Rwandan Genocide Causes Initial events Role of the international community Nyarubuye massacre Glossary and supplements Bibliography
Parties involved
Interahamwe militia (Hutu)
Impuzamugambi militia (Hutu)
Rwandan Patriotic Front (Tutsi)
UNAMIR Mission (United Nations)
Kangura / RTLM Radio
After-effects
International Criminal Tribunal
Gacaca court
Great Lakes refugee crisis
1st Congo War / 2nd Congo War

To comprehend the genocide in Rwanda requires one to go beyond the blame generally accredited to France, Belgium, the international community, and the attack of 6 April 1994. The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass extermination of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutu sympathizers in Rwanda and was the largest atrocity during the Rwandan Civil War. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... // Belgium Belgium was extremely shocked by the events of 1994. ... The Nyarubuye Massacre is the name given to the killing of an estimated 20,000 civilians at the Nyarubuye Roman Catholic Church and took place on 15-April 16, 1994 in the province of Kibungo, 140 km (60 miles) east of the Rwandan capital Kigali. ... // People Paul Rusesabagina - sheltered both Tutsis and Hutus during the genocide Théodore Sindikubwabo - interim president of Rwanda. ... This is a bibliography of books, websites and other sources providing information on the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... The Hutu are a Central African ethnic group, living mainly in Rwanda and Burundi. ... The Impuzamugambi (sometimes Impuza Mugambi), which means Those who have the same goal or Those who have a single goal in the Kinyarwanda language, was a Hutu militia in Rwanda formed in 1992. ... The Hutu are a Central African ethnic group, living mainly in Rwanda and Burundi. ... The Rwandan Patriotic Front (also translated as: Rwandese Patriotic Front; or referred to as: Patriotic Front of Rwanda) abbreviated as RPF (also often referred to as FPR from French: Front patriotique rwandais) is the current ruling political party of Rwanda, led by President Paul Kagame. ... The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. ... The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was a relief mission instituted by the United Nations. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... The cover of the December 1993 issue of Kangura. ... Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) was a Rwandan radio station which broadcast from 8 July 1993 to 31 July 1994. ... Wanted poster for the ICTR The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April, 1994, commencing on April 6. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Refugee camp in Zaire, 1994 The Great Lakes refugee crisis is the common name for the situation beginning with the exodus in April 1994 of over two million Rwandans to neighboring countries of the Great Lakes region of Africa in the aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide. ... Combatants AFDL, Uganda, Rwanda Zaire Commanders Laurent-Désiré Kabila Mobutu Sésé Seko Casualties Civilians killed: 200,000+ The First Congo War was a conflict from late 1996 to 1997 in which Zairean President Mobutu Sésé Seko was overthrown by rebel forces backed by foreign powers such as... Combatants Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Chad, Mai-Mai, Hutu-aligned forces Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Movement for the Liberation of Congo Congolese Rally for Democracy Tutsi-aligned forces Commanders Laurent-Désiré Kabila (Congo), Joseph Kabila (Congo), Sam Nujoma Robert Mugabe José Eduardo dos Santos Idriss D... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... // Belgium Belgium was extremely shocked by the events of 1994. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...

Pre-colonial History

Main article: Origins of Tutsi and Hutu

The Twa, Hutu, and Tutsi morphological groups arrived in the Great Lakes regions at different times, each occurrence resulting in social upheaval and a new social balance. The Twa are the oldest recorded inhabitants of the region, who had a hunter-gatherer economy. By some estimates, the Hutu, an agrarian people, arrived in the region around the 1st Century and largely displaced the Twa. The pastoral Tutsi are believed to have arrived around the 15th Century, and this caused tensions with the established Hutu society. The Hutus tended towards local social organization, whereas the Tutsi had an established monarchy. A tentative balance evolved with the Tutsi comprising the ruling elite (with some honorary social mobility through membership in the Hima clan), largely ignoring local affairs where Hutu villages and communities went on as usual. The origins of the Tutsi and Hutu peoples is a key issue in the history of Rwanda, as well as the Great Lakes region of Africa. ... The Twa, also known as Batwa, are a pygmy people, of short stature, who were the oldest recorded inhabitants of the Great Lakes region of central Africa. ... The Hutu are a Central African ethnic group, living mainly in Rwanda and Burundi. ... The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. ... The Great Lakes of Africa are a series of lakes in and around the Great Rift Valley. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Agrarian has two meanings: It can mean pertaining to Agriculture It can also refer to the ideology of Agrarianism and Agrarian parties. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... In a draw in a mountainous region, a shepherd guides a flock of about 20 sheep amidst scrub and olive trees. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Hima means (is Arabic for) inviolate zones solely for the conservation of natural capital, typically fields, wildlife and forests (contrast haram to protect areas for more immediate human purposes). ...

Since the Hutu and Tutsi were not closed societies, intermarriage and social interaction over centuries solidified a single culture where Hutu and Tutsi spoke the same language and shared many cultural traditions including food, dance, drum, and spirituality. At various times, Hutu were "promoted" into the Tutsi tribe and disgraced Tutsi were "demoted" to be Hutus. By colonial times it was difficult to tell some Hutus from Tutsis. The Twa, with their diminutive numbers and still largely identifiable as physically distinct, and were not well treated by the Hutu-Tutsi majority. Despite the increasing cultural cohesion, certain stereotypical Tutsi customs would tend to be performed by Tutsis, and likewise with stereotypical Hutu customs. Rwandan and Burundian ethnocentrism does not, therefore, correspond entirely with traditional ethnological characteristics due to this cultural-linguistic unity, but rather derives from perceived history and morphological distinction. This ethnocentricism had been relatively muted by the arrival of European colonists. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture. ...

German/Belgian colonial influence

European notions of racialism, as structured at the time of German and Belgian colonisation, was the engine behind this tragedy. In the 1920s, Belgian ethnologists analysed (measured skulls, etc) thousands of Rwandans on analogous racial criteria, such as which would be used later by the Nazis. In 1931, an ethnic identity was officially mandated and administrative documents systematically detailed each person's "ethnicity," just as Jewish identity would be specified a few years later in Germany. Each Rwandan had an ethnic identity card. The Belgians considered the Tutsis to be the superior race and systematically imposed their authority over the Hutus across the colonial administration and the access to education, engendering great frustration among the other Rwandans. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... German identity document sample An identity document is a piece of documentation designed to prove the identity of the person carrying it. ... The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. ...

A history of Rwanda that justified the existence of these races was written (see History of Rwanda). No historical, archaeological, or above all in linguistic traces have been found at the moment that confirm this official history. In fact, as those who have looked for such differences have remarked, the difference between the Tutsis and the Hutus is about the same size as between the different French social classes in the 1950s. The way people nourished themselves explained a large part of the frequent differences but it was not a perfect system: The Tutsis, since they raised cattle, traditionally drank more milk than the Hutu, who were farmers. This article discusses the history of Rwanda. ... History studies the past in human terms. ... Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek: αρχαίος, archae, ancient; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... A glass of cows milk. ...

Some observers have also seen an induced replica of the Belgian linguistic conflict in the Rwandan problem. It is undeniable that the Walloons, who were the majority in the beginning in Rwanda, and the Flemish continued their ideological fights and also tried to gain supremacy over one another on Rwandan soil. In the 1950s and 60s, the back and forth of Belgian support for the Tutsis over the support for the Hutus was articled at the same time over Tutsis demands for political independence, like everywhere in Africa, and over the development of the presence of Flemish people in Rwanda who would see in the Hutu a people who were repressed just as they were (recalling the Armenian genocide). The term Walloon may refer to either the Walloon language, or to the ethnic people of the same name. ... Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen) are inhabitants of Flanders in the widest sense of the term, i. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ...

Post-colonialization

Hutu Power

Hutu Power was an ideology propounded by the akazu and other Hutu extremists which culminated in the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi and moderate Hutu. It was a response to anxiety over the return of what was known as Tutsi Power, or the generations-old feudal relations which tended to favour Tutsi over Hutu and Twa. During the attempted negotiations (Arusha Accords) between the Rwandan government and the RPF, President Habyarimana thought that Paul Kagame's demands were unreasonable and aimed at restoring the social relationships which would bring back Tutsi Power.^[1] Two notable features of the Hutu Power movement were the Hutu Ten Commandments and the hate radio broadcasts. The Hutu Ten Commandments stated, for example, that Hutu and Tutsi should not intermarry, that the education system must be comprised of a Hutu majority, and that Rwandese armed forces should be exclusively Hutu.^[2] The most well-known of the hate-radio broadcasts was Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines. Its purpose was to build popular support for the Hutu Power ideology, and mobilize the population to participate in eradicating the Tutsi who were perceived as a threat to the social and political order envisioned by the akazu.^[3] Akazu (Little house) is an informal organisation of hutus created around former president Juvenal Habyarimana, being responsible, among others, for planning the 1994 genocide. ... The Arusha Accords (also known as the Arusha Peace Agreement, or the Arusha negotiations) were a set of five accords (or protocols) signed by the Rwandese Patriotic Front and the Government of Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania on 4 August 1993, ending the civil war. ... Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the current President of Rwanda and the founder of the Rwandan Patriotic Front. ...

Arms shipments

From France

In the early morning of January 22, 1994, a DC-8 aircraft loaded with armaments from France, including 90 boxes of Belgian-made 60 mm mortars, was confiscated by UNAMIR at Kigali International Airport. The delivery was in violation of the cease-fire clauses of the Arusha Accords, which prohibited introduction of arms into the area during the transition period. General Dallaire put the arms under joint UNAMIR-Rwandan army guard. Formally recognizing this point, the French government argued that the delivery stemmed from an old contract and hence was technically legal. Dallaire was forced to give up control over the aircraft.^[4] January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... The Douglas DC-8 is a four-engined jet airliner, manufactured between 1959 and 1972. ... US soldier loading a M224 60-mm mortar. ...

From Mil-Tec Corporation Ltd (UK)

A UK company, Mil-Tec Corporation Ltd, was involved in arms supplies to the Hutu regime at least from June 1993 to mid-July 1994. Mil-Tec had been paid $4.8 million by the regime in return for invoices of $6.5 million for the arms sent. The manager of Mil-Tec, Anoop Vidyarthi, was described as a Kenyan Asian who owned a travel company in North London and was in business with Rakeesh Kumar Gupta. They both fled the UK shortly after the revelations.^[5]

• 6 June 1993 ($549,503 of ammunition from Tel Aviv to Kigali);
• 17 - 18 April 1994 ($853,731 of ammunition from Tel Aviv to Goma);
• 22 - 25 April 1994 ($681,200 of ammunition and grenades from Tel Aviv to Goma);
• 29 April - 3 May 1994 ($942,680 of ammunition, grenades, mortars and rifles from Tirane to Goma);
• 9 May 1994 ($1,023,840 of rifles, ammunition, mortars and other items from Tirane to Goma);
• 18 - 20 May 1994 ($1,074,549 of rifles, ammunition, mortars, rocket propelled grenades and other items from Tirane to Goma);
• 13 - 18 July 1994 ($753,645 of ammunition and rockets from Tirane to Kinshasa).^[6]

June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining in the year. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Boxes of ammunition clog a warehouse in Baghdad Ammunition is a generic military term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. ... Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... Goma is a large city in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Tirana (Albanian: Tiranë or Tirana) is the capital and largest city of Albania. ... May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (130th in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... An RPG-7 captured by the US Army RPG, or Rocket propelled grenade is a loose term describing hand-held, shoulder-launched anti-tank weapons capable of firing an unguided rocket equipped with an explosive warhead. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville or, before 1960, also Leopoldstad) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ...

Population

In his book Collapse, author-scientist Jared Diamond argues that this overpopulation contributed heavily to the violence. He believes that the mayhem of the genocide provided a pretext for some Rwandans to kill their wealthier neighbors in order to seize their land.^[7] Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed cover Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed is a 2005 English-language book by University of California, Los Angeles geography professor Jared M. Diamond. ... Jared Mason Diamond (b. ...