Newt lung cell during late anaphase. Chromosomes are in blue, the spindle in green.

Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ανα (up) and φασις (stage), is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate in a eukaryotic cell. Each chromatid moves to opposite poles of the cell, the opposite ends of the mitotic spindle, near the microtubule organizing centers. Image File history File links An image of a newt lung cell stained with flourescent dyes undergoing mitosis, specifically during early prophase. ... Image File history File links An image of a newt lung cell stained with flourescent dyes undergoing mitosis, specifically during early prophase. ... Beginning of Homers Odyssey The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage of the Greek language[1] as it existed during the Archaic (9th–6th centuries BC) and Classical (5th–4th centuries BC) periods in Ancient Greece. ... Mitosis divides genetic information during cell division. ... A scheme of a condensed (metaphase) chromosome. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Chromalveolata Protista Alternative phylogeny Unikonta Opisthokonta Metazoa Choanozoa Eumycota Amoebozoa Bikonta Apusozoa Cabozoa Rhizaria Excavata Corticata Archaeplastida Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... A chromatid forms one part of a chromosome after it has coalesced for the process of mitosis or meiosis. ... Micrograph showing condensed chromosomes in blue and the mitotic spindle in green during prometaphase of mitosis The mitotic spindle (a. ... MTOC or microtubule-organizing center is a structure found in all plant and animal cells from which microtubules radiate. ...

Regulation

Anaphase begins abruptly with the regulated triggering of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. At this point the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) becomes activated. This terminates metaphase (M-phase) activity by cleaving and inactivating the M-phase cyclin required for the function of M-phase cyclin dependent kinases (M-Cdks). It also cleaves securin, a protein that inhibits the protease known as separase. Separase then cleaves cohesin, a protein responsible for holding sister chromatids together. Anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a complex of several proteins which is activated during mitosis to initiate anaphase. ... An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase. ... Surgeon Captain T L (Peter) Cleave was the first person to recognise how many health problems of modern man arise from consuming refined carbohydrates (notably sugar and white flour) that would not have been available during early human evolution. ... ... Securin is a protein involved in anaphase triggering. ... Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ... Separase is a cysteine protease (EC 3. ... Cohesin is the protein responsible for binding the sister chromatids during mitosis after S phase. ...

Early and late anaphase

Within anaphase two distinct processes occur.

• During early anaphase (or Anaphase A) the chromatids abruptly separate and move towards the spindle poles. This is achieved by shortening of the spindle microtubules, and forces are mainly exerted at the kinetochores.

• When the chromatids are fully separated late anaphase (or Anaphase B) begins. This involves the polar microtubules elongating and sliding relative to each other to drive the spindle poles further apart. Anaphase B drives separation of the sister centrosomes to their opposite poles through three forces. Kinesin proteins attached to polar microtubules push the microtubules past one another. A second force involves pulling of the microtubules by cortex-associated cytosolic dynein. The third force for the separation of chromosomes involves lengthening the polar microtubules at the plus end.

These two processes were originally distinguished by their different sensitivities to drugs, and mechanically they are distinct processes.

• Early anaphase involves shortening kinetochore mictrotubules by depolymerization at both ends. During this, motor proteins at the kinetochores pull on the kinetochore microtubules.
• Late anaphase involves both the elongation of overlap microtubules and the use of two distinct sets of motor proteins: one of these pulls overlap microtubules past each other, the other pulls on astral microtubules that have attached to the cell cortex.

The contributions of early anaphase and late anaphase to anaphase as a whole vary with cell type. In mammalian cells, late anaphase follows shortly after early anaphase and extends the spindle to around twice its metaphase length; in contrast yeast and certain protozoa use late metaphase as the main means of chromosome separation and can extend the spindle to up to 15 times its metaphase length in the process. This is a list of gene families or gene complexes, that is sets of genes which occur across a number of different species which often serve similar biological functions. ... An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic micro organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species described;[1] they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. ... Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoan) in a bone marrow cell (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are one-celled eukaryotes (that is, unicellular microbes whose cells have membrane-bound nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, mobility and heterotrophy. ...