Anapsids Fossil range: Permian - Recent
Anapsid skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Sauropsida Subclass: Anapsida Osborn, 1903
Orders
Testudines (Turtles, tortoises & terrapins) Mesosauria - extinct Millerettidae - extinct Nyctiphruretidae - extinct Pareiasauridae - extinct Procolophonidae - extinct Captorhinida - extinct The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... “Animalia” redirects here. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Classes and Clades See below Male and female Superb Fairy-wren Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ... Classes Synapsida Sauropsida Amphibia A tetrapod (Greek tetrapoda, four-legged) is a vertebrate animal having four feet, legs or leglike appendages. ... Subclasses Anapsida Diapsida Synonyms Reptilia Laurenti, 1768 Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane, and members of the class Sauropsida. ... Henry Fairfield Osborn (August 8, 1857 — November 6, 1935) was an American paleontologist and geologist. ... Families See text Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudinata, most of whose body is shielded by a special bony shell developed from their ribs. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Genera Brasileosaurus Stereosternum Mesosaurus Mesosaur (middle lizards) were an order of small marine reptiles that lived during the early Permian period, roughly 320 to 280 million years ago. ... The milleretids is an extinct group of anapsids that lived in South Africa during the Upper Permian. ... Genera Bradysaurus Nochelesaurus Embrithosaurus Deltavjatia Velosauria Shihtienfenia Pareiasuchus Pareiasaurus Scutosaurus Elginia Nanopareia Anthodon The Pareiasaurs - family Pareiasauridae - are a group of medium-sized to very large (60 cm to 3 meters long), stocky, early, reptilian herbivores, that flourished during the Permian period. ... Genera Hypsognathus Procolophon The Procolophonids were early herbivorous, anapsid reptiles that appeared late in the Permian, to the end of the Triassic. ... Families Bolosauridae Captorhinidae Millerettidae Protorothyrididae Captorhinida is a doubly paraphyletic grouping of early reptiles, traditionally composed of the following families: Captorhinidae (Cotylosaurs) Protorothyrididae, a clade of small, lizard-like reptiles. ...

For the extinct fish, see Anaspid. Anaspida are an extinct marine subgroup of the agnatha. ...

An anapsid is an amniote whose skull does not have openings near the temples. Living subgroups Class Synapsida    Class Mammalia (mammals) Class Sauropsida    Anapsida        Testudines (turtles)    Diapsida        Lepidosauria           Squamata (lizards & snakes)           Sphenodontida (tuatara)        Archosauria           Crocodilia (crocodiles)           Class Aves (birds) The amniotes are a taxon of tetrapod vertebrates that include the Synapsida (mammals) and Sauropsida (reptiles and dinosaurs, including birds). ... Large holes in the side of the skull. ... The temple is the side of the head behind the eyes Temple indicates the side of the head behind the eyes. ...

While "anapsid reptiles" or "anapsida" are traditionally spoken of as if they were a coherent group, it has been suggested that several groups of reptiles that had anapsid skulls may be only distantly related: scientists still debate the exact relationship between the basal (original) reptiles which first appeared in the late Carboniferous, the various Permian reptiles which had anapsid skulls, and the Testudines (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins). Many modern paleontologists believe the Testudines are descended from diapsid reptiles which lost their temporal fenestrae, although that view is not generally accepted yet (see Parareptilia for details and references). The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... Families See text Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudinata, most of whose body is shielded by a special bony shell developed from their ribs. ... blue: sea turtles, black: land turtles Suborders Cryptodira Pleurodira See text for families. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Look up terrapin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Groups See Text Diapsids (two arches) are a group of tetrapod animals that developed two holes (temporal fenestra) in each side of their skulls, about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period. ... Groups See cladograms below Parareptilia (at the side of reptiles) is a subclass or clade of Reptiles which are variously defined as an extinct group of primitive anapsids, or a more cladistically correct alternative to Anapsida. ...

The only living reptiles with anapsid skulls are the Testudines. The earliest fossil testudines are from the Triassic, but they were already too like modern turtles to be near the start of their lineage - in particular they already had limb joints within the rib cage. The main article about Testudines covers the debate about their ancestry. The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 ± 0. ... Families See text Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudinata, most of whose body is shielded by a special bony shell developed from their ribs. ...

Most of the other reptiles with anapsid skulls, including the millerettids, nyctiphrurets, and pareiasaurs, became extinct in the late Permian period by the Permian-Triassic extinction event. But the procolophonids managed to survive into the Triassic. The milleretids is an extinct group of anapsids that lived in South Africa during the Upper Permian. ... Genera Bradysaurus Nochelesaurus Embrithosaurus Deltavjatia Velosauria Shihtienfenia Pareiasuchus Pareiasaurus Scutosaurus Elginia Nanopareia Anthodon The Pareiasaurs - family Pareiasauridae - are a group of medium-sized to very large (60 cm to 3 meters long), stocky, early, reptilian herbivores, that flourished during the Permian period. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... The Permian-Triassic (P-T or PT) extinction event, sometimes informally called the Great Dying, was an extinction event that occurred approximately 251 million years ago (mya), forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods. ... Genera Hypsognathus Procolophon The Procolophonids were early herbivorous, anapsid reptiles that appeared late in the Permian, to the end of the Triassic. ... The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 ± 0. ...

See also

• Parareptilia

Groups See cladograms below Parareptilia (at the side of reptiles) is a subclass or clade of Reptiles which are variously defined as an extinct group of primitive anapsids, or a more cladistically correct alternative to Anapsida. ...

External links

• Introduction to Anapsida from UCMP