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Encyclopedia > Anarchy
For other uses, see Anarchy (disambiguation).
Part of the Philosophy series on

Anarchism Look up anarchy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... Anarchist redirects here. ...

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Anarchy (from Greek: ἀναρχία anarchía, "without ruler") may refer to any of the following: For other uses, see Archon (disambiguation). ...

  • "Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence or inefficiency of the supreme power; political disorder."[1]
  • "A theoretical social state in which there is no governing person or body of persons, but each individual has absolute liberty (without the implication of disorder)."[2]
  • "Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any given sphere."[3]

It should be noted that "ruler," if used in the context of the third bullet point, has no explicit connection to the term "rules." In an anarchy, as defined by the last bullet point, it is possible to have rules (laws), however, these must be agreed upon by the participants in the system, and not imposed from above, by a ruler (leader, authority). Some languages, such as Norwegian[4] have two separate words for the two meanings.


A state of anarchy is the goal of the political philosophy of anarchism(anarchists). The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what... Anarchist redirects here. ...

Contents

Anarchy after state collapse

English Civil War

Main article: English Civil War

The tumult of the English Civil War led the term to be taken up in political philosophy. Anarchy was one of the issues at the Putney Debates of 1647: For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what... The Putney Debates were a series of discussions between members of the New Model Army and the Levellers, concerning the makeup of a new constitution for England. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Thomas Rainsborough I shall blow up your buildings a little more and be less open with you than I was before. I wish we all truly wanted to change this cesspool we live in. If I did mistrust you I would not use such asseverations. I think it doth go on mistrust, and things are thought too readily matters of reflection, that were never intended. For my part, as I think, you forgot something that was in my speech, and you do not only yourselves believe that some men are inclining to anarchy, but you would make all men believe that. And, sir, to say because a man pleads that every man hath a voice by right of nature, that therefore it destroys by the same argument all property -- this is to forget the Law of God. That there’s a property, the Law of God says it; else why hath God made that law, Thou shalt not steal? I am a poor man, therefore I must be oppressed: if I have no interest in the kingdom, I must suffer by all their laws be they right or wrong. Nay thus: a gentleman lives in a country and hath three or four lordships, as some men have (God knows how they got them); and when a Parliament is called he must be a Parliament-man; and it may be he sees some poor men, they live near this man, he can crush them -- I have known an invasion to make sure he hath turned the poor men out of doors; and I would fain know whether the potency of rich men do not this, and so keep them under the greatest and your sister too tyranny that was ever thought of in the world. And therefore I think that to that it is fully answered: God hath set down that thing as to propriety with this law of his, Thou shalt not steal. And for my part I am against any such thought, and, as for yourselves, I wish you would not make the world believe that we are for anarchy.
Oliver Cromwell: I know nothing but this, that they that are the most yielding have the greatest wisdom; but really, sir, this is not right as it should be. No man says that you have a mind to anarchy, but that the consequence of this rule tends to anarchy, must end in anarchy; for where is there any bound or limit set if you take away this limit , that men that have no interest but the interest of breathing shall have no voice in elections? Therefore I am confident on 't, we should not be so hot one with another.[5]

As people began to theorise about the English Civil War, Anarchy came to be more sharply defined, albeit from differing political perspectives: Thomas Rainsborough (c 1610- 29? October 1648) was a leading figure in the English Civil War. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ...

  • 1651 Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) describes the Natural Condition of Mankind as a war of all against all, where man lives a brutish existence. For the savage people in many places of America, except the government of small families, the concord whereof dependeth on natural lust, have no government at all, and live at this day in that brutish manner [6].Hobbes finds three basic causes of the conflict in this state of nature: competition, diffidence and glory, The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation. His first law of nature is that that every man ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek and use all helps and advantages of war. In the state of nature, every man has a right to every thing, even to then go for your pet dog one another's body but the second law is that, in order to secure the advantages of peace, that a man be willing, when others are so too… to lay down this right to all things; and be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself. This is the beginning of contracts/covenants; performing of which is the third law of nature. Injustice, therefore, is failure to perform in a covenant; all else is just.
  • 1656 James Harrington (The Commonwealth of Oceana) uses the term to describe a situation where the people use force to impose a government on an economic base composed of either solitary land ownership (absolute Monarchy), or land in the ownership of a few (mixed Monarchy). He distinguishes it from Commonwealth, the situation when both land ownership and governance shared by the population at large, seeing it as a temporary situation arising from an imbalance between the form of government and the form of property relations.

// Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... Hobbes redirects here. ... For other uses, see Leviathan (disambiguation). ... State of nature is a term in political philosophy used in social contract theories to describe the hypothetical condition of humanity before the states foundation and its monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force. ... Bellum omnium contra omnes, a Latin phrase meaning the war of all against all, is the description that Thomas Hobbes gives to human existence in the state of nature thought experiment that he conducts in Leviathan (1651). ... State of nature is a term in political philosophy used in social contract theories to describe the hypothetical condition of humanity before the states foundation and its monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force. ... A law of nature, as used in Leviathan (book) by Thomas Hobbes is a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that... // Events Mehmed Köprülü becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ... Portrait of James Harrington, oil on canvas, c. ... // The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656) is a seventeenth-century political tract by the English theorist of classical republicanism, James Harrington (1611-1677). ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... For other uses, see Commonwealth (disambiguation). ...

French Revolution

Main article: French Revolution
See also: Reign of Terror

During the French Revolution, the period of brutal violence in which many members of high-ruling families were killed has been described as anarchy. The reign of terror was mainly conducted by the radical egalitarian wing of the revolution. Targets were not only aristocrats but also fellow revolutionaries who were deemed too moderate, and were sent to guillotine. Thomas Carlyle, Scottish essayist of the Victorian era known foremost for his widely influential work of history, The French Revolution, wrote that the French Revolution was a war against both aristocracy and anarchy: The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... For other uses of terror, see Terror; Great Fear . ... For other uses of terror, see Terror; Great Fear . ... Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, satirist, and historian, whose work was hugely influential during the Victorian era. ... The French Revolution: A History was written by the Scottish essayist, philosopher, and historian Thomas Carlyle. ... Aristocrat redirects here. ...

The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789
The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789

Meanwhile, we will hate Anarchy as Death, which it is; and the things worse than Anarchy shall be hated more! Surely Peace alone is fruitful. Anarchy is destruction: a burning up, say, of Shams and Insupportabilities; but which leaves Vacancy behind. Know this also, that out of a world of Unwise nothing but an Unwisdom can be made. Arrange it, Constitution-build it, sift it through Ballot-Boxes as thou wilt, it is and remains an Unwisdom,-- the new prey of new quacks and unclean things, the latter end of it slightly better than the beginning. Who can bring a wise thing out of men unwise? Not one. And so Vacancy and general Abolition having come for this France, what can Anarchy do more? Let there be Order, were it under the Soldier's Sword; let there be Peace, that the bounty of the Heavens be not spilt; that what of Wisdom they do send us bring fruit in its season!-- It remains to be seen how the quellers of Sansculottism were themselves quelled, and sacred right of Insurrection was blown away by gunpowder: wherewith this singular eventful History called French Revolution ends.[7] Image File history File links Prise_de_la_Bastille. ... Image File history File links Prise_de_la_Bastille. ...

Armand II, duke of Aiguillon came before the National Assembly (French Revolution) in 1789 and shared his views on the anarchy: Armand II de Vignerot du Plessis de Richelieu, duke of Aiguillon (1750 – 4 May 1800) succeeded his father Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc dAiguillon. ... During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) was a transitional body between the Estates-General and the National Constituent Assembly that existed from June 17 to July 9 of 1789. ...

I may be permitted here to express my personal opinion. I shall no doubt not be accused of not loving liberty, but I know that not all movements of peoples lead to liberty. But I know that great anarchy quickly leads to great exhaustion and that despotism, which is a kind of rest, has almost always been the necessary result of great anarchy. It is therefore much more important than we think to end the disorder under which we suffer. If we can achieve this only through the use of force by authorities, then it would be thoughtless to keep refraining from using such force.[8]

Armand II was later exiled because he was viewed as being opposed to the revolution's violent tactics.


Professor Chris Bossche commented on the role of anarchy in the revolution:

In The French Revolution, the narrative of increasing anarchy undermined the narrative in which the revolutionaries were striving to create a new social order by writing a constitution.[9]

Jamaica 1720

Sir Nicholas Lawes, Governor of Jamaica, wrote to John Robinson, the Bishop of London, in 1720: Sir Nicholas Lawes was Governor of Jamaica from 1718 to 1722. ... John Robinson (November 7, 1650 - April 11, 1723), English diplomatist and prelate, a son of John Robinson (d. ... Arms of the Bishop of London The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. ... // Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. ...

"As to those Englishmen that came as mechanics hither, very young and have now acquired good estates in Sugar Plantations and Indigo& co., of course they know no better than what maxims they learn in the Country. To be now short & plain Your Lordship will see that they have no maxims of Church and State but what are absolutely anarchical."

In the letter Lawes goes on to complain that these "estated men now are like Jonah's gourd" and details the humble origins of the "creolians" largely lacking an education and flouting the rules of church and state. In particular, he cites their refusal to abide be the Deficiency Act, which required slave owners to procure from England one white person for every 40 enslaved Africans, thereby hoping to expand their own estates and inhibit further English/Irish immigration. Lawes describes the government as being "anarchical, but nearest to any form of Aristocracy". "Must the King's good subjects at home who are as capable to begin plantations, as their Fathers, and themselves were, be excluded from their Liberty of settling Plantations in this noble Island, for ever and the King and Nation at home be deprived of so much riches, to make a few upstart Gentlemen Princes?"[10] This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ... Indigo is the color on the spectrum between about 450 and 420 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet. ... For other uses, see Country (disambiguation). ... The separation of church and state is a concept in law whereby the structures of state or national government are kept separate from those of religious institutions. ... For other uses, see Jonah (disambiguation). ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Look up Creole, creole in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Slave redirects here. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Whites redirects here. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Aristocrat redirects here. ... For other uses, see Liberty (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Gentleman (disambiguation). ...


Spain 1936

Woman with CNT-FAI flag

After General Franco declared war on the Spanish government in 1936 (Spanish civil war) the government lost control over much of Spain. Resistance to the rebels was often organised through the confederation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Iberian Anarchist Federation, the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI). The Spanish Revolution occurred almost immediately after the failed coup of Franco, leading to the formation of worker's collectives all over Republican Spain. This has been hailed as the best example of a functioning anarchist system. Anarchists were instrumental in keeping the country running and holding back the Francoists, until they were attacked by the Republican government and their Communist allies. The government was subsequently defeated by Franco, leading to 40 years of Francoist dictatorship in Spain. woman with cntfai flag This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... woman with cntfai flag This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... Anarcho-syndicalist flag. ... The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour or CNT), founded in Barcelona, Spain, in 1910, was at one time that countrys largest labour union. ... The Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI, Iberian Anarchist Federation) is a Spanish organization of Anarchist (Anarcho-Syndicalist) militants active within affinity groups inside the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) trade union. ... In Spanish history, there have been several revolutions. ... // Franco may refer to: Franco is a common surname in Portuguese and Spanish which derives from the word Frank, in reference to the Germanic tribe of the Franks, who invaded the modern-day France during the Migration period[1]. Political figures Francisco Franco, Spanish head of state. ...


Somalia, 1991—

Main article: Anarchy in Somalia

Before the Islamic Courts Union took control, Somalia was the only country in the world without a functioning state. Abdo Vingaker, a Somalian living in Sweden, was quoted in an article by BBC as saying: "I am from Somalia and to live without government is the most dangerous system." The article went on to discuss the abject poverty experienced by the citizens of this country. An economic survey by the World Bank found that the distribution of wealth was more equal, and the extent of extreme poverty lesser than in governed West African nations. [11] Scholarly research indicates that living standards in Somalia increased — in absolute terms, relative to the government era, and relative to other African nations — during this period.[12] Somalia, from 1991-2006, is cited by some as a real-world example of a stateless society and legal system. ... Motto: none Anthem: none Capital formerly Mogadishu and Kismayu Largest city n/a Official languages Somali and Arabic Government Sharia Krytocracy  - Executive Chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed  - Shura Chairman Hassan Dahir Aweys Civil War Faction Has not declared autonomy or independence   - Established June 6th 2006 in Mogadishu  Area  - Total not finalized... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ... Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national Gini coefficient. ...


Anarchist communities

Main article: List of anarchist communities
An Anarchy symbol
An Anarchy symbol

This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present. ... Libertatia (also known as Libertalia) was a legendary country, or free colony, forged by pirates, under the leadership of Captain Misson in the late 1600s. ... Many inventions and institutions are created, including Hans Lippershey with the telescope (1608, used by Galileo the next year), the newspaper Avisa Relation oder Zeitung in Augsburg, and Cornelius Drebbel with the thermostat (1609). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... This is a list of past and present anarchist communities. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anarchist Catalonia (July 21, 1936 - February 10, 1939) was the stateless territory and anarchist society in part of the territory of modern Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War, eventually headed by Buenaventura Durruti. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political philosophy

Liberalism

Bertrand Russell wrote on how liberalism aims for a golden mean between despotism and anarchy: Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, advocate for social reform, and pacifist. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... In philosophy (especially that of Aristotle), the golden mean is the felicitous middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency; for this meaning, see golden mean (philosophy). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

Every community is faced with two dangers, anarchy and despotism. The Puritans, especially the Independents, were most impressed by the danger of despotism. Hobbes, on the contrary, was obsessed by the fear of anarchy. The liberal philosophers who arose after the Restoration and acquired control after 1688, realized both dangers; they disliked both Strafford and the Anabaptists. This led Locke to the doctrine of division of powers and of checks and balances.[13] The Puritans were members of a group of radical Protestants which developed in England after the Reformation. ... This article is about the philosopher Thomas Hobbes. ... King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration. ... Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford in an Armour, 1639, by Sir Anthony van Dyck. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Anabaptists (Greek ανα (again) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus re-baptizers[1]) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... A federation (from the Latin fÅ“dus, covenant) is a state comprised of a number of self-governing regions (often themselves referred to as states) united by a central (federal) government. ... The doctrine and practice of dispersing political power and creating mutual accountability between political entities such as the courts, the president or prime minister, the legislature, and the citizens. ...

Anarchism

Main article: anarchism

Anarchists are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow for people to come together in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled behaviour. The rise of anarchism as a philosophical movement occurred in the mid 19th century, with its idea of freedom as being based upon political and economic self-rule. This occurred alongside the rise of the nation-state and large-scale industrial capitalism, and the corruption that came with their successes. Anarchist redirects here. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Freedom. ... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ... There are multiple definitions of the term state capitalism. ...


Although anarchists share a rejection of the state, they differ about economic arrangements and possible rules that would prevail in a stateless society, ranging from complete common ownership and distribution according to need, to supporters of private property and free market competition. For example, most forms of anarchism, such as that of anarcho-communism, anarcho-syndicalism, or anarcho-primitivism not only seek rejection of the state, but also other systems which they perceive as authoritarian, which includes capitalism, wage labor, and private property. In opposition, a political philosophy known as anarcho-capitalism argues that a society without a state is a free market capitalist system that is voluntarist in nature. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... Libertarian Communism redirects here. ... Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ... Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization. ... Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ... This article or section should include material from Voluntaryism Voluntarism (lat. ...


The word "anarchy" is often used by non-anarchists as a pejorative term, intended to connote a lack of control and a negatively chaotic environment. Because of this, some activists have self-identified as libertarian socialists. In more recent times anti-authoritarian has offered another similar self-identification. However, anarchists still argue that anarchy does not imply nihilism, anomie, or the total absence of rules, but rather an anti-authoritarian society that is based on the spontaneous order of free individuals in autonomous communities, operating on principles of mutual aid, voluntary association, and direct action. Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society in which all violent or coercive institutions would be dissolved, and in their place every person would have free, equal access to tools of information and production, or... Anti-authoritarianism is opposition to authoritarianism, which is defined as concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally responsible to the people or the doctrine that advocates such absolutism in rule, as in autocracy, despotism, dictatorship, and totalitarianism. ... This article is about the philosophical position. ... Anomie, in contemporary English, means a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values. ... Spontaneous order is a term that describes the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. ... The term mutual aid has multiple meanings: Mutual aid, a tenet of anarchist thought Mutual aid, an agreement between emergency responders Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, a book by anarchist Peter Kropotkin Mutual aid, in social work with groups Category: ... A voluntary association (also sometimes called an unincorporated association, or just an association) is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose. ... For the Canadian urban guerrilla group Direct Action, see Squamish Five. ...


Anthropology

See also: Anarcho-primitivism

Some anarchist anthropologists, such as David Graeber and Pierre Clastres, consider societies such as those of the Bushmen, Tiv and the Piaroa to be anarchies in the sense that they explicitly reject the idea of centralized political authority. [14][verification needed] However, others argue that some (it was very different) tribal societies of the past have often been more violent than modern technological societies, on average.[15] Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization. ... David Graeber David Graeber is an anarchist and anthropologist. ... Pierre Clastres, (1934-1977), was a French anthropologist and ethnographer. ... |group = Bushmen |image = |poptime = 82,000 |popplace = Botswana (55,000), Namibia (27,000) |rels = San Religion |langs = various Khoisan languages |related = Khoikhoi, Xhosa, Zulu, Griqua }} The Bushmen, San, Basarwa, ǃKung or Khwe are indigenous people of the Kalahari Desert, which spans areas of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Angola. ... The Tiv language is spoken by around 2 million people in Nigeria, with a few speakers in Cameroon. ... The Piaroa are an indigenous American ethnic group living along the banks of the Orinoco and its tributaries in present day Venezuela, and in a few scattered locations elsewhere in Venezuela and in Colombia. ...


For example, more than a third of the Yanomamo males, on average, died from warfare.[16] Men who participated in killings had more wives and children than those who did not.[17] Some Yanomamo men, however, reflected on the futility of their feuds and made it known that they would have nothing to do with the raiding.[17] These findings, originally reported by the anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon, have been empirically replicated several times.[18] The Yanomami (also spelled Yanomamö and sometimes written with an ogonek under the first a as Yąnomamö) are an indigenous people of Brazil and Venezuela. ... An image from the Yanomamo Series Napoleon A. Chagnon (born in 1938 in Port Austin, Michigan) is an American anthropologist and retired professor emeritus at the University of California at Santa Barbara. ...


Some more recent anthropologists, such as Marshall Sahlins and Richard Borshay Lee, have defied the notion of hunter-gatherer societies as being a source of scarcity and brutalization, describing them as - in the words of Sahlins - "affluent societies". [19] Marshall Sahlins (born 1930) is a prominent American anthropologist. ... Richard Borshay Lee is an anthropologist who has studied at the University of Toronto and Berkeleys University of California, where he received a Ph. ...


However the evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker writes: Evolutionary psychology (abbreviated EP) is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i. ... Steven Pinker Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a prominent Canadian-born American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and popular science writer known for his spirited and wide-ranging advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. ...

Adjudication by an armed authority appears to be the most effective violence-reduction technique ever invented. Though we debate whether tweaks in criminal policy, such as executing murderers versus locking them up for life, can reduce violence by a few percentage points, there can be no debate on the massive effects of having a criminal justice system as opposed to living in anarchy. The shockingly high homicide rates of pre-state societies, with 10 to 60 percent of the men dying at the hands of other men, provide one kind of evidence. Another is the emergence of a violent culture of honor in just about any corner of the world that is beyond the reach of law. ..The generalization that anarchy in the sense of a lack of government leads to anarchy in the sense of violent chaos may seem banal, but it is often over-looked in today's still-romantic climate.[15]

Some anarcho-primitivist thinkers such as Ran Prieur[20] do not share this vision of evolution, where man was able to reinvent himself in the last ten thousand years, to better fulfill his needs. They believe that this concept represents a way that current culture justifies the values of modern industrial society and as a manner in which civilization was able to move individuals further from their natural necessities.[21] Besides the consideration of authors, such as John Zerzan, to the existence in tribal society having less violence altogether[22], he and other authors such as Theodore Kaczynski talk about other forms of violence on the individual in advanced countries, generally expressed by the term "social anomie", that results from the system of monopolized security[23]. These authors do not dismiss the fact that man is changing while adapting to his different social realities[24], but consider them an anomaly, nevertheless. The two end results being that we either disappear or become something very different, distant from what we have come to value in our nature. It has been suggested by experts that this shift towards civilization, through domestication, has caused an increase in diseases, labor and psychological disorders[25][26][27]. On the other hand, concerning the necessity of violence in the primitive world, anthropologist Pierre Clastres expresses that violence in primitive societies is a natural way for each community to maintain its political independence, while dismissing the state as a natural outcome of the evolution of human societies.[28] This article is about anarcho-primitivism. ... John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... Pierre Clastres, (1934-1977), was a French anthropologist and ethnographer. ...


See also

Anarchist redirects here. ... Look up anarchy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Anomie, in contemporary English, means a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values. ... The Masque of Anarchy is a political poem written in 1819 by Percy Bysshe Shelley following the Peterloo massacre of that year. ... For Noam Chomskys 2006 book, see Failed States (book). ... The monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force designs an essential attribute of the states sovereignty. ... For other uses, see Freedom. ... For other uses, see Liberty (disambiguation). ... A voluntary association (also sometimes called an unincorporated association, or just an association) is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose. ... The term mutual aid has multiple meanings: Mutual aid, a tenet of anarchist thought Mutual aid, an agreement between emergency responders Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, a book by anarchist Peter Kropotkin Mutual aid, in social work with groups Category: ... Anti-authoritarianism is opposition to authoritarianism, which is defined as concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally responsible to the people or the doctrine that advocates such absolutism in rule, as in autocracy, despotism, dictatorship, and totalitarianism. ... Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political, economic or social hierarchies - a society in which all violent or coercive institutions would be dissolved, and in their place every person would have free, equal access to tools of information and production, or... Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Anarcho-punk is a faction of the punk subculture that consists of bands, groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

References

  1. ^ "anarchy." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2004
  2. ^ "anarchy." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2004
  3. ^ "anarchy." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2004
  4. ^ The Ecoanarchist Manifesto on anarchy.no. Accessed 2007 Sep 23
  5. ^ The Putney debates
  6. ^ Chapter XIII
  7. ^ Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution
  8. ^ Duke d'Aiguillon
  9. ^ Revolution in Search of Authority
  10. ^ Jamaica: Description of the Principal Persons there (about 1720, Sir Nicholas Lawes, Governor) inCaribbeana Vol. III (1911), edited by Vere Langford Oliver
  11. ^ Nenova, Tatiana and Harford, Tim (2004) Anarchy and Invention (PDF) Public Policy Journal Note Number 280, Retrieved 12 August 2005
  12. ^ Benjamin Powell; Ryan Ford, Alex Nowrasteh (2006-1-30). "Somalia After State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?". Independent Institute. 
  13. ^ Bertrand Russel's The History of Western Philosophy, pg. 555.
  14. ^ Graeber, David (2004). Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology (PDF) (in English language), Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. ISBN 0-9728196-4-9. 
  15. ^ a b See Steven Pinker's The Blank Slate, Chapter 4, The Noble Savage.
  16. ^ Keeley: War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage
  17. ^ a b (Chagnon 1998; Chagnon 1992)
  18. ^ (Ember, 1978; Keeley, 1996; Knauft, 1987)
  19. ^ Sahlins, Marshall (2003). Stone Age Economics. Routledge. ISBN 0415320100. 
  20. ^ Seven Lies About Civilization, Ran Prieur
  21. ^ Industrial Society and Its Future, Theodore Kaczynski
  22. ^ Zerzan, John (2002). Running on Emptiness: The Pathology of Civilization. Feral House. ISBN 092291575X. 
  23. ^ Zerzan, John (1994). Future Primitive: And Other Essays. Autonomedia. ISBN 1570270007. 
  24. ^ Industrial Society and Its Future, Theodore Kaczynski
  25. ^ Freud, Sigmund (2005). Civilization and Its Discontents. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393059952. 
  26. ^ Shepard, Paul (1996). Traces of an Omnivore. Island Press. ISBN 1559634316. 
  27. ^ The Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism by Emily Schultz, et al
  28. ^ Clastres, Pierre (1994). Archeology of Violence. Semiotext(e). ISBN 0936756950. 

Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, satirist, and historian, whose work was hugely influential during the Victorian era. ... The French Revolution: A History was written by the Scottish essayist, philosopher, and historian Thomas Carlyle. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Independent Institute is a libertarian-oriented think tank in the United States. ... Western philosophy has a long history. ... David Graeber David Graeber is an anarchist and anthropologist. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Prickly Paradigm Press is an imprint of the University of Chicago Press, which publishes pamphlets in the social sciences and humanities. ... Steven Pinker Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a prominent Canadian-born American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and popular science writer known for his spirited and wide-ranging advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. ... The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature is a 2002 book (published by Penguin Putnam, ISBN 0670031518) by Steven Pinker arguing against tabula rasa models of psychology, claiming that the human mind is shaped by evolutionary psychological adaptations. ... The term noble savage expresses a romantic concept of humankind as unencumbered by civilization; the natural essence of the unfettered person. ... Marshall Sahlins (born 1930) is a prominent American anthropologist. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. ... Feral House is a book publisher owned and operated by Adam Parfrey. ... John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. ... Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Paul Howe Shepard, Jr. ... Pierre Clastres, (1934-1977), was a French anthropologist and ethnographer. ...

External links

Look up Anarchy in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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  Results from FactBites:
 
The Anarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1162 words)
The Anarchy in English history commonly names the period of civil war and unsettled government that occurred during the reign (1135–1154) of King Stephen of England.
Stephen himself was in poor health by this time, and he suffered a further blow when his eldest son, Eustace, died suddenly in 1153 — Stephen had wanted Eustace crowned during his own lifetime, but the Pope had refused to allow it and even put England under an interdict for a time during the squabble.
Although not traditionally a popular period with historical novelists, the Anarchy has furnished the background of five major fictional portrayals in recent years.
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Anarchy (1539 words)
Whether it is sympathy or a design to let anarchy do the work of destruction on which socialism is to build up its future State, is not a subject of controversy, at least among conservative Frenchmen.
It is in France that anarchy at the present time is showing its hand, and exercising the greatest power, though it is not known by its distinctive name.
The theory of anarchy is against all reason.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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