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Encyclopedia > Anarchist Exclusion Act
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The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas from entering the country. Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... 2000 Census Population Ancestry Map Immigration to the United States of America is the movement of non-residents to the United States. ... Anarchist redirects here. ...

Contents

The 1901 act

The first Anarchist Exclusion Act (officially listed as An Act To regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States, ch. 1012, 32 Stat. 1222)[1] was passed by the 57th United States Congress, on its last day of session, March 3, 1903 (and re-enacted June 29, 1906),[2] soon after the assassination of U.S. President William McKinley by a Polish immigrant, Leon Czolgosz. Then-president Theodore Roosevelt requested the legislation from Congress, which was the first legislation in the U.S. since the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 that permitted those attempting to enter the country to be questioned about their political beliefs.[3] The act specifically barred anyone The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large, is the official source for the laws and resolutions passed by Congress. ... United States Capitol (1906) // The Fifty-seventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, comprised of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... Leon Frank Czolgosz (pronounced choll-gosh), (1873 – October 29, 1901) (also used his mothers maiden name Nieman and variations thereof[1]) was the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley. ... For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... Text of the act. ...

"who disbelieves in or who is opposed to all organized government, or who is a member of or affiliated with any organization entertaining or teaching such disbelief in or opposition to all organized government."[4]

Immediately following a speech given by a Scottish anarchist named John Turner at the Murray Hill Lyceum, Immigration officials arrested Turner, and found a copy of Johann Most's Free Society, and Turner's speaking schedule, which included a memorial to the Haymarket Martyrs. This was enough evidence to deport him. Immediately following, Emma Goldman organized a Free Speech League to contest the deportation. She recruited Clarence Darrow and Edgar Lee Masters to defend him.[5] After Goldman organized a meeting at Cooper Union of those opposing the deportation, the New York Times editorialized in favor of the act, and deportation of Turner. They referred to the people at the meeting as "ignorant and half-crazy dreamers" and declared that it was the country's "right - in the belief of Congress and of many, probably of most, Americans', it makes it our duty - to exclude him."[4] This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. ... Johann Most born in Augsburg, Germany, 1846, died in Cinncinnati, Ohio, 1906, was a German Anarchist during the late 1800s. ... The Haymarket Riot on 4 May 1886 in Chicago, Illinois is the origin of international May Day observances and in popular literature inspired the caricature of the bomb-throwing anarchist. The causes of the incident are still controversial, although deeply polarized attitudes separating the business and working communities in late... Emma Goldman, circa 1910 Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an anarchist known for her political activism, writing, and speeches. ... Clarence Seward Darrow (April 18, 1857 Kinsman Township, Trumbull County, Ohio - March 13, 1938 Chicago) was an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, best known for defending teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb in their trial for murdering 14-year-old Bobby Franks (1924) and... Edgar Lee Masters (August 23, 1868 - March 5, 1950) was an American poet, biographer and dramatist. ... The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art (commonly referred to simply as The Cooper Union) is a privately-funded college in Downtown Manhattan, New York City. ...


Darrow and Masters presented their defense of Turner before the U.S. Supreme Court. They argued that the law was unconstitutional and that Turner was merely a "philosophical anarchist", and therefore not a threat to the government. The Court ruled against Turner, with Chief Justice Melville Fuller writing the majority opinion. Fuller held that the Bill of Rights did not apply to aliens, and that Congress had the right to deny entry to anyone they deemed a threat to the country. Turner became the first person deported under the act.[5] The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Philosophical anarchism is a form of anarchistic thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy. ... Melville Weston Fuller (February 11, 1833 – July 4, 1910) was the Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910. ...


The following year, of 7,994 people denied entry into the U.S., one was denied for being an anarchist.[6]


The 1918 act

Anarchists and Communists awaiting deportation in 1920.
Anarchists and Communists awaiting deportation in 1920.

The second act (also known as the Immigration Act of October 16, 1918, ch. 186, 40 Stat. 1012) was enacted on October 16, 1918.[7] It specified The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large, is the official source for the laws and resolutions passed by Congress. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

"that aliens who are anarchists; aliens who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United States or of all forms of law; aliens who disbelieve in or are opposed to all organized government; aliens who advocate or teach the assassination of public officials; aliens who advocate or teach the unlawful destruction of property; aliens who are members of or affiliated with any organization that entertains a belief in, teaches, or advocates the overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United States or of all forms of law, or that entertains or teaches disbelief or oppostion to all organized government, or that advocates the duty, necessity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or officers, either of specific individuals, or of officers generally, of the Government of the United States or any other organized government, because of his or their character, or that advocates or teaches the unlawful destruction of property, shall be excluded from admission into the United States"

In 1919, the New York Times reported that in the fiscal year 1918, two people were "excluded from the United States"... and "(t)hirty-seven 'were deported after being found illegally in this country.'"[8] After more than four thousand alleged Communists were arrested for deportation under the act, the Department of Labor refused to deport the bulk of those arrested; Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson was threatened with impeachment over the refusal.[9] This act was repealed in 1952. Seal of the United States Department of Labor Secretary of Labor redirects here. ... William Bauchop Wilson (1862 - 1934) was a U.S. (Scottish-born) labor leader and political figure. ...


See also

Anarchism Portal

Image File history File links BlackFlagSymbol. ... This article is about the former U.S. law. ... Political cartoon of 1919 depicting a European anarchist attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty. ... Alexander Mitchell Palmer The Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice and Immigration Departments from 1919 to 1921 on suspected radical leftists in the United States. ...

References

  1. ^ Van Dyne, Frederick (1904/1980). Citizenship of the United States. Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 93. ISBN 0837712297. 
  2. ^ Greeley, Horace (1909). The Tribune Almanac and Political Register. The Tribune Association, 131. 
  3. ^ Vowell, Sarah (1999). Assassination Vacation. Simon and Schuster, 220. ISBN 074326004X. 
  4. ^ a b "In Defense of Anarchy" (newspaper), New York Times, New York, New York: The New York Times, December 5, 1903, p. 8. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. (English) 
  5. ^ a b Chalberg, John (1991). Emma Goldman: American Individualist. Harper Collins, 85-86. ISBN 0673521028. 
  6. ^ Farnsworth Hall, Prescott (1906). Immigration and its effects upon the United States, American Public Problems. H. Holt, 240. 
  7. ^ Remsen Crawford. "New Immigrant Net: How Other Causes Have Anticipated Effect of the Dillingham Act" (newspaper), New York Times, New York, New York: The New York Times, July 10, 1921. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. (English) 
  8. ^ "Alien Anarchists" (newspaper), New York Times, New York, New York: The New York Times, December 15, 1919, p. 14. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. (English) 
  9. ^ U.S. Department of Labor - History - Departmental Timeline
Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party, reformer and politician. ... Sarah Jane Vowell (born December 27, 1969) is an American author, journalist, humorist, and commentator. ... Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Collins was a Scottish printing company founded by a schoolmaster, William Collins, in Glasgow in 1819. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


 

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