NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Anastas Mikoyan

Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (Armenian Անաստաս Հովհաննեսի Միկոյան; (November 25, 1895 [O.S. November 13] - October 21, 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years. Due to russification in the Soviet Union he is primarily known as Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (Russian Анаста́с Ива́нович Микоя́н) among people who do not speak Armenian. Soviet mugshot. ... State Defense Committee (Russian: , GKO) was the extraordinary superior organ in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War which held the total power in the state. ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Amenaprkich (Holy Redeemer) church St. ... Eastern Armenia or Russian Armenia is the portion of Ottoman Armenia that was ceded to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. ... October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area - City 1,081 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) - Density 10,415,400 8537. ... The President of the Soviet Union was the largely ceremonial Head of State of the USSR from 1990 to 1991. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÌÑ‚ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÌÐ·Ð° = ÐšÐŸÐ¡Ð¡) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when the Bolsheviks became the Russian... Commissar is the English translation of an official title (ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ°ÌÑ€) used in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution and in the Soviet Union, as well as some other Communist countries. ... The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Old Style or O.S. is a designation indicating that a date conforms to the Julian calendar, formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar, currently in use in most countries. ... October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... An Old Bolshevik (Russian: ) is an unofficial designation of a member of the Bolshevik party before the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital (and largest city) Moscow None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics - Last President Mikhail Gorbachev - Last Premier Ivan Silayev Establishment October Revolution - Declared... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: ; IPA: ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov; April 17, 1894 [O.S. April 5]â€“September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Early life

Anastas Mikoyan was born in the Armenian village of Sanahin (now part of Alaverdi). His father, Hovannes, was a carpenter while his mother was a rug weaver. Mikoyan was educated and graduated from the Nerseesyan Theological seminary in Tbilisi, Georgia.^[2] He would later remark that his continued studies in theology drew him closer to atheism, I had a very clear feeling that I didn't believe in God and that I had in fact received a certificate in materialist uncertainty; the more I studied religious subjects, the less I believed in God.^[1] In school, he had taken several courses on liberal and socialist principles. Amenaprkich (Holy Redeemer) church St. ... Alaverdi (Ալավերդի in Armenian) is a town situated in the northeast of the Armenian province of Lorri, not far from the border with Georgia. ... Tbilisi (Georgian áƒ—áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒšáƒ˜áƒ¡áƒ˜ ) is the capital and largest city of the country of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) River, at . ... The 18th-century French author Baron dHolbach was one of the first self-described atheists; he did not believe in the existence of any deities. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ...

Political beginnings

At the age of twenty, he formed a workers soviet in Ejmiatsin. In 1915, Mikoyan formally joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (later known as the Bolshevik Party) and became a leader of the revolutionary movement in the Caucasus.^[2] His interaction with Soviet revolutionaries led him to Baku, Azerbaijan where he was a co-editor for the Armenian language newspaper Social-Democrat (Սոցիալ-Դեմոկրատ) and later on for the Russian-language paper Izvestia Bakeenskogo Soveta (Известия Бакинскогo Сoвeтa).^[2] After the February 1917 revolution which toppled the Tsarist government, Mikoyan and other Bolsheviks in the Caucasus fought in Azerbaijan and along with twenty-six other commissars, was captured and put in prison. Known as the "Baku 26", all twenty-six commissars were executed with exception of Mikoyan, with the circumstances of his survival shrouded in mystery.^[3] A soviet (Russian: ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÌÑ‚) originally was a workers local council in late Imperial Russia. ... Categories: Stub | Tourist attractions in Armenia | Towns and Cities in Armenia | World Heritage Sites in Armenia ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP (Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÌÐ¹ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°ÌÐ»-Ð”ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÌÑ‡Ð°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ = Ð Ð¡Ð”Ð ÐŸ), also known as the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party and the Russian Social-Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party. ... Bolsheviks (Russian: IPA , derived from bolshinstvo, majority) were members of the Bolshevik faction of the Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction[1] at the Second Party Congress in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map Russia Georgia Azerbaijan (Azer. ... Municipality: Baku Area: 1000 kmÂ² Altitude: -28 m Population: 2,074,300 census 2003 Population density: 1280 persons/kmÂ² Postal Code: +99450 Area code: 012 Municipality code: BA Latitude: 41Â° 01 52 N Longitude: 21Â° 20 25 E Weather types: 9 of 11 Mayor: Hajibala Abutalybov The Baku region. ... The February Revolution (N.S.: March Revolution) of 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... Commissar is the English translation of an official title (ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ°ÌÑ€) used in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution and in the Soviet Union, as well as some other Communist countries. ... The 26 Baku Commissars were Bolshevik and Left SR members of the Baku Soviet Commune that was established in Baku after the October Revolution. ...

With the advent of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Mikoyan was made a commissar in the newly formed Red Army and continued to fight in Baku against anti-Bolshevik forces where he was wounded and was noted for saving the life of fellow future Party member, Sergo Ordzhonikidze. In the same year, he was arrested by interventionist British troops in Baku but escaped. After his release, he continued his Party work, and was one of the co-founders of the Baku soviet in 1919. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the system of autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal Provisional Government (Duma), resulting in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‡Ðµ-ÐšÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚ÑŒÑÐ½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐšÑ€Ð°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Grigoriy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (Russian:Ð“Ñ€Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐžÑ€Ð´Ð¶Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð´Ð·Ðµ), generally known as Sergo Ordzhonikidze (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³Ð¾) (October 12, 1886 - February 18, 1937) was a member of the Politburo, and close friend to Stalin. ...

Party Apparatchik

He supported Stalin in the power struggle that followed Lenin's death and was appointed to the Central Committee in 1923. He went on to become People's Commissar for External and Internal Trade in 1926, and imported ideas from the West, such as the manufacture of canned goods.^[2] In 1935 he was elected to the Politburo, and was among one of the first Soviet leaders to pay goodwill trips to the United States in order to boost economic cooperation.^[4] He was responsible for organizing the transport of food and supplies during the Second World War. His son, a pilot in the Red Air Force, was killed in combat when he was shot down by German fighers near Stalingrad. In 1942 he became a member of the State Defense Committee and for his war efforts, was decorated with a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1943.^[5] In 1946, Mikoyan became the vice chairman of the Council of Ministers. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... The Central Committee, abbreviated in Russian as ЦК, Tseka, was the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы (Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily), formed the official designation of the airforce of the Soviet Union. ... Combatants Germany Italy Romania Hungary Soviet Union Commanders Friedrich Paulus Erich von Manstein Hermann Hoth Georgiy Zhukov Vasiliy Chuikov Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy Strength German Sixth Army German Fourth Panzer Army Romanian Third Army Romanian Fourth Army Hungarian Second Army Italian Eighth Army Unknown number of Germans Unknown number Reinforcements Unknown number... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Hero of Socialist Labor (Ð“ÐµÑ€Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¡Ð¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¢Ñ€ÑƒÐ´Ð° in Russian, or Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorary title in the Soviet Union and the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in national economy and culture. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Shortly before Stalin's death, Mikoyan, Georgy Malenkov, along with several other Party leaders, were being considered be done away with a second purge by Stalin however this never came to fruition as Stalin died in 1953.^[1] Mikoyan originally argued in favor of keeping Stalin's right hand man, Lavrenty Beria from punishment but later curtailed to popular support among Party members of his arrest. He remained in the government after Stalin's death, in the post of minister of trade under Malenkov. He supported Khrushchev in the power struggle to succeed Stalin, and was made First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union in recognition of his services. Image File history File links TimeMikoyan. ... Image File history File links TimeMikoyan. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Image-Mikoyan_Fidel. ... Image File history File links Image-Mikoyan_Fidel. ... Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928 â€“ October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... Georgy (Georgii) Maximilianovich Malenkov (Russian: , his first name then surname pronounced GHYOR-ghee mah-leen-KOF; January 8 [O.S. December 26, 1901] 1902 â€“ January 14, 1988) was a Soviet politician, Communist Party leader and close collaborator of Joseph Stalin. ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: áƒšáƒáƒ•áƒ áƒ”áƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜ áƒ‘áƒ”áƒ áƒ˜áƒ; Russian: Ð›Ð°Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¹ ÐŸÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ; (29 March 1899 â€“ 23 December 1953), was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ...

In 1956, Mikoyan was one of the main organizers of Khrushchev's Secret Speech delivered to the 20th Party Congress, denouncing the personality cult held by Stalin.^[6] Mikoyan was sent to Hungary in October 1956 to resolve the crisis caused by the revolution against the communist government there. He strongly opposed the decision by Khrushchev and the Politburo to use Soviet troops believing it would destroy the Soviet Union's international reputation, instead arguing for "military intimidation" and economic pressure to be applied towards Hungary's government.^[7] The crushing of the revolution by Soviet forces nearly led to Mikoyan's resignation.^[8] 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Secret Speech is the common name of a speech given on February 25, 1956 by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denouncing the actions of Josef Stalin. ... (Redirected from 20th Party Congress) The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during February 14—February 26, 1956. ... Combatants Soviet Union; ÃVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian Revolution...

Foreign Diplomat

In 1957, Mikoyan refused to back the attempt to remove Khrushchev led by Malenkov and Molotov and he became Khrushchev's closest ally. His motivation for backing Khrushchev was because of his strong support for de-Stalinization and his belief that a triumph by the plotters might presage a return to the murderous purges of the 1930s. He continued to hold numerous other posts in the field of trade, and made a number of state visits to the U.S., Japan, and Mexico as well as retaining the title of First Deputy Premier. Mikoyan continued to hold moderate views on the Cold War and was unhappy with Khrushchev's brinkmanship over Berlin in the Checkpoint Charlie Crisis of 1961 and over Khrushchev's walk out from the 1960 Paris Summit over the U-2 Crisis of 1960, which he believed kept tension in the cold war high for another fifteen years. However, throughout this time, he remained Khrushchev's closest ally in the upper echelons of the Soviet leadership. Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Checkpoint Charlie as tourist attraction. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ...

Relations with Cuba

The Soviet government welcomed the 1959 overthrow of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista by Fidel Castro's pro-communist rebels. Khrushchev realized the potential of a Soviet ally in the Caribbean and dispatched Mikoyan as one of the top diplomats in the region. He was the first Soviet official to visit the island country after the revolution, securing important trade agreements with the government including the export of oil from the Soviet Union in exchange for Cuban sugar.^[9] Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Fulgencio Batista y ZaldÃvar (pronounced ) (January 16, 1901 â€“ August 6, 1973) was the de facto military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940 and the de jure President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... World map depicting Caribbean : West Indies redirects here. ...

The United States

Khrushchev's liberalization of hard liner polices led to an improvement in relations with the United States during the late 1950s. As Khrushchev's primary ambassador, Mikoyan visited the United States several times, inspecting the country's capitalist-based economic system in contrast to the Soviet Union's. Despite the volatility of the Cold War between the two superpowers, Mikoyan was received amiably amongst Americans, including Minnesota Democrat, Hubert Humphrey who characterized him as someone who showed a "flexibility of attitude" and New York governor Averell Harriman who described him as a "less rigid" Soviet politician.^[10] His visits in the United States also included luncheons with Senators from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and with United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower.^[10] The 1950s was the decade spanning from the 1st of January, 1950 to the 31st December, 1959. ... In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area Ranked 12th - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 8. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States; the other being the Republican Party. ... Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th) - Land 122,409 km² - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... William Averell Harriman William Averell Harriman (November 15, 1891 – July 26, 1986) was a Governor of New York. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... This page is about Dwight D. Eisenhower. ...

His importance and stature was gauged from his attendance at the funeral of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, representing the Soviet Union, reassuring President Lyndon Johnson that the Soviet Union had nothing to do with the assassination despite the involvement of Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald had briefly defected to the Soviet Union prior to his involvement in the assassination of Kennedy. The state funeral of John F. Kennedy followed his assassination on November 22, 1963. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 â€“ January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963â€“1969). ... President Kennedy, with his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, and Texas Governor John Connally in the Presidential limousine shortly before the assassination. ... Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 â€“ November 24, 1963) was, according to four United States government investigations, responsible for the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy. ...

Coup involvement

It is claimed by some that by 1964 he had become convinced that Khrushchev had turned into a liability to the Party, and he masterminded the November 1964 coup that brought Leonid Brezhnev to power. However, Taubman disputes this and Mikoyan was the only member of the Presidium (the name for the Politburo at this time) to defend Khrushchev. Mikoyan, however, did vote to force Khrushchev's retirement (so as in traditional Soviet style to make the vote unanimous). He was the only one of Khrushchev's colleagues to wish him well in his retirement though he never spoke to him again. It is possible to speculate that this was because it would have been politically unwise to do so or because his patience for Khrushchev had gone by then. His decision to send flowers to his funeral in 1971, was perhaps due to guilt, some retained affection for Khrushchev or both. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Russian: ; January 1, 1907 [O.S. December 19, 1906] â€“ November 10, 1982) was the effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, at first in partnership with others. ...

His influence was retained under Brezhnev, Mikoyan served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1964 until 1965 and then retired. He wrote his memoirs in 1970. He and future Premier of the Soviet Union Alexey Kosygin, were the only two senior officials in the Soviet government whom stepped down from office voluntarily. The President of the Soviet Union was the Head of State of the USSR from March 15, 1990 to December 25, 1991. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Premier of the Soviet Union is the commonly used English term for the offices of Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars of the USSR (ÐŸÑ€ÐµÐ´ÑÐµÐ´Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð° ÐÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ñ… ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð² Ð¡Ð¡Ð¡Ð ; Predsedatel Soveta Narodnykh Komissarov SSSR) (1923-1946) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (ÐŸÑ€ÐµÐ´ÑÐµÐ´Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð° ÐœÐ¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð² Ð¡Ð¡Ð¡Ð ; Predsedatel Soveta Ministrov SSSR) (1946-1991), who... Alexey Nikolayevich Kosygin (Russian: ) (1904 - December 18, 1980) was a politician and administrator in the Soviet Union. ...

He died on October 21, 1978, at the age of 82 from natural causes and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Russia.^[5] October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Grave of Anton Chekhov Novodevichy Cemetery (ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ÑŒÐµ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÌÐ´Ð±Ð¸Ñ‰Ðµ, Novodevichye kladbishche) is the most famous cemetery in Moscow, Russia, situated next to the World Heritage Site, the 16th-century Novodevichy Convent, which is the citys third most popular tourist site. ...

Trivia

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Georgy (Georgii) Maximilianovich Malenkov (Russian: , his first name then surname pronounced GHYOR-ghee mah-leen-KOF; January 8 [O.S. December 26, 1901] 1902 â€“ January 14, 1988) was a Soviet politician, Communist Party leader and close collaborator of Joseph Stalin. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: ; IPA: ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov; April 17, 1894 [O.S. April 5]â€“September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: áƒšáƒáƒ•áƒ áƒ”áƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜ áƒ‘áƒ”áƒ áƒ˜áƒ; Russian: Ð›Ð°Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¹ ÐŸÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ; (29 March 1899 â€“ 23 December 1953), was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ... Left to right: Chenjeh Kabab, Kabab Koobideh, Jujeh Kabab in Persian restaurant Kebab (from Persian and Arabic Ú©Ø¨Ø§Ø¨, kabÄb) means grilled (or broiled) meat in Persian and several other related languages. ... Havana (Spanish in full: Ciudad de La Habana, formerly named San CristÃ³bal de La Habana; UN/LOCODE: CU HAV) is the capital of Cuba. ... The Order of Lenin (ru: ÐžÑ€Ð´ÐµÐ½ Ð›ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð½Ð°), named after the leader of the Russian Revolution, was the second highest national order of the Soviet Union (Highest was the Order of Victory). ... Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan (Արտյոմ Հովհաննեսի Միկոյան in Armenian; Артё́м Ива́нович Мик&#1086... MIG may refer to one of the following. ...

Footnotes

July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Viktor Hambardzumyan (Armenian: ; September 18, 1908 [O.S. September 5] â€“ August 12, 1996) was an Armenian astronomer and astrophysicist, who achieved his main results in Soviet times. ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

His son, a test pilot, has written about both Artem Ivanovich and Anastas Mikoyan: 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan (Արտյոմ Հովհաննեսի Միկոյան in Armenian; Артё́м Ива́нович Мик&#1086...

Cold War

Main events (1945–1961)

Main events (1962–1991)

Specific articles

Primary participants and other events

General timeline: 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Timeline of events

1940s: Although the Cold War can be considered to have began in 1947, the timeline also lists important dates in the origins of the Cold War // Outbreak of World War I Russian Revolution Start of the Russian Civil War Establishment of the Soviet Union after the Reds win the Russian Civil...

1950s: The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4, 1945 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union â€” Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, respectively. ... Clement Atlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945 The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... Gouzenko wearing his white hood for anonymity Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (January 13, 1919, Rogachev, Soviet Union â€“ June 1982, Mississauga) was a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans, British troops Communist guerillas (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, James Van Fleet Markos Vafiadis Strength 100,000 men 20,000 men and women[citation needed] Casualties 12,777 killed 37,732 wounded 4,527 missing 38,000 killed[citation needed] 40,000... Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... Occupation zones after 1945 The Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War, when the Soviet Union blocked railroad and street access to West Berlin. ...

1960s: Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea United States United Kingdom Canada Australia The Netherlands France Philippines Turkey Ethiopia Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Chung Il Kwon Douglas MacArthur Mark W. Clark Matthew Ridgway Kim Il-sung Choi... Combatants French Colonialists Viá»‡t Minh Strength 500,000 ? Casualties 94,581 dead 78,127 wounded 40,000 captured 300,000+ dead 500,000+ wounded 100,000 captured The First Indochina War (also called the French Indochina War, the French War or the Franco-Vietnamese War) was fought in Indochina... Combatants FLN (1954-62) MNA (1954-62) France (1954-62) FAF (1960-61) OAS (1961-62) Commanders Ferhat Abbas Hocine AÃ¯t Ahmed Ahmed Ben Bella Krim Belkacem Larbi Ben MHidi Rabah Bitat Mohamed Boudiaf Messali Hadj Pierre MendÃ¨s-France General Jacques Massu General Maurice Challe Charles de... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... Former president Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n on the cover of TIME magazine in June 1954 after his overthrow Operation PBSUCCESS was a CIA-organized covert operation that overthrew the democratically-elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n in 1954. ... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and November 1953. ... Taiwan Strait The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short armed conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments. ... Combatants Soviet Union; ÃVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian Revolution... Combatants Israel United Kingdom France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 197 Israeli KIA 56 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 43 French WIA 650 KIA 2,900 WIA 2... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ... Taiwan Strait The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments in which the PRC was accused by Taiwan of shelling the islands of Matsu and... The Cuban Revolution was the overthrow of Fulgencio Batistaâ€™s regime by the 26th of July Movement and the establishment of a new Cuban government led by Fidel Castro in the 1950s. ...

Vietnam War
Congo Crisis
Sino-Soviet Split
U-2 Crisis of 1960
Bay of Pigs Invasion

1960s (continued): Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Combatants Congo UN troops Katanga Belgium Mercenaries The Congo Crisis (1960-1965) was a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo that began with national independence from Belgium and ended with the seizing of power by Joseph Mobutu. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... Combatants Cuba Cuban exiles trained by the United States Commanders Fidel Castro Arnaldo Ochoa Sanchez Ernesto Guevara de la Serna Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties 2,200; estimated 115 dead 1,189 captured Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed...

1970s: USAF spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... Operation Power Pack was the American intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965. ... The overthrow of Sukarno and the violence that followed it was a conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966 between forces loyal to then-President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and forces loyal to a right-wing military faction led by General Abdul Haris Nasution and Maj. ... ASEAN Declaration or Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). ... The Secret War (1962-1975) was the Laos front of the Second Indochina War. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... DÃ©tente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... Combatants Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Mao Tse-Tung Leonid Brezhnev Strength 814,000 658,000 Casualties 800 killed, 620 wounded, 1 lost [1] 58 killed, 94 wounded [2] The Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 was a series of armed clashes between the Soviet Union and...

1980s: Combatants Khmer Republic, United States, Republic of Vietnam Khmer Rouge, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) Strength ~250,000 FANK troops ~100,000 (60,000) Khmer Rouge Casualties ~600,000 dead, 1,000,000+ wounded[1] The Cambodian Civil War was a conflict that pitted... Three-Time World Mens Singles Champion Zhuang Zedong (left) and U.S. team member Glenn Cowan (right) on the Chinese team bus in Nagoya, Japan, 1971. ... Richard Nixon met with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Combatants MPLA SWAPO Republic of Cuba U.S.S.R. UNITA Republic of South Africa Republic of Zaire U.S.A. Commanders JosÃ© Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi Casualties Civilians killed = hundreds of thousands Following the end of Portuguese colonial rule in April 1974, newly-independent Angola descended into a... Combatants Ethiopia Cuba Somalia Commanders Unknown Siad Barre Strength Ethiopia 217,000 1,500 Soviet advisors 15,000 Cubans SNA 60,000 WSLF 15,000 Casualties Unknown 1/3 of SNA soldiers were killed 3/4 of Air Force were lost The Ogaden War was a conventional conflict between Somalia... Combatants Peoples Republic of China Vietnam Strength 200,000 entered Vietnam and another 100,000 in Yunnan and Guangxi 100,000+ Casualties Disputed. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ...

1990s: Combatants Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Afghan Mujahideen rebels supported by nations such as: United States, Pakistan, Iran, China, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom Commanders Soviet forces only Boris Gromov Pavel Grachev Valentin Varennikov Jalaluddin Haqqani Abdul Haq Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Mohammed Younas Khalis Ismail Khan Ahmed Shah Massoud Sibghatullah Mojadeddi... The El Salvador Civil War was predominantly fought between the Salvadoran military dictatorship and a unified leftist opposition guerrilla movement known as the Farabundo MartÃ National Liberation Front (FMLN) between 1979 or 1980 and 1992. ... Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... The Revolutions of 1989, sometimes called the Autumn of Nations, were the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various Soviet-style Communist governments were overthrown in the space of a few months[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions...

Dissolution of the USSR

Concepts: The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ...

Contemporaneous conflicts: This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This box: Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately or corporately owned and operated for profit, in which investment is determined by private decision, and in which distribution, production and pricing of goods and services are determined in a largely free... Countries to the east of the Iron Curtain are shaded red; those to the west of it â€” blue. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based capitalism. ... Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. ... Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: MÃ¡o ZÃ©dÅng SÄ«xiÇŽng), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of the Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles Romanization: Mao Tse-tung). It should be noted that the term Mao Zedong Thought has... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed during the Cold War among Communist states that they could peacefully coexist with capitalist states. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957 stated the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. ... Rollback was a term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. ... An Arms Race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2005. ... Senator Joseph McCarthy McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. ... Titan II rockets launched 12 U.S. Gemini spacecraft in the 1960s. ... The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. ... The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet policy doctrine, introduced by Leonid Brezhnev in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated: When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... Flag of Mozambique â€” independent since 1975, with the kalashnikov as symbol of the armed struggle against the Portuguese empire, the book as symbol of instruction and a farm instrument as symbol of economic growth. ... The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. ... The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev, with the slogan perestroika Perestroika ( , Russian: IPA: ) is the Russian term (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ...

Other specific articles: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Image File history File links Seal of the Warsaw Pact. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ...

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