Part of the Philosophy series on Anarchism Libertarian Communism was a socialist journal founded and produced in part by members of the Socialist Party of Great Britain. ...
For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...
Anarchist redirects here. ...
| | | | Buddhist · Capitalist · Christian Collectivist · Communist · Crypto Feminist · Green · Individualist Info · Insurrectionary · Leftist Pacifist · Philosophical Platformist · Post · Post-leftist Primitivist · Social · Syndicalist Without adjectives Image File history File links Anarchy-symbol. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Anarchism is a political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory rule. ...
Some anarchists believe that Buddhism forms a philisophical ground for anarchism, as a result of basic Buddhist teachings. ...
Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ...
Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine anarchism with Christianity. ...
Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ...
Crypto-anarchism is a philosophy that expounds the use of strong public-key cryptography to enforce privacy and individual freedom. ...
Anarcha-feminism combines anarchism with feminism. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Green anarchism is a school of thought within anarchism which puts an emphasis on the environment. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Individualist anarchism (also anarchist individualism, anarcho-individualism, individualistic anarchism) refers to any of several traditions that hold that individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective body or public...
Infoanarchism has been used as an umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of so-called intellectual property, including copyright and patents. ...
Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory, practice and tendency within the anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and federations that are based on a political programme and periodic congresses. ...
Libertarian socialism is a political philosophy dedicated to opposing coercive forms of authority and social hierarchy, in particular the institutions of capitalism and the state. ...
Anarcho-pacifism is a form of anarchism emphasizing the complete rejection of violence in any form for any purpose (esp. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Philosophical anarchism is a form of anarchistic thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy. ...
Platformism is a tendency within the wider anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Nestor Makhnos Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists. ...
Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and postmodernist approaches. ...
Post-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchisms relationship to traditional leftism. ...
Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization. ...
Social anarchism is a term self-applied by many anarchists of the libertarian socialist thread of anarchism. ...
Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
| Theory and practice | Anarch · Anarchy · Black bloc Communes · Deep ecology Direct action · Direct democracy Especifismo · Horizontalism Illegalism · Individual reclamation Law · Participatory politics Permanent Autonomous Zone Prefigurative politics Propaganda of the deed Rewilding · Social ecology Spontaneous order The Anarch is to the anarchist, what the monarch is to the monarchist. ...
For other uses, see Anarchy (disambiguation). ...
A black bloc is an affinity group, or cluster of affinity groups,[1] that comes together during some sort of protest, demonstration, or other event involving class struggle, anti-capitalism, or anti-globalization. ...
In Marxist theory, the commune is a form of political organization adopted during the first phase of communism. ...
Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological philosophy (ecosophy) that considers humankind as an integral part of its environment. ...
For the Canadian urban guerrilla group Direct Action, see Squamish Five. ...
Direct democracy, classically termed pure democracy,[1] comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein sovereignty is lodged in the assembly of all citizens who choose to participate. ...
Especifismo is an anarchist praxis which originates in South America. ...
Horizontalism (Spanish: horizontalidad) is a concept that implies the striving for nonhierarchical power structures and relationships. ...
Illegalism is an anarchist philosophy which developed primarily in France in the early 1900s parallel to anarchist individualism. ...
Anarchist law refers to a concept about the law to use in anarchies, although some people define anarchies as communities without any law. ...
Parpolity or Participatory Politics is a theoritical political system proposed by Stephen R. Shalom, professor of political science at William Patterson University in New Jersey. ...
A Permanent autonomous zone (or a PAZ) is a community that is autonomous from the generally recognized government or authority structure in which it is embedded. ...
The term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements, and in short, it describes modes of organization and tactics undertaken that accurately reflect the future society being sought. ...
Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promoted terrorism against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. ...
Rewilding is the process of undoing domestication. ...
Social ecology is, in the words of its leading exponents, a coherent radical critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends as well as a reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical approach to society. Social Ecology is a radical view of ecology and of social/political systems. ...
Spontaneous order is a term that describes the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. ...
| | Anarcho-capitalism · Animal rights Capitalism · Criticisms · Islam Marxism · Nationalism Orthodox Judaism · Religion Violence It has been suggested that Major conflicts within anarchist thought be merged into this article or section. ...
This article discusses anarchism and anarcho-capitalism. ...
The initials of the Animal Liberation Front with an anarchist circle-A incorporated into the design The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the animal liberation movement. ...
Though the libertarian socialist critique of capitalism is rooted in socialist theory, there are certain key distinctions in their critiques, which this article attempts to elucidate. ...
The theory and practice of anarchism has been controversial since it came to prominence in the 19th century. ...
Although anarchists commonly reject organized religion (see anarchism and religion), and Islamic Law has been used as a basis for authoritarian regimes, there have also been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism) that can be interpreted as anarchist in nature. ...
While anarchism and Marxism are two different political philosophies, there is some similarity between the methodology and ideology of groups of anarchists and Marxists, and the history of the two have often been intertwined. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Nationalism and anarchism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated relationship, going back at least to Bakunin and his involvement with the Pan-Slavic movement prior to his conversion...
While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers. ...
Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ...
| | Amakasu Incident · Anarchist Catalonia · Anarchist Exclusion Act Anarchy in Somalia · Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations Barcelona May Days Carnival Against Capitalism Escuela Moderna · Hague Congress Haymarket affair · High Treason Incident · International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam · Kate Sharpley Library · Kronstadt rebellion Labadie Collection · LIP · May 1968 May Day · Paris Commune Provo · Red inverted triangle Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine · Spanish Revolution Third Russian Revolution · Tragic Week · Ukrainian Revolution of 1918 WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity Theory and practice Issues History Culture Economics By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Philosophy Portal Politics Portal Originating in the Greek language (αÏÏή arche means sovereignty), the term anarchy can be understood as the state of absence of sovereignty. Long before anarchism emerged as a distinct perspective, human beings lived for...
The Amakasu Incident occurred on September 16, 1923, in the chaos immediately following the Great KantÅ earthquake. ...
Anarchist Catalonia (July 21, 1936 - February 10, 1939) was the stateless territory and anarchist society in part of the territory of modern Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War, eventually headed by Buenaventura Durruti. ...
Somalia, from 1991-2006, is cited by some as a real-world example of a stateless society and legal system. ...
One of the four posters produced for the celebrations The Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations occurred on the 1st to the 4th of May, 1986 in Melbourne, Australia. ...
From May 3rd to May 8th of 1937, factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War engaged in violent street battles. ...
The Global Carnival against Capital took place on Friday, June 18, 1999. ...
La Escuela Moderna (trans. ...
The Hague Congress of the International Workers Association (September 1872) marked the end of this organization as a unitarian alliance of all socialist factions (Anarchists and Marxists). ...
The Haymarket Riot on May 4, 1886 in Chicago is generally considered to have been an important influence on the origin of international May Day observances for workers. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August 1907. ...
The Kate Sharpley Library, or KSL, is a library dedicated to anarchist texts and history. ...
Combatants Soviet Sailors Red Army Commanders Stepan Petrichenko Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky Strength c. ...
The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the worldâs most complete collections of materials documenting the history of anarchism and other radical movements from the 19th century to the present. ...
LIP. Call for the march on Besançon. ...
A May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up, with stereotypical silhouette of General de Gaulle. ...
This article is about the holidays celebrated on May 1. ...
Le Père Duchesne looking at the statue of Napoleon I on top of the Vendome column: Eh ben ! bougre de canaille, on va donc te foutre en bas comme ta crapule de neveu !⦠(Well now! buggering rascal, we will knock you the fuck off just like your crook of...
For other uses, see Provo. ...
The Red inverted triangle was the badge that political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps had to wear. ...
Simon Karetnik, Batko Makhno, and Fedir Shchus (Fedor Shchus). ...
In Spanish history, there have been several revolutions. ...
The Third Russian Revolution (also called the Russian Revolution of 1918, or the July Revolution 1918) is a term describing a series of anarchist rebellions and uprisings against both the Bolsheviks and the White movement, which started on 6 July 1918 and were most prominent for the remainder of that...
A depiction of the death of Francesc Ferrer i Guà rdia as a result of Tragic Week. ...
{{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=Battle of Seattle |date=November 30, 1999 |place=Seattle, Washington |result=WTO meetings delayed, $20,000,000 in damage |combatant1=Protesters, Rioters, Anarchists |combatant2=King County Sheriffs Office, Seattle Police Department |commander1= none |commander2=[[= Chief Norm Stamper |strength1=42,000+ |strength2=unknown}} A Rainforest Action...
| Culture | Anarcho-punk · Arts · Black anarchism Celtic anarchism · Culture jamming DIY culture · Freeganism Independent Media Center Infoshop · The Internationale Jewish anarchism · Lifestylism Popular education · Radical cheerleading · Radical environmentalism · Squatting Symbolism · To the Barricades The anarchy symbol commonly used by anarcho-punks Anarcho-punk (sometimes known as peace-punk) is a subgenre of the punk rock movement consisting of groups and bands promoting specifically anarchist ideas. ...
Anarchism has long had an association with the arts, particularly in music and literature. ...
Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. ...
Culture jamming is a resistance movement to cultural hegemony and the homogenous nature of popular culture, executed by means of guerrilla communication. ...
Main articles: DIY ethic and Do it yourself DIY (or Do It Yourself) culture is a broad term used to refer to a wide range of grassroots political activism. ...
Freeganism is an anti-consumerism lifestyle whereby people employ alternative living strategies based on limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption of resources. ...
Temporary IMC in Edinburgh covering protests at the 2005 G8 summit The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global network of participatory journalists that reports with a generally left-wing perspective on political and social issues. ...
An infoshop is a storefront or community space that serves as a node for the distribution of anarchist information, typically in the form of books, zines, stickers and posters. ...
LInternationale in the original French. ...
Freie Arbeiter Stimme, vol 1 no 4, Friday, July 25, 1890. ...
It has been suggested that Folk high school be merged into this article or section. ...
The Resistin Radicatz, a radical cheerleading group, do a cheer in front of AFL-CIO headquarters in Washington before joining the Million Worker March at the Lincoln Memorial. ...
Some environmentalists take the position that traditional methods of social change like political lobbying, public awareness campaigns, and the like are insufficient for achieving necessary changes in the relationship between humans and the environment. ...
For other uses, see squat. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · To The Barricades (A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. ...
| | Agorism · Capitalism · Collectivism Communism · Co-operatives Counter-economics · Free market Free school · Free store · Geoism Gift economy · Market abolitionism Mutual aid · Mutualism Participatory economics Really Really Free Market Self-ownership · Socialism Syndicalism · Wage slavery Workers' self-management Anarchist economics entails theory and practice relating to economic activity within the philosophical outlines of anarchism. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Agorism is an anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III and characterized by proponents as left-libertarian. ...
Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ...
Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ...
For other uses, see Coop. ...
The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...
Free-market anarchism (also:Market anarchism) is a term which can be used to refer to: Mutualism, the economic system of the classical individualist anarchists that supports private property and a market economy with an espousal of a labor theory of value. ...
A free school is a decentralized network in which skills, information, and knowledge are shared without hierarchy and the institutional environment of formal schooling. ...
Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores that are starting to appear in Northern European towns and cities, especially in the Netherlands and Germany. ...
Georgism, named for Henry George (1839-1897), is a philosophy and economic theory that follows from the belief that although everyone owns what they create; land, and everything else supplied by nature, belongs equally to all humanity. ...
A gift economy is an economic system in which goods and services are given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future quid pro quo. ...
Market abolitionism is a belief that the market, in the economic sense, should be completely eliminated from society. ...
Mutual aid is a term in political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Mutualism is a political and economic theory or system, largely associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, based on a labor theory of value which holds that when labor or its product is sold, it ought to receive...
Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the allocation of resources and consumption in a given society. ...
The Really, Really Free Market (RRFM) movement is a non-hierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary market based on an alternative gift economy. ...
Self-ownership or sovereignty of the individual or individual sovereignty is the condition where an individual has the exclusive moral right to control his or her own body and life. ...
Social anarchism is a term self-applied by many anarchists of the libertarian socialist thread of anarchism. ...
Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ...
Wage slavery is a term used to refer to a hierarchical social condition in which a person chooses a job but only within a coerced set of choices (i. ...
Poster for the Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas (MNER), at a worker-recovered print shop, Chilavert Artes Gráficas in Buenos Aires, Argentina Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the employees themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care, general production...
| | Anarcho-punk bands · Books Communities · Fictional characters Jewish anarchists · Musicians Organizations · Periodicals · Poets Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Philosophy Portal Politics Portal This is a list of anarcho-punk bands, including anarchist bands labelled as crust punk, D-beat, hardcore and folk punk. ...
Anarchist Daniel Guérin, Anarchism Robert Graham Anarchism. ...
This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness. ...
Yehuda Ashlag Paul Avrich Fanya Baron Herbert Baum Julian Beck Alexander Berkman Abe Bluestein Mykel Board Dmitry Bogrov Murray Bookchin Martin Buber Sam Dolgoff Eric Drooker Noam Chomsky Norman Cohn[] David Edelstadt Carl Einstein George Engel Samuel Fielden Vera Figner Adolph Fischer Senya Fleshin Charles Fourier (proto-anarchist) Alan Freed...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness. ...
This list uses the word organization in its loosest sense. ...
The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
| Related | Anti-capitalism · Anti-communism Anti-consumerism · Anti-corporatism Anti-globalization · Antimilitarism Anti-statism · Antiwar · Autarchism Autonomism · Labour movement Left communism · Libertarianism Libertarian Marxism · Libertarian socialism · Situationist International This article lists ideologies opposed to capitalism and describes them briefly. ...
Ideologies Communist internationals Prominent communists Related subjects Anti-communism refers to opposition to communism. ...
It has been suggested that Affluenza be merged into this article or section. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Anti-corporate activists (see activism) believe that the rise of large business corporations is posing a threat to the legitimate authority of the public good. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the anarchist and, more globally, in the socialist movement, which may be both characterized as internationalist movements. ...
Anti-statism refers to all philosophies that in some degree reject or oppose the establishment of a state, or territorial national governments. ...
Anti war protest in Melbourne, Australia, 2003 Anti-war is a term that is widely adopted by any social movement or person that seeks to end or oppose a future or current war. ...
The term autarchy has two different meanings. ...
Raised fist, stenciled protest symbol of Autonome at the Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus in Vienna, Austria Autonomism refers to a set of left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. ...
The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments, in particular through the implementation of specific laws governing labor relations. ...
Left Communism is a term describing a whole range of communist viewpoints which oppose the political ideas of the Bolsheviks from a position which is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views held by the Communist International after its first two Congresses. ...
This article is about the political philosophy based on private property rights. ...
Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that takes a less authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism, Trotskyism, and other forms of Marxism-Leninism, as well as a generally less reformist view than do Social Democrats. ...
Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society in which all violent or coercive institutions would be dissolved, and in their place every person would have free, equal access to tools of information and production, or...
The Situationist International (SI) was a small group of international political and artistic agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the early 20th century European artistic and political avant-gardes. ...
| Anarchism Portal Philosophy Portal · Politics Portal v • d • e | Anarchist communism advocates the abolition of the state and capitalism in favor of a horizontal network of voluntary associations, workers' councils and/or commons through which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs. For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ...
A voluntary association (also sometimes called an unincorporated association, or just an association) is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose. ...
A workers council is a council, or deliberative body, composed of working class or proletarian members. ...
In England and Wales, a common is a piece of land over which other people -- often neighbouring landowners -- could exercise one of a number of traditional rights, such as allowing their cattle to graze upon it. ...
Anarchist communism is also known as anarcho-communism, communist anarchism, or sometimes, libertarian communism. However, while all anarchist communists are libertarian communists, some libertarian communists, such as council communists, are not anarchists. What distinguishes anarchist communism from other variants of libertarian communism is the former's opposition to all forms of political power, hierarchy and domination. However, some writers use libertarian communism and libertarian socialism as synonyms for anarchist communism or even anarchism in general.[1] Anarchist redirects here. ...
This article is about the form of society and political movement. ...
Council communism is a Radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ...
Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society in which all violent or coercive institutions would be dissolved, and in their place every person would have free, equal access to tools of information and production, or...
[edit] Development of ideas Anarchist communist currents appeared during the English Civil War and the French Revolution of the 1700s. Gerrard Winstanley, who was part of the radical Diggers movement in England, wrote in his 1649 pamphlet, The New Law of Righteousness, that there "shall be no buying or selling, no fairs nor markets, but the whole earth shall be a common treasury for every man," and "there shall be none Lord over others, but every one shall be a Lord of himself."[2] During the French Revolution, Sylvain Maréchal, in his Manifesto of the Equals (1796), demanded "the communal enjoyment of the fruits of the earth" and looked forward to the disappearance of "the revolting distinction of rich and poor, of great and small, of masters and valets, of governors and governed."[2] For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ...
The French Revolution (1789â1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...
Gerrard Winstanley (1609 - September 10, 1676) was an English LEZZ CED religious reformer and political activist during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. ...
For other meanings see Diggers (disambiguation) and Levellers (disambiguation) The Diggers were a group begun by Gerrard Winstanley in 1649 which called for a total destruction of the existing social order and replacement with a communistic and agrarian lifestyle based around the precepts of Christian Nationalism, wishing to rid England...
Sylvain Maréchal Sylvain Maréchal (August 15, 1750âJanuary 18, 1803) was a French essayist, poet, philosopher, and, as a political theorist, a precursor of Anarchism (his views on a Golden age society are ocasionally described as utopian anarchism). ...
An early anarchist communist was Joseph Déjacque, the first person to describe himself as "libertarian".[3] Unlike Proudhon, he argued that, "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature."[2] Joseph Déjacque (b. ...
Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society in which all violent or coercive institutions would be dissolved, and in their place every person would have free, equal access to tools of information and production, or...
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (pronounced Pruood-on, not prowd-hon) (January 15, 1809 - January 19, 1865) was a French anarchist of the 19th century. ...
The collectivist anarchists advocated remuneration for labor, but held out the possibility of a post-revolutionary transition to a communist system of distribution according to need. As Bakunin's associate, James Guillaume, put it in his essay, Ideas on Social Organization (1876), "When... production comes to outstrip consumption... [e]veryone will draw what he needs from the abundant social reserve of commodities, without fear of depletion; and the moral sentiment which will be more highly developed among free and equal workers will prevent, or greatly reduce, abuse and waste."[4] Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ...
James Guillaume (February 16, 1844 - November 20, 1916) was a leading member of the Jura federation of the First International, the anarchist wing of the International. ...
[edit] First International Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunin's death.[5] The collectivist anarchists sought to collectivize ownership of the means of production while retaining payment for labor, but the anarcho-communists sought to extend the concept of collective ownership to the products of labor as well. While both groups argued against capitalism, the anarchist communists departed from Proudhon and Bakunin, who maintained that individuals have a right to the product of their labor and to be remunerated for their work, by proposing that individuals should be free to access goods according to their needs without respect to how much labor they exert. The International Workingmens Association, sometimes called the First International, was an international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing political groups and trade union organizations which were based on the working class. ...
Carlo Cafiero (September 1, 1846 - July 17, 1892) was an Italian anarchist and champion of Mikhail Bakunin during the second half of the 19th century. ...
Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (December 14, 1853 – July 22, 1932) was an anarchist with an unshakable belief, which he shared with his friend Peter Kropotkin, that the anarchist revolution would occur soon. ...
Andrea Costa (1851-1913) was an Italian socialist activist, born in Imola. ...
Giuseppe Mazzini (June 22, 1805 â March 10, 1872) was an Italian patriot, philosopher and politician. ...
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин), (May 30, 1814–June 13, 1876) was a well-known Russian anarchist contemporaneous to Karl Marx. ...
Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ...
Flag with an anarcho-communist logo Cafeiro explains in Anarchy and Communism (1880) that private property in the product of labor will lead to unequal accumulation of capital and, therefore, undesirable class distinctions: "If we preserve the individual appropriation of the products of labour, we would be forced to preserve money, leaving more or less accumulation of wealth according to more or less merit rather than need of individuals."[2] At the Florence Conference of the Italian Federation of the International in 1876, held in a forest outside Florence due to police activity, they declared the principles of anarcho-communism, beginning with: This article is about the city in Italy. ...
"The Italian Federation considers the collective property of the products of labour as the necessary complement to the collectivist programme, the aid of all for the satisfaction of the needs of each being the only rule of production and consumption which corresponds to the principle of solidarity. The federal congress at Florence has eloquently demonstrated the opinion of the Italian International on this point..." The above report was made in an article by Malatesta and Cafiero in the (Swiss) Jura Federation's bulletin later that year. The Jura federation was the most important anti-authoritarian and anarchist section of the First International, based largely among watch-makers in the Jura mountain range in Switzerland. ...
[edit] Peter Kropotkin Peter Kropotkin, often seen as the most important theorist of anarchist communism, outlined his economic ideas in The Conquest of Bread and Fields, Factories and Workshops. Kropotkin felt that co-operation is more beneficial than competition, arguing in Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution that this was illustrated in nature. He advocated the abolition of private property through the "expropriation of the whole of social wealth" by the people themselves,[6] and for the economy to be co-ordinated through a horizontal network of voluntary associations[7] where goods are distributed according to the physical needs of the individual, rather than according to labor.[8] He further argued that these "needs," as society progressed, would not merely be physical needs but "[a]s soon as his material wants are satisfied, other needs, of an artistic character, will thrust themselves forward the more ardently. Aims of life vary with each and every individual; and the more society is civilized, the more will individuality be developed, and the more will desires be varied."[9] Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin (Russian: ) (December 9, 1842âFebruary 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society free from central government. ...
Cover of Elephant Editions reprint of Conquest Of Bread, 1985. ...
Fields, Factories and Workshops is a landmark anarchist text by Peter Kropotkin, and arguably one of the most influential and positive statements of the anarchist political position. ...
He maintained that, in anarcho-communism: ...houses, fields, and factories will no longer be private property, and that they will belong to the commune or the nation and money, wages, and trade would be abolished. – Peter Kropotkin, The Conquest of Bread[10] Individuals and groups would use and control whatever resources they needed, as the aim of anarchist-communism was to place "the product reaped or manufactured at the disposal of all, leaving to each the liberty to consume them as he pleases in his own home."[11] He supported the expropriation of property to ensure that everyone would have access to what they needed without being forced to sell their labour to get it. We do not want to rob any one of his coat, but we wish to give to the workers all those things the lack of which makes them fall an easy prey to the exploiter, and we will do our utmost that none shall lack aught, that not a single man shall be forced to sell the strength of his right arm to obtain a bare subsistence for himself and his babes. This is what we mean when we talk of Expropriation... – Peter Kropotkin, The Conquest of Bread[12] He said that a "peasant who is in possession of just the amount of land he can cultivate," and "a family inhabiting a house which affords them just enough space... considered necessary for that number of people" and the artisan "working with their own tools or handloom" would not be interfered with,[13] arguing that "[t]he landlord owes his riches to the poverty of the peasants, and the wealth of the capitalist comes from the same source."[13] While many anarcho-communists are opposed to trade, some post-left and post-scarcity anarcho-communists, and ones with syndicalist sympathies, are not opposed to trade. Some support a non-monetary form of trade in the form of non-monetary commons. Others such as Tiziana Terranova easily see anarcho-communism being compatible with a non-hierarchical, open access, free association, non-monetary form of trade such as P2P. [14] Syndicalism refers to a set of ideas, movements, and tendencies which share the avowed aim of transforming capitalist society through action by the working class on the industrial front. ...
[edit] Economic Theory Anarcho-Communism stresses egalitarianism and the abolition of social hierarchy and class distinctions that arise from unequal wealth distribution, as well as the abolition of capitalism and money. Replacing these approaches would be collective production and distribution of wealth by means of voluntary association. In anarchist communism, the state and property would no longer exist. Each individual and group would be free to contribute to production and to satisfy their needs based on their own choice. Systems of production and distribution would be managed by their participants. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals from birth. ...
Social hierarchy is a multi-tiered pyramid-like social or functional structure having an apex as the centralization of power. ...
For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). ...
The abolition of wage labor is central to anarchist communism. With distribution of wealth being based on self-determined needs, people would be free to engage in whatever activities they found most fulfilling and would no longer have to engage in work for which they have neither the temperament nor the aptitude. Anarchist communists argue that there is no valid way of measuring the value of any one person's economic contributions because all wealth is a collective product of current and preceding generations. For instance, one could not measure the value of a factory worker's daily production without taking into account how transportation, food, water, shelter, relaxation, machine efficiency, emotional mood etc. contributed to their production. To truly give numerical economic value to anything, an overwhelming amount of externalities and contributing factors would need to be taken into account -- especially current or past labor contributing to the ability to utilize future labor. A wage is the amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour. ...
Anarchist communists argue that any economic system based on wage labor and private property requires a coercive state apparatus to enforce property rights and to maintain unequal economic relationships that inevitably arise from differences in wages or amount of property. They further argue that markets and systems of currency divide labor into classes and assign artificial numerical values to an individual's work and attempt to regulate production, consumption and distribution. They argue that money restricts an individual's ability to consume the products of their labor by limiting their intake with prices and wages. Anarchist communists recognize money as fundamentally quantitative in nature, rather than qualitative. They believe production should be a qualitative matter, and that consumption and distribution should be self-determined by each individual without arbitrary value assigned to labor, goods and services by others. In place of a market, most anarcho-communists support a currency-less gift economy where goods and services are produced by workers and distributed in community stores where everyone (including the workers who produced them) is essentially entitled to consume whatever they want or need as "payment" for their production of goods and services. A gift economy does not necessarily involve an immediate return (such as with remuneration); compensation comes in the form of whatever the person decides is of equal value to their products of labor (what is commonly called bartering). Any limits on production and distribution would be determined by the individuals within the groups involved, rather than by capitalist owners, investors, banks or other artificial market pressures. Communist anarchism shares many traits with collectivist anarchism but has defining differences. Collectivist anarchism believes in collective ownership but communist anarchism negates the entire concept of ownership in favor of the concept of usage. [15] Thus, things are seen as either private possessions used by an individual, or social possessions used to produce for society. Anarcho-communists believe that means of production should not be owned by any one person or entity, leaving it free to be used by individuals for their own self-determined needs and wants. Land and housing would no longer be subject to rent or property taxes (and therefore, its use would be free of eviction threats). It would instead be subject simply to the desires of occupants on an egalitarian basis. For example, in an apartment building in which many live, no one person would have a say in the arrangements. All who live there would be involved in decisionmaking. For example, occupants may decide to share certain responsibilities on a revolving-door basis rather than relegate them to a particular individual. Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ...
Crucially, the abstract relationship of "landlord" and "tenant" would no longer exist, for such titles are held to occur under conditional legal coercion and are not absolutely necessary to occupy buildings or spaces (intellectual property rights would also cease). In addition to believing rent and other fees are exploitative, anarcho-communists feel these are arbitrary pressures inducing people to carry out unrelated functions. For example, they question why one should have to work for 'X hours' a day to merely live somewhere. So instead of working conditionally for the sake of the wage earned, they believe in working directly for the objective at hand. From this it follows that, rather than land being for sale or rent, vacant land and housing would be freely taken regardless of one's employment or financial status (essentially, the "for sale" sign could be replaced by a "vacant" sign). Therefore, in anarcho-communist theory, land used by individuals for themselves or their families, or productive property used to produce for an individual (such as a small farm), would be considered private possessions rather than social possessions. The individual would be perfectly free to create something and keep it as long as it is not a crucial means of production for the community or general public. So an artist's paintbrushes would not need outside approval to be utilized, and the same basic principle would apply to other personal items such as one's toothbrush, musical instruments or book collection, which others needn't tamper with. However, if the matter at hand involves production for society (such as a factory which makes toothbrushes, musical instruments or books), it would become a social possession, accountable to all who work within it and the consuming public. In that regard, anarcho-communism could be considered a compromise between collective and individual use. [16] Anarcho-communists reject mutualist economics because they believe that market competition, even non-capitalist markets, inherently create inequalities in wealth and land which would lead to inequalities of power - thus the recreation of the State and capitalism as some workers would have more access to capital and defence force than others. They reject collectivist economics arguing that remuneration would require a type of currency, which, again, anarcho-communists reject as an artificial measurement of the value of labor. They further argue that those who are not part of collective groups or unions in workers' councils and collectives could be alienated from access to capital, and thus promote common use over ownership by collective groups.
[edit] Philosophical arguments Anarchist communists reject the claim that wage labor is necessary because people are by "nature" lazy and selfish. They point out that even the so-called "idle rich" sometimes find useful things to do despite having all their needs satisfied by the labour of others.[citation needed] Anarcho-communists generally do not agree with the belief in a pre-set 'human nature', arguing that human culture and behavior is very largely determined by socialization. Many, like Peter Kropotkin, also believe that human evolutionary tendency is for humans to cooperate with each other for mutual benefit and survival instead of existing as lone competitors.[17] A family posing for a group photo socializes together. ...
Anarchist communists support communism as a means for ensuring the greatest freedom and well-being for everyone, rather than only the wealthy and powerful. In this sense, anarchist communism is a profoundly egalitarian philosophy. Anarchist communists do not think that anyone has the right to be anyone else's master, or 'boss' as this is a concept of capitalism and the state. Some contemporary anarchist communists and advocates of post-left anarchy such as Bob Black reject the concept of work altogether in favor of turning necessary subsistence tasks into voluntary free play. Egalitarianism is the moral doctrine that equality ought to prevail among some group along some dimension. ...
Post-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchisms relationship to traditional leftism. ...
Bob Black is an American anarchist and lawyer. ...
Many anarcho-communists (and collectivist anarchists as well) reject "individualism" and "collectivism" as illusory concepts [18]. They argue that an individual sacrificing themself for the "greater good" or being ruled by the "community" or "society" is not possible because society is composed of individuals rather than being a cohesive unit separate from the individual, and argue that collective control over the individual is tyrannical and un-anarchistic [19].
[edit] Criticisms and responses Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, some of whose philosophy has influenced social anarchists[7] (social Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy was heavily influenced by Proudhon [20]), was critical of communism, "whether of the Utopian or the Marxist variety, [believing] that it destroyed freedom by taking away from the individual control over his means of production."[21] At the time he wrote most of his works, the word "communism" was typically used to refer to the views of the Utopian socialists, whom Proudhon accused of attempting to impose equality by sovereign decrees. In opposition to the communist maxim "to each according to need", Proudhon said "To each according to his works, first; and if, on occasion, I am impelled to aid you, I will do it with a good grace; but I will not be constrained" [22]. However, Proudhon was against the hoarding of private property in an unequal society and thus supported people being in equal condition which he believed would negate the difference in amounts of private property. In his treatise What is Property?(1849), Proudhon answers with "Property is theft!"[23] In natural resources, he sees two conceivable types of property, de jure property and de facto property, and argues that the former is illegitimate. Proudhon's fundamental premise is that equality of condition is the essence of justice. "By this method of investigation, we soon see that every argument which has been invented in behalf of property, whatever it may be, always and of necessity leads to equality; that is, to the negation of property."[24] He argued that an inegalitarian condition in society would impoverish some people at the hands of people with more land, Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal · Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (pronounced [ËpruËd Én] in British English, [pÊu dÉÌ] in French) (January 15, 1809 â January 19, 1865) was a French mutualist political philosopher of the socialist tradition. ...
Social anarchism is a term self-applied by many anarchists of the libertarian socialist thread of anarchism. ...
Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine anarchism with Christianity. ...
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy(Lyof, Lyoff) (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 â November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910) (Russian: , IPA: ), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer â novelist, essayist, dramatist and philosopher â as well as pacifist Christian anarchist and educational reformer. ...
Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern Socialist thought. ...
What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government (French: Quest-ce que la propriété?) is the title of a book (written in French) by the 19th century French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. ...
Property is theft! (French: La propriété, cest le vol!) is a slogan coined by the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right of Government. ...
| “ | The purchaser draws boundaries, fences himself in, and says, 'This is mine; each one by himself, each one for himself.' Here, then, is a piece of land upon which, henceforth, no one has right to step, save the proprietor and his friends; which can benefit nobody, save the proprietor and his servants. Let these multiply, and soon the people . . . will have nowhere to rest, no place of shelter, no ground to till. They will die of hunger at the proprietor's door, on the edge of that property which was their birth-right; and the proprietor, watching them die, will exclaim, 'So perish idlers and vagrants.'"[25] | ” | However, while being opposed to communism, he was also opposed to capitalism. In a series of commentaries, from What is Property? (1840) through the posthumously-published Théorie de la propriété[23], he first declared that "property is theft", "property is impossible", "property is despotism" and "property is freedom". When he said property is theft, he was referring to the landowner or capitalist who he believed stole the profits from laborers. For Proudhon, the capitalist's employee was "subordinated, exploited: his permanent condition is one of obedience."[26] Proudhon called himself a "socialist" and called his philosophy "anarchist socialism". He opposed state ownership of capital goods in favour of ownership by workers themselves in associations. For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ...
What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government (French: Quest-ce que la propriété?) is the title of a book (written in French) by the 19th century French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. ...
Many individualist anarchists believe that elements of anarcho-communism are undesirable or even incompatible with anarchism. Benjamin Tucker referred to it as "pseudo-anarchism"[27] when admonishing Peter Kropotkin for opposing wages. Henry Appleton said: "All Communism, under whatever guise, is the natural enemy of Anarchism, and a Communist sailing under the flag of Anarchism is as false a figure as could be invented."[28] Victor Yarros says 'no logical justification, no rational explanation, and no "scientific" reasoning has been, is, will be, or can be advanced in defence of that unimaginable impossibility, Communistic Anarchism' [29]. Clarence Lee Swartz says in What is Mutualism: "One of the tests of any reform movement with regard to personal liberty is this: Will the movement prohibit or abolish private property? If it does, it is an enemy of liberty. For one of the most important criteria of freedom is the right to private property in the products of one's labor. State Socialists, Communists, Syndicalists and Communist-Anarchists deny private property." William Kline says that the individualists and communists "could not reconcile their differences, the Communist Anarchists dedicated to a community of property and the Individualist Anarchists deeply committed to private property and individual effort."[30] Anarcho-communists counter these criticisms by arguing that the abolition of property creates maximum freedom for all individuals. As Errico Malatesta argues, In politics, individualist anarchism is a variety of anarchism that emphasises the importance of the individual. ...
Benjamin Ricketson Tucker Benjamin Ricketson Tucker (April 17, 1854 â June 22, 1939) was the leading proponent of American individualist anarchism in the 19th century. ...
Henry Appleton was a 19th century American individualist anarchist. ...
Victor Yarros was a 19th century American anarchist and author. ...
Clarence Lee Swartz was an American individualist anarchist. ...
| “ | "The individualists assume . . . that the (anarchist) communists wish to impose communism, which of course would put them right outside the ranks of anarchism. "The communists assume . . . that the (anarchist) individualists reject every idea of association, want the struggle between men, the domination of the strongest -- and this would put them not only outside the anarchist movement but outside humanity. "In reality those who are communists ar
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