Anarchism

Anarchism in culture Anarchism is a political view derived from the Greek αναρχία (without archons (rulers)). Thus anarchism, in its most general meaning, is opposing to rulers. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Anarchism Anarchy Individualist anarchism Libertarianism Anarcho-Communism Libertarian socialism The Angry Brigade Haymarket Riot Anarcho-syndicalism Anarchist law Anarcho-punk List of creative works about anarchism Spanish Revolution Freedom Press Confederación Nacional del Trabajo Primitivism Green anarchism WOMBLES Squamish Five... Anarchism and capitalism Anarchism and Marxism Anarchism and religion Anarchism and society Anarchism and the arts Anarchist economics Anarchist law Anarchist symbolism Anarchism without adjectives Anarcho-punk Though the anarchist critique of capitalism is rooted in socialist theory, there are certain key distinctions in their critiques, which this article attempts to elucidate. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Anarchists have traditionally been sceptical and at some times violently hostile towards organized religion. ... This article discusses the anarchist critiques of society and proposed solutions from the anarchist perspective. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Anarchist economics entails theory and praxis relating to economic activity within the philosophical outlines of anarchism. ... Anarchist law refers to a concept about the law to use in anarchies, although some people define anarchies as communities without any law. ... This article discusses various anarchist symbols, including the circle-A and the black flag. ... The anarchy symbol commonly used by anarcho-punks Anarcho-punk (sometimes known as peace-punk) is a subgenre of the punk rock movement consisting of groups and bands promoting specifically anarchist ideas. ... Relevant lists Anarchists Communities Concepts Musicians Organizations The following is a list of notable anarchists, ordered by surname. ... This is a list of past and present anarchist communities. ... These are concepts which, although not exclusive to anarchism, are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. ... The following is a list of notable anarchist musicians. ... This list uses the word organization in its loosest sense. ...

Anarchism without adjectives in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein, "referred to an unhyphenated form of anarchism, that is, a doctrine without any qualifying labels such as communist, collectivist, mutualist, or individualist. For others, . . . [it] was simply understood as an attitude that tolerated the coexistence of different anarchist schools." [Anarchist Ideology and the Working Class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898, p. 135] A hyphen ( - ) is a punctuation mark. ... Anarchism is a political view derived from the Greek αναρχία (without archons (rulers)). Thus anarchism, in its most general meaning, is opposing to rulers. ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... For judgements of value about collectivism and individualism, see individualism and collectivism. ... Mutualism is an economic theory based on a labor theory of value that advocates that equal amounts of labor should receive equal pay. ... For judgements of value about collectivism and individualism, see individualism and collectivism. ...

Origins

The originator of the expression was Cuban-born Fernando Tarrida del Marmol, who used it in November 1889, in Barcelona. He directed his comments towards the communist and collectivist anarchists in Spain, who at the time were having an intense debate over the merits of their two theories. Anarchism without adjectives was an attempt to show greater tolerance between anarchist tendencies and to be clear that anarchists should not impose a preconceived economic plan on anyone -- even in theory. Anarchists without adjectives tended to either reject all particular anarchist economic models as faulty, or take a pluralist position of embracing them all to a limited degree in order that they may keep one another in check. Regardless, to these anarchists the economic preferences are considered to be of "secondary importance" to abolishing all authority, with free experimentation the one rule of a free society. 1889 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ...

History

The theoretical perspective known as "anarquismo sin adjetivos" was one of the by-products of a intense debate within the movement of anarchism itself. The roots of the argument can be found in the development of anarcho-communism after Bakunin's death in 1876. While not entirely dissimilar to collectivist anarchism (as can be seen from James Guillaume's famous work "On Building the New Social Order" within Bakunin on Anarchism, the collectivists did see their economic system evolving into free communism), Communist Anarchists developed, deepened and enriched Bakunin's work just as Bakunin had developed, deepened and enriched Proudhon's. Communist Anarchism was associated with such anarchists as Élisée Reclus, Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta and (most famously) Peter Kropotkin. Anarcho-Communism, or Libertarian Communism, is a political ideology related to Libertarian socialism. ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин), (May 30, 1814–June 13, 1876) was a well-known Russian anarchist contemporaneous to Karl Marx. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ... James Guillaume (February 16, 1844 - November 20, 1916) was a leading member of the Jura federation of the First International, the anarchist wing of the International. ... Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (pronounced Pruood-on, not prowd-hon) (January 15, 1809 - January 19, 1865) was a French anarchist of the 19th century. ... Élisée Reclus (1878) Élisée Reclus (March 15, 1830 - July 4, 1905) was a French geographer and anarchist. ... Carlo Cafiero (1846-1892) Important Italian anarchist & champion of Mikhail Bakunin during the second half of the 1800s. ... Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (December 14, 1853 – July 22, 1932) was an anarchist with an unshakable belief, which he shared with his friend Peter Kropotkin, that the anarchist revolution would occur soon. ... Peter Kropotkin Prince Peter Alexeevich Kropotkin (In Russian Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин) (December 9, 1842 - February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of what he called anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society...

Anarcho-communist ideas replaced Collectivist Anarchism as the main anarchist tendency in Europe, except in Spain. Here the major issue was not the question of communism (although for Ricardo Mella this played a part) but a question of the modification of strategy and tactics implied by Communist Anarchism. At this time (the 1880s), the anarcho-communists stressed local cells of anarchist militants, generally opposed trade unionism as were characterized by a degree of anti-organisation. Unsurprisingly, such a change in strategy and tactics came in for a lot of discussion from the Spanish Collectivists who strongly supported working class organisation and struggle. The term working class is used to denote a social class. ...

This conflict soon spread outside of Spain and the discussion found its way into the pages of La Revolte in Paris. This provoked many anarchists to agree with Malatesta's argument that "[i]t is not right for us, to say the least, to fall into strife over mere hypotheses." [quoted by Max Nettlau, A Short History of Anarchism, pp. 198-9] Over time, most anarchists agreed (to use Nettlau's words) that "we cannot foresee the economic development of the future" [Op. Cit., p. 201] and so started to stress what they had in common, rather than the different visions of how a free society would operate. As time progressed, most anarcho-communists saw that ignoring the labour movement ensured that their ideas did not reach the working class while most anarcho-communists stressed their commitment to communist ideals and their arrival sooner, rather than later, after a revolution. The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ...

Similarly, in the United States, there was an intense debate at the same time between Individualist and Communist anarchists. There, Benjamin Tucker was arguing that anarcho-communists were not anarchists while John Most was saying similar things about Tucker's ideas. Just as people like Mella and Tarrida put forward the idea of tolerance between anarchist groups, so anarchists like Voltairine de Cleyre "came to label herself simply 'Anarchist,' and called like Malatesta for an 'Anarchism without Adjectives,' since in the absence of government many different experiments would probably be tried in various localities in order to determine the most appropriate form." [Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible, p. 393] Benjamin Tucker (April 17, 1854 - 1939) was Americas leading proponent of individualist anarchism in the 19th century. ... Voltairine de Cleyre (November 17, 1866–June 6, 1912) was, according to Emma Goldman, the most gifted and brilliant anarchist woman America ever produced; yet, even among most anarchists, she is today almost completely unknown. ...

These debates had a lasting impact on the anarchist movement, with such noted anarchists as de Cleyre, Malatesta, Nettlau and Reclus adopting the tolerant perspective that is embodied in the expression "anarchism without adjectives".

Prominent "anarchists without adjectives"

While a great number of anarchists could be said to fall under the category of anarchists without adjectives to one degree or another, those expressly advocating the title include:

• Voltairine de Cleyre
• Errico Malatesta
• Fernando Tarrida del Marmol
• Max Nettlau
• Élisée Reclus

Voltairine de Cleyre (November 17, 1866–June 6, 1912) was, according to Emma Goldman, the most gifted and brilliant anarchist woman America ever produced; yet, even among most anarchists, she is today almost completely unknown. ... Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (December 14, 1853 – July 22, 1932) was an anarchist with an unshakable belief, which he shared with his friend Peter Kropotkin, that the anarchist revolution would occur soon. ... Max Nettlau (1865-1944) was an Austrian anarchist and historian. ... Élisée Reclus (1878) Élisée Reclus (March 15, 1830 - July 4, 1905) was a French geographer and anarchist. ...

Further reading

A Short History of Anarchism, Max Nettlau (Freedom Press, 2001) (Pages 195-201 provide an excellent summary)