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Encyclopedia > Anarchism and nationalism
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Nationalism and anarchism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated relationship, going back at least to Bakunin and his involvement with the Pan-Slavic movement prior to his conversion to anarchism and during the first several years thereafter. Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Anarchist redirects here. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин), (May 30, 1814–June 13, 1876) was a well-known Russian anarchist contemporaneous to Karl Marx. ... National flag of all Slavs approved on the Pan-Slav convention in Prague in 1848 The 19th century movement Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples. ...


There has been a long history of anarchist involvement with nationalism all over the world, as well as with internationalism. Anarchists who see value in nationalism typically argue that a nation is first and foremost a people; that the state is parasitic upon the nation and should not be confused with it; and that since in reality states rarely coincide with national entities, the ideal of the nation-state is actually little more than a myth. Within modern western Europe, for instance, there are well over 500 ethnic groups and only 25 nation states [1], and in Asia, Africa and the Americas the numbers are even more dramatic. Moving from this position, they argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid. Internationalism is a political movement which advocates a greater economic and political cooperation between nations for the benefit of all. ... For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ... This article is about the political concept. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... The term mutual aid has multiple meanings: Mutual aid, a tenet of anarchist thought Mutual aid, an agreement between emergency responders Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, a book by anarchist Peter Kropotkin Mutual aid, in social work with groups Category: ...


Most modern anarchists, by contrast, militantly oppose nationalism, as they equate the nation with the state. A majority of contemporary anarchists therefore consider nationalist anarchism to be a contradiction.


Although anarchism is generally considered a movement of the left, the nationalist and anti-semitic side of Proudhon's and Bakunin's thought would feed into 20th-century parties and movements of the radical right, some of which claimed these early anarchists as their own. Similarly the national syndicalist movement in Italy, a group of a few thousand former members of various anarcho-syndicalist labor unions who split with the larger anarchist movement over their support for Italian nationalism, was cited by Mussolini as a major source of inspiration. Nazis like Willibald Schulze cited Proudhon as an inspiration of national socialism. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The term far-right refers to the relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ... National Syndicalism is a variant of syndicalism typically associated with the right-wing labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini’s National Fascist Party. ... Anarcho-syndicalist flag. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Willibald Schulze was a Nazi Party writer. ...

Contents

An overview

The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli by Carlo Carrà.
The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli by Carlo Carrà.

In the early to mid 19th century Europe, the ideas of nationalism, socialism, and liberalism were closely intertwined. Revolutionaries and radicals like Giuseppe Mazzini aligned with all three in about equal measure (Hearder 1966: 46-7, 50). The early pioneers of anarchism were a product of the spirit of their times: they had much in common with both liberals and socialists, and they shared much of the outlook of early nationalism as well. Thus Mikhail Bakunin had a long career as a pan-Slavic nationalist before adopting anarchism. In 1880/81 the Boston-based Irish nationalist W. G. H. Smart wrote articles for a magazine called The Anarchist.[1] Image File history File links Funeraloftheanarchistgalli. ... Image File history File links Funeraloftheanarchistgalli. ... Carlo Carrà Carlo Carrà (11 February 1881-13 April 1966) was an Italian painter, a leading figure of the futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Giuseppe Mazzini. ... This article is about the German word. ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian: Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814 – June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern anarchism. Born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian... Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic people. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ...


Similarly, Anarchists in China during the early part of the 20th century were very much involved in the nationalist movement while actively opposing racist elements of the Anti-Manchu wing of that movement, and during the Mexican Revolution Anarchists such as Ricardo Flores Magón participated enthusiastically in what was indisputably a left-nationalist revolution. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chinese Anarchism. ... This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ... Ricardo Flores Magón (September 16, 1874 – November 21, 1922) was born on Mexican Independence Day, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. ...


More recent fusions of anarchism and nationalism have been generally perceived as "outside" of the larger anarchist movement as the perception of nationalism itself has shifted from being a left-wing ideology aimed at liberation (liberal nationalism) to a right-wing ideology. Most modern anarchists denounce nationalism for its statism and linkages to authoritarian ideologies, and position anarchism as an alternative to nationalism which can actually achieve the self-determination that (they argue) nationalism argues for but fails to deliver. Modern attempts to fuse the two are thus relatively trivial by historical standards and limited in influence. Civic nationalism, or civil nationalism, is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from the active participation of its citizenry, from the degree to which it represents the will of the people. It is often seen as originating with Jean-Jacques Rousseau and especially the social...


Bakunin and nationalism

Prior to his involvment with the Anarchist movement, Mikhael Bakunin had a long history of involvement in nationalist movements of various kinds. n his Appeal to the Slavs (1848), Bakunin called for cooperation between nationalist revolutionary movements across Europe (both Slavic and non-Slavic) to overthrow empires and dissolve imperialism, in an uprising of "all oppressed nationalities" which would lead to a "Universal Federation of European Republics".[2] He also agitated for a United States of Europe (a contemporary nationalist vision originated by Mazzini).[2] Later, exiled to eastern Siberia, he became involved with a circle of Siberian nationalists who planned to separate from Russia. They were connected with his cousin and patron, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, the Governor General of Eastern Siberia, whom Bakunin defended in Herzen's journal The Bell.[3] It was not until a full four years after leaving Siberia, however, that Bakunin proclaimed himself an anarchist. This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Count Nikolay N. Muravyov-Amursky Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky (also spelled as Nikolai Nikolaevich Muraviev-Amurskiy) (Russian: ) (August 11 (August 23 in the Julian calendar), 1809—November 30(18), 1881) was a Russian statesman and diplomat, who played a major role in expansion of the Russian Empire to the Pacific... Alexander Herzen in 1867 Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен) (April 6, 1812 - January 21, 1870) was a major Russian pro-Western writer and thinker known as...


Max Nettlau remarked of this period in his life that: "This may be explained by Bakunin's increasing nationalist psychosis, induced and nourished by the expansionist ideas of the officials and exploiters who surrounded him in Siberia, causing him to overlook the plight of their victims."[4] However when the socialist elements of the League of Peace and Freedom found themselves isolated by the more liberal elements, Bakunin and others broke away to join the International Workingmen's Association developing an explicitly anarchist current within that organisation. Max Nettlau (1865-1944) was an Austrian anarchist and historian. ... Bakunins membership card of the League of Peace and Freedom The Inaugural Congress of the League of Peace and Freedom was originally planned for September 5, 1867 in Geneva. ... The International Workingmens Association (IWA), sometimes called the First International, was an international socialist organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing political groups and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle. ...


Anarchism and nationalism in China

Main article: Anarchism in China

Anarchists formed the first labor unions and the first large-scale Peasant organizations in China. During the roughly two decades when anarchism was the dominant radical ideology in China (roughly 1900-1924), Anarchists there were active in mass movements of all kinds, including the nationalist movement. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chinese Anarchism. ...


A small group of Anarchists - mostly those associated with the early 'Paris Group', a grouping of Chinese Expatriates based in France - were deeply involved in the nationalist movement and many served as "movement elders" in the KMT right up until the defeat of the nationalists by the Maoists. A minority of Chinese Anarchists associated with the Paris Group also helped funnel large sums of money to Sun Yat-sen to help finance the Nationalist revolution of 1911. KMT might stand for: Kuomintang, is a centre-right political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan. ... Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛澤東思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), also called Marxism-Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), is a variant of communism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893&#8211... Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1866 – March 12, 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader often referred to as the father of modern China. Sun played an instrumental role in the eventual overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...


After the 1911 Nationalist revolution, Anarchist involvement with the Kuomintang was relatively minor, not only because the majority of Anarchists opposed nationalism on principle but because the KMT government was more then willing to level repression against anarchist organizations whenever and wherever they challenged state power. Still, a few prominent anarchists, notably Jing Meijiu and Zhang Ji (both affiliated with the Tokyo Group) were elected to positions within the KMT government and continued to call themselves Anarchists while doing so. The response from the larger anarchist movement was decidedly mixed. They were roundly denounced by the Guangzhou group; but other groupings that favored an 'evolutionary' approach to social change instead of immediate Revolution, such as the 'Pure Socialists', were more sympathetic. The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...


The "Diligent Work and Frugal Study" program in France, a series of businesses and educational programs organized along anarchist lines that allowed Chinese students from working-class backgrounds to come to France and receive a European education that had previously been only available to a tiny wealthy elite, was one product of this collaboration of the anarchists with nationalists. The program received funding from both the Chinese and French governments as well as raising its own independent funds through a series of worker-owned anarchist businesses, including a Tofu factory that catered to the needs of Chinese migrant workers in France. The program allowed poor and working-class Chinese students to receive a high-quality modern university education in France at a time when foreign education was almost exclusively limited to the children of wealthy elites, and educated thousands of Chinese workers and students - including many future communist leaders such as Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician and reformer, and the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CCP). ...


Following the success of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution anarchism went into decline in the Chinese labour movement. In 1924 the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) allied itself with the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT). Originally composed of many former anarchists, it soon attracted a mass base, becoming increasingly critical of anarchism. When the Kuomintang purged the CPC from its ranks in 1927, the small group of anarchists who had long participated in the KMT urged their younger comrades to join the movement and utilize it in the same way that the Stalinists had been using it - as a vehicle to gain membership and influence. Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia: The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a series of strikes and anti-government violence against Tsar Nicholas II The Russian Revolution of 1917, which included: February Revolution, which resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: Zhōnggu ngchǎndǎng) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314...


Partly because of the growing power of the right-wing within the KMT and the repression of workers movements advocated by that right wing, the Anarchists opted not to join the KMT en masse or even work within it, instead, the result of this last collaboration was the creation of China's first Labor University. The Labor University was intended to be a domestic version of the Paris groups Diligent Work and Frugal Study educational program and sought to create a new generation of Labor Intellectuals who would finally overcome the gap between "those who work with their hands” and “those who work with their minds." The goal was to train working-class people with the skills they needed to self-organize and set up their own independent organizations and worker-owned businesses, which would form the seed of a new anarchist society within the shell of the old in a Dual Power-based evolutionary strategy reminiscent of Proudhon. Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, The Dual Power, (dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Revolution in which two powers, the workers councils (or Soviets, particularly the Petrograd Soviet) and the official state apparatus of the Provisional Government coexisted... Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (pronounced Pruood-on, not prowd-hon) (January 15, 1809 - January 19, 1865) was a French anarchist of the 19th century. ...


The university would only function for a very few years before the Nationalist government decided that the project was too subversive to allow it too continue and pulled funding. When the KMT initiated a second wave of repression against the few remaining mass movements, anarchists left the organization en masse and were forced underground as hostilities between the KMT and CPC — both of whom were hostile towards anti-authoritarians — escalated. A repressed memory, according to some theories of psychology, a memory (often traumatic) of an event or environment which is stored by the unconscious mind but outside the awareness of the conscious mind. ...


Anarchism and nationalism in Mexico

Main article: Anarchism in Mexico

Ricardo Flores Magón, one of the early leaders of the Mexican left-nationalist movement which eventually culminated in the Mexican Revolution, based his anarchism primarily on the works of early anarchists Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was also influenced by his anarchist contemporaries: Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and Max Stirner. However, he was most influenced by Peter Kropotkin. Flores Magón also read from the works of Karl Marx and Henrik Ibsen. Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which he considered a kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the short-lived revolutionary communes in Baja California during the "Magonista" Revolt of 1911. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ricardo Flores Magón (September 16, 1874 – November 21, 1922) was born on Mexican Independence Day, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. ... This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian: Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814 – June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern anarchism. Born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian... Pierre Joseph Proudhon. ... Élisée Reclus (March 15, 1830 - July 4, 1905) was a French geographer and anarchist. ... Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (December 14, 1853 – July 22, 1932) was an anarchist with an unshakable belief, which he shared with his friend Peter Kropotkin, that the anarchist revolution would occur soon. ... Anselmo Lorenzo, sometimes called the grandfather of Spanish Anarchism, was one of the original Spanish Anarchists. ... Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... Fernando Tarrida del Mármol (1861 - 1915), was a Cuban anarchist writer. ... Johann Kaspar Schmidt (October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856), better known as Max Stirner (the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow Stirn), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary grandfathers of nihilism... Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin (Russian: ) (December 9, 1842–February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society free from central government. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Ibsen redirects here. ... Cover of Elephant Editions reprint of Conquest Of Bread, 1985. ... Baja California (literally lower California in Spanish) is the northernmost state of Mexico. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...


In addition to his work with the Partido Liberal Mexicano, Magón organised with the Wobblies (IWW) and edited Regeneración, which aroused the workers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz. The Partido Liberal Mexicano (or the Mexican Liberal Party) was an anarchist group founded by Ricardo Flores Magón in 1906, in opposition to the rule of Porfirio Díaz. ... The IWW Label A Wobbly membership card The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, having much in common with anarcho-syndicalist unions, but also many differences. ... Porfirio Díaz José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was President of Mexico, considered a dictator, who ruled Mexico from 1876 until 1911 (with the exception of one single four-year period). ...


Har Dayal

In the 1910s Lala Har Dayal became an anarchist agitator in San Francisco, joining the IWW before becoming a pivotal figure in the Ghadar Party. A long-time advocate of Indian nationalism, he developed a vision of anarchism based upon a return to the principles of ancient Aryan society (Puri 1983). He was particularly influenced by Guy Aldred, who was jailed for printing The Indian Sociologist in 1907. Aldred, an anarcho-communist, was careful to point out that this solidarity arose because he was an advocate of free speech and not because he felt that nationalism would help the working class in India or elsewhere.[5]. The National Bolshevik, Fritz Wolffheim was also involved with the IWW at the same time as Har Dayal. Har Dayal (b. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The IWW Label A Wobbly membership card The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, having much in common with anarcho-syndicalist unions, but also many differences. ... The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by the Indians(mostly Punjabis, of the United States and Canada in June, 1913 with the aim to liberate India from British rule. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... Guy Aldred (November 5, 1886-October 17, 1963) was an English anarchist communist and a prominent member of the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF). ... The Indian Sociologist (TIS) was an important Indian nationalist publication in the early nineteenth century. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Anarcho-Communism, or Libertarian Communism, is a political ideology related to Libertarian socialism. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ... Flag of the National Bolsheviks. ... Fritz Wolfheim (1888-1942), after several years spent in the United States, he became involved with the Industrial Workers of the World in San Francisco. ...


Völkisch anarchism

A concept of nationalist anarchism independent of anti-semitism or far right input can be traced back to the populist revolutionary nationalisms of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the Russian narodniks (themselves a cradle of many political strains and tendencies with anarchistic leanings) and the völkisch movement of Germany and Austria. The latter inherited its Romantic outlook from Johann Gottfried von Herder whose own philosophy, which also inspired Mazzini (Hearder 1966: 44, 46), affirmed both the particularity of national cultures (nationalism) and their value within a universal context (internationalism). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into far right. ... Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... Narodniks was the name for Russian revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s. ... The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the Populist movement, with a romantic focus on folklore and the organic. ... Romantics redirects here. ... Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried von Herder (August 25, 1744 - December 18, 1803), German poet, critic, theologian, and philosopher, is best known for his concept of the Volk and is generally considered the father of ethnic nationalism. ...


As the völkisch movement developed, sections of it focussed on to theories of anti-semitism and racial supremacy which claimed a foundation in biology. Others, however, repudiated racism and preserved Herder's emphasis upon the equality of all nations. Among these prophets of international nationalism was the German-Jewish völkisch anarchist Gustav Landauer. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into racism. ... Gustav Landauer (7 April 1870 in Karlsruhe, Germany — 2 May 1919 in Munich, Germany) was a German anarchist. ...


Alternative Socialism

A recent revival of völkisch anti-racism can be found in the Alternative Socialist Movement, an alliance of British radicals formed during the 1970s in which Keith Motherson (formerly Keith Paton) and the controversial artist Monica Sjöö were key members. Alternative Socialism sought to synthesise a range of seeming contraries: dissident Marxism with anarchism, socialism with libertarianism, Christianity with paganism, and reformism with revolution. Radical Left can refer to: 18th century Radicalism was a separate ideology, which was absorbed into liberalism and socialism. ... Monica Sjöö, (December 31, 1938 – 8 August 2005), was a Swedish painter who died of cancer. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... For other uses, see Libertarianism (disambiguation). ...


It espoused the love of homeland and country from a nonviolent and feminist perspective which Motherson dubbed 'matriotism', and drew upon an interpretation of German völkisch thought as an essentially cosmopolitan current of ideas celebrating ethnic and cultural diversity. The movement rejected every form of patriarchal machismo from the left as well as the right, and therefore it advocated countering fascism through dialog. Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... A patriarch (from Greek: patria means father; arché means rule, beginning, origin) is a male head of an extended family exercising autocratic authority, or, by extension, a member of the ruling class or government of a society controlled by senior men. ...


Black Ram

Anarcho-swastika, symbol of the Black Ram Group
Anarcho-swastika, symbol of the Black Ram Group

Alternative Socialism is an evident precursor to a similar concept of völkisch anarchism which surfaced briefly in the British anarchist movement in 1982 when the Black Ram Group (formerly Derby Anarchist Group) published the first and only edition of its journal Black Ram. This publication made connections between anarchism, neo-paganism and völkisch nationalist ideas (Landauer in particular), with further exploration of these themes promised. However the group disbanded in the following year without further elaboration. Image File history File links Anarcho-swastika. ... Image File history File links Anarcho-swastika. ... Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism, meaning New Paganism) is a heterogeneous group of religions which attempt to revive ancient, mainly European pre-Christian religions. ...


The Black Ram Group remained within the mainstream anarchist consensus of anti-racism and anti-sexism. Its positive evaluation of nationalism derived not from any roots in far right political organisations, but from the theoretical consideration that: Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. ... This box:      The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage Sexism is commonly considered to be discrimination and/or hatred against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, but can also refer to any and all systemic differentiations based on the sex...

"the pseudo-'nationalism' of the 'nation-State' - which anarchists unequivocally oppose...must be distinguished from the nationalism of the people (Volk) which in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination and internal authoritarianism, i.e. the State." - Black Ram[6]

The term 'anarcho-nationalist' is introduced in Black Ram 1:12 to describe the outlook of American Odinists with whom the paper's editors were in sympathy and, since then, it has been reused as a general term covering nationalist anarchisms. The term national anarchism was also used in the title of an article projected for publication in the second edition, 'Towards an Anarchist Nationalism: provisional manifesto of the National Anarchist Pagan Resurgence',[7] but no further editions appeared and so it was never formally defined. Other material in the first issue leaves no doubt of the direction that was intended. Wotan, 'Fylfots for Freedom', Black Ram 1:7-8 sets out a programme aiming to subvert fascism by reclaiming symbols and concepts for libertarian ends. The group's emblem was a circled A in the centre of a swastika ('anarcho-swastika'). Ásatrú describes a number of attempts to reconstruct the indigenous religions of Northern Europe. ... This article is about the symbol. ...


This use of the swastika was not just about taking back a symbol: it stood for the reclaiming of ideas too. The point, for Black Ram, was that the Nazis stole völkisch language and principles from early 20th-century populists and counterculturalists in the first place; Nazis have no right to them. Alternative Socialism had considered these same ideas important because they signpost the continuation of older currents of socialism concerned with ethnicity, land and culture, which Marxist economic determinism sidelined. As a result, socialists withdrew from activism across a wide range of fronts, and what remained of the old pre-Marxist, utopian socialisms — finding no other outlet — was forced into opposition to the Marxist-monopolised Left. One of the things which they turned into was fascism. But it didn't have to happen that way, and if we don't want it to happen again — the Alternative Socialist and Black Ram analyses concur — then socialists of a more libertarian persuasion have to get back into the broad völkisch, ethno-cultural arena.[8] It is not a case of anarchists aping Nazis; if these concerns now strike us as Nazi, it is because the Nazis misappropriated them from leftists. Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern Socialist thought. ...


Black anarchism or Panther anarchism

Main article: Black anarchism

Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchists seek to abolish white supremacy, capitalism, and the state. Theorists include Ashanti Alston, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Kuwasi Balagoon, many former members of the Black Panther Party, and Martin Sostre. Black anarchism rejects the traditional anarchist movement. Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. ... Anti-statism refers to all philosophies that in some degree reject or oppose the establishment of a state, or territorial national governments. ... Anarchists can refer to several things, among which: The movie Anarchists Supporters of the principles of anarchism The Anarchists (Les Anarchistes), a famous song from Léo Ferré A List of anarchists This is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... Ashanti Alston Omowali is an anarchist activist, speaker, and writer, and former member of the Black Panther Party. ... Lorenzo Komboa Ervin is an American writer, activist, and Black anarchist. ... Kuwasi Balagoon was a Black Panther, a member of the Black Liberation Army, a New Afrikan anarchist, and a defendant in the Panther 21 case in the late sixties. ... The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was an African American organization founded to promote civil rights and self-defense. ... Martin Gonzales Sostre (born in Harlem on March 20, 1923) served time in Attica prison during the early 1960s, where he embraced doctrines as diverse as Black Muslimism, Black Nationalism, Internationalism, and finally anarchism. ...


Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the Black Panther party, and the anarchist movement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been European and/or white-based. They oppose the anti-racist conception, based on the universalism of the Enlightenment, which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against racism and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a de jure equality. For example, Pedro Ribeiro has criticized the whole of the anarchist movement by declaring that: For other uses, see Party (disambiguation). ... Anti-racism, like other general social attitudes, ideas and movements, has many variations and faces. ... Universalism refers to any concept or doctrine that applies to all persons and/or all things for all times and in all situations. ... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ; Italian: ; Spanish: ; Portuguese: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy — some classifications also include 17th century philosophy (usually called the Age of Reason). ... This box:      Racism has many definitions, the most common and widely accepted is that members of one race are intrinsically superior or inferior to members of other races. ... EQUAL is a popular artificial sweetener Equal (sweetener) Equality can mean several things: Mathematical equality Social equality Racial equality Sexual equality Equality of outcome Equality, a town in Illinois See also Equity Egalitarianism Equals sign This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might...

"It is a white, petty-bourgeois Anarchism that cannot relate to the people. As a Black person, I am not interested in your Anarchism. I am not interested in individualistic, self-serving, selfish liberation for you and your white friends. What I care about is the liberation of my people." [3]

Black anarchists are thus influenced by the civil rights movement and Black nationalism, and seek to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations such as the Black Panther Party, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about an economic and cultural revolution that does away with racist domination, capitalism, and the state. From Alston's @narchist Panther Zine: Historically, various popular movements struggling for social justice and democratic rights since the Second World War were known as civil rights movement, most famously the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which struggled for equal rights for African-Americans. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

"Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’ our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination." From @narchist Panther Zine, October 1999, Edition 1, Volume 1

National-Anarchism

Main article: National-Anarchism

By far the most controversial modern attempt to fuse nationalism and anarchism is National-Anarchism,[9] a position developed in the 1990s by the National Revolutionary Faction, a UK-based organization which cultivated links to certain far-right circles in Britain and the former Soviet Union. National-Anarchist groups have also arisen in Germany, France and North America. In the UK, National-Anarchists worked with Albion Awake, Alternative Green (published by former Green Anarchist editor, Richard Hunt) and Jonathan Boulter to develop the "Anarchist Heretics Fair". While most mainstream anarchist groups denounced them, SchNEWS ran advertisements for the Fair. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nationalist anarchism. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nationalist anarchism. ... The National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) was a United Kingdom-based national-anarchist group led by Troy Southgate. ... Alternative Green is a UK magazine set up by former Green Anarchist contributor and editor Richard Hunt. ... The magazine Green Anarchist was for a while the principle voice in the UK advocating an explicit fusion of libertarian socialist and ecological thinking (Green anarchism), although such ideas had arguably been co-sympathetic for decades if not generations beforehand. ... Richard Hunt is an green anarchist activist, and editor of various environmentalist magazines, such as Green Anarchist and Alternative Green. ... SchNEWS is a weekly anarchist publication published in Brighton, England as a double sided A4 newspaper and an online edition. ...


The National-Anarchists advocate an explicitly racialist and segregated organization of society, typical of neo-nazis, but also oppose the totalitarian state typically advocated by fascists and neo-fascists. Their leading UK activist, Troy Southgate, organised a meeting on 12 March 2005 with Jonathan Bowden of the British National Party, the Eurasia Party leader Alexander Dugin, and Father Andrew Phillips, a priest from the British Orthodox Church, as well as Keith Thompson, a man with many years involvement with the far right.[10] (Leonid Savin, an activist of the Eurasia Party in the Ukraine, successfully infiltrated Peoples Global Action, running the PGA info-point in Sumy for a number of years.) Hitlers Nazi Germany: the epitome of 20th-century racialism Racialism is a term used to describe racial policy, in what is generally perceived to be a negative sense, as promoting stratification and inequality between racial categories (in themselves, often disputed). ... Segregation means separation. ... The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... This page pertains to fascism after World War II. For a discussion of groups and movements that also include as core tenets racial nationalism, antisemitism, and praise for Hitler, see Neo-Nazism. ... Troy Southgate is a leading National-Anarchist activist based in the United Kingdom - indeed the concept of National-Anarchism seems to be largely his invention. ... Jonathan Bowden is a British politician. ... The British National Party (BNP) is a white nationalist political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Eurasia Party was registered as a political party by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on 21 June 2002, approximately one year after the Pan-Russian Eurasia Movement was established by Aleksandr Dugin. ... Aleksandr Gelevich Dugin (Russian: Александр Гельевич Дугин) (Russian scholar, political activist, and founder of the contemporary Russian school of geopolitics often known as Eurasianism. He is often seen to be an... The British Orthodox Church is a small Oriental Orthodox jurisdiction, canonically part of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. ... Keith Thompson was a leading member of the Union Movement, which he joined in the 1960s whilst completing his National service. ... Peoples Global Action (PGA) is the name of a worldwide co-ordination of radical social movements, grassroots campaigns and direct actions in resistance to capitalism and for social and environmental justice. ... Sumy is a town in the Ukraine Sumy region. ...


Their position within the anarchist movement is roughly analogous to that of anarcho-capitalism, another attempt to incorporate an anarchist analysis of the state into a fundamentally right-wing world view. Both groups are vehemently condemned and disowned by the majority in the anarchist movement as contrary to everything that anarchism stands for. Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ...


The emergence of right-wing analogues of anarchism especially recalls the historical split between Marxism and fascism. Mussolini, and many other prominent fascists, began their careers as socialists before abandoning the class war in favour of a third-way alternative to both capitalism and Marxism: effectively, a 'socialism of the right'. They brought with them a powerful ideological authoritarianism that re-invigorated the far-right and led to the rise of fascist regimes around the world. Perhaps because of this origin, the relationship between Marxists and fascists was especially bitter. The divide between the leftist majority within the anarchist movement and right-wing groups that have adopted the name anarchist is, if possible, even more hostile.[11] Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the interests of the state. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Socialism is any economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled collectively or a political philosophy advocating such a system. ...


The argument against the inclusion of National-Anarchism is essentially that appropriating a name is not enough to establish membership in a tradition of thought: very few scholars would argue that the National Socialist German Workers' Party (the Nazi Party) was actually socialist or that the Democratic Republic of Congo is actually a democracy, and similarly National-Anarchism does not constitute a type of anarchism merely on account of its name. The Nazi swastika symbol The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...


See also

Carlo Carrà Carlo Carrà (11 February 1881-13 April 1966) was an Italian painter, a leading figure of the futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century. ... The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (Funerali dell’anarchico Galli) is a painting by Italian futurist Carlo Carrà. It currently resides in New York Citys Museum of Modern Art. ...

Notes

  1. ^ Source: The Raven no.6.
  2. ^ Mikhail Bakunin (1848), Appeal to the Slavs, translated in Sam Dolgoff (1971), Bakunin on Anarchy.
  3. ^ Bakunin, Yokohama and the Dawning of the Pacific by Peter Billingsley.
  4. ^ Mikhail Bakunin: A Biographical Sketch by Max Nettlau, reproduced in The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism, The Free press 1953, p42.
  5. ^ Rex v.Aldred by Guy Aldred, Strickland Press, Glasgow, 1948
  6. ^ Editorial comment, Black Ram 1:5.
  7. ^ Black Ram 1:18.
  8. ^ On these points, Black Ram is explicit: "Many of the causes which the Nazis latched on to (and betrayed) - neo-pagan religiosity, 'folkish' preoccupation with culture and ethnic identity, 'strength through joy', de-urbanisation, back to nature etc. - are still relevant today. The rescue of the swastika from Nazi usage can become a powerful symbol for the recovery of these associated vital areas of concern." The same article points out that, as a worldwide symbol, the swastika fitly represents "that unity-in-diversity which respects and brings harmony between people of all races and cultures" (Wotan, Black Ram 1: 7-8).
  9. ^ Spelled in this way by its adherents and not to be confused with the earlier 'national anarchism' of the Black Ram Group.
  10. ^ The Very Strange World of Steven Books accessed 25 June, 2007.
  11. ^ The Stewart Home Society maintains an archive of anarchist pamphlets denouncing National-Anarchism at http://www.stewarthomesociety.org/ga/

Max Nettlau (1865-1944) was an Austrian anarchist and historian. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ...

References

  • Hampson, Norman. 1968. The Enlightenment. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.
  • Hearder, Harry. 1966. Europe in the Nineteenth Century 1830-1880. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48212-7
  • Puri, Karish K. 1983. Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy. Guru Nanak Dev University Press.

External links

anarchists and nationalism at flag.blackened.net


  Results from FactBites:
 
National anarchism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (643 words)
National Anarchism is a movement that combines anarchism and nationalism, with intellectual roots in third positionism and the writings of the neo-Spenglerian Francis Parker Yockey.
National Anarchists tend to advocate economic practices which can be loosely described as varieties of Distributism, where the emphasis is placed on small government and small businesses.
National Anarchists however imply that there is no hatred involved, and that their view on separatism instead stops racial hatred by allowing inigineous cultures and biodiversity to take place.
Anarchism - MSN Encarta (1210 words)
Anarchism, political concept and social movement that advocates the abolition of any form of State, which is regarded as coercive, and its replacement with voluntary organization.
Anarchism arose out of the ideological ferment of the French Revolution and in reaction to both the European bureaucratic nation state and the advent of large-scale industrial capitalism.
Anarchism was shaped by several generations of thinkers and activists who lived between the first half of the 19th century and the first three decades of the 20th century.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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