422
32. ^ TiKHAL, Alexander Shulgin, 1997
33. ^ Schultes 1976,1977; Pachter et al. 1959
34. ^ Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines by Jonathan Ott, Page 102, 2001, ISBN 1888755024
35. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 123, ISBN 0789026422
36. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 29, ISBN 0789026422
37. ^ Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 28, ISBN 0789026422

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Anadenanthera peregrina

Wikispecies has information related to:

Anadenanthera peregrina

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikispecies-logo. ... Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that aims to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species (including animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protista). ...

General references

• Jonathan Ott - Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines (2001) ISBN 1-888755-02-4
• Richard Evans Schultes - Plants of the Gods (1992) ISBN 0-89281-979-0

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Richard Evans Schultes (January 12, 1915 – April 10, 2001) may be considered the father of modern ethnobotany, not only in his devotion to the study of native uses of entheogenic or hallucinogenic plants, especially in the Amazon, in his lifelong collaborations with chemists, but also in his charismatic influence as...

External links

• Anadenanthera peregrina -- Google Images
• Erowid Anadenanthera Vault
• Growing Anadenanthera colubrina (Plot55.com)
• The Preparation of Anadenanthera Snuffs (Plot55.com)