Celsus Library in Ephesos (Turkey), anastylosis carried out 1970-1978

Anastylosis (from the Ancient Greek: αναστήλωσις, -εως; ανα, ana = "again", and στηλόω = "to erect (a stela or building)") is an archaeological term referring to a reconstruction technique where a ruined monument is restored after careful study and mensuration using original architectural elements where possible. It is also sometimes used in archaeology to refer to use of the same technique in restoring broken pottery and other small objects. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1679 KB) Description: Facade of the Celsus-Library in Ephesos, Turkey. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1679 KB) Description: Facade of the Celsus-Library in Ephesos, Turkey. ... Ruins of Celsus Library Celsus library is a monumental tomb for Gaius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, built by his son Galius Julius Aquila in 135 in Ephesus. ... Ephesus was one one of the great cities of the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor, located in Lydia where the Cayster river flows into the Aegean Sea (in modern day Turkey). ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Measurement is the determination of the size or magnitude of something. ...

Criticism

Anastylosis has its detractors in the scientific community. In effect the method poses several problems:

• No matter how rigorous preparatory studies are, any errors in interpretation will result in error in reconstruction - often incorrigible.
• Damage to original components is nearly inevitable at some level.
• Any one element may be used or may have originated in different buildings or monuments from different periods. To use this element in a particular reconstruction denies (perhaps incorrectly) the plausibility of the others

Methodology

The intent of anastylosis is to reconstruct historical architectural monuments which have collapsed from the original material. This is done by placing components back in their original place. For this, as far as possible original materials of the building are used. In cases where standing buildings are in risk of collapse, the method may entail careful measurements and drawings, piece-by-piece disassembly, and careful reassembly with new materials for required structural integrity; occasionally this may entail a new foundation. When elements or parts are missing, modern materials (often of restoration grade) can be substituted, such as plaster, cement, or synthetic resins This article is about the building material. ... In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The international Venice Charter of 1964 details the criteria for an anastylosis. Firstly, the original condition of the structure must be confirmed through scientific investigation, and agreed to without question. Secondly, the proper placement of each recovered component must be known. Thirdly, supplemental components must be limited to that necessary for stability and safety (that is: substitute components may never lie at the top), and these must be recognizable as replacement materials. Therefore, reconstruction work for the purposes of filling in hypothetical blanks in the structure are not allowed. The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites is a treaty that gives an international framework for the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings. ...

Examples

• A primitive anastylosis was carried out in 1836 at the Acropolis in Athens, where the temple to Nike was re-erected from remaining parts.

• Starting in 1902, the Greek architect Nikolas Balanos used anastylosis in order to restore a collapsed portion of the Parthenon, restore the Erechtheion, and rebuild the Nike Temple a second time. Iron clamps and plugs which had been used earlier had started to rust and had caused heavy damage to the original structure. These were removed and replaced with precious metal clamps. When the temple was once again rebuilt additional newly identified original fragments were added.

One of the earlier examples of anastylosis: the Borobudur in Java, Indonesia.

• In the early 20th Century, Dutch archaeologists carried out anastylosis of the stupa at the Buddhist temple complex at Borobudur in Java, Indonesia between 1907 and 1911. Further work was later carried out by Indonesian teams.
• The French archaeologist Henri Marchal from the École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO) was taught the method by Pieter Vincent van Stein Callenfels and in the 1930s began restoration work at Angkor Wat. The first temple of many thus restored was Banteay Srei. As an exception, Ta Prohm was left in its original state;
• The Odeion in Troy (Turkey)
• Temple of Trajan Pergamon (Turkey)
• The temple of Heracles Agrigento (Italy)
• Temples of Petra (Jordan)
• Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam)
• Restoration of the king's funerary complex at Djoser, (Saqqarah, Egypt); by Jean-Philippe Lauer over the period 1926-2001
• The Red Chapel at Karnak
• The Cretan palace at Knossos by the archaeologist Arthur John Evans
• Currently (2006), consideration is being given to applying this process to the Buddhas of Bamyan in Afghanistan, which were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. Archeologists have estimated that as much as 50% of the statues' material is recoverable.

Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Acropolis of Athens, seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... Athen is the spelling used for Athens, Greece in several languages, including German, Norwegian and Danish. ... Reconstruction of the temple Nike means Victory in Greek, and Athena was worshiped in this form, as goddess of victory, on the Acropolis, Athens. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Parthenon east façade The Parthenon from the south. ... Erechtheum, from SW The Erechtheum, or Erecththeion, is an ancient Greek temple on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens in Greece, notable for a design that is both elegant and unusual. ... Borobodur: Top view, Mike (mike_onroad@yahoo. ... Borobodur: Top view, Mike (mike_onroad@yahoo. ... Borobudur is a ninth century Buddhist Mahayana monument in Central Java, Indonesia. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... The Great Stupa at Sanchi. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Borobudur is a ninth century Buddhist Mahayana monument in Central Java, Indonesia. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The École française dExtrême-Orient (EFEO) is a French institute dedicated to the study of Asian societies. ... Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... Aerial view of Angkor Wat The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the Naga causeway Angkor Wat (or Angkor Vat) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built for King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. ... Banteay Srei (or Banteay Srey) is one of the most unusual temples of Angkor, Cambodia. ... Face tower on the fifth western gopura. ... Odeon or odeum is a building used for musical performance in Sparta, built in the 7th or 6th century BC. Hence, any such building in ancient Greece or ancient Rome was called an odeon. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Acropolis of Pergamon as seen from above Temple of Trajan at the Acropolis of Pergamon The Asklepeion of Pergamon was the worlds first hospital Pergamon or Pergamum (Greek: Πέργαμος, modern day Bergama in Turkey, ) was an ancient Greek city, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea... San Lorenzo. ... Petra (from petra, rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء, Al-Butrā) is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. ... Mỹ Sơn (Mee Sern) is a Hindu temple complex, located in the village of Duy Phú, in the administrative district of Duy Xuyên in Quảng Nam province in Vietnam, 69km southwest of Da Nang, and approximately 10km from the histroic town of Trà Kiệu. ... Netjerikhet Consort(s) Inetkawes, Hetephernebti Unknown Father Khasekhemwy? Mother Nimaethap? Major Monuments Pyramid of Djoser Netjerikhet Djoser (Turin King List Dsr-it; Manetho Tosarthros) is the best-known pharaoh of the Third dynasty of Egypt, for commissioning the official Imhotep to build his Step Pyramid at Saqqara. ... Saqqara Saqqara or Sakkara, Saqqarah (Arabic: سقارة) is a vast, ancient burial ground in Egypt, featuring the worlds oldest standing step pyramid (). It is located some 30 km south of modern-day Cairo and covers an area of around 7 km by 1. ... Jean-Philippe Lauer (May 7, 1902 – May 15, 2001), was a French architect and Egyptologist. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Map of Karnak, showing major temple complexes Interior of Temple First pylon of precinct of Amun viewed from the west Al-Karnak (Arabic الكرنك, in Ancient Egypt was named Ipet Sut, the most venerated place) is a small village in Egypt, located on the banks of the River Nile some 2. ... A portion of Arthur Evans reconstruction of the Minoan palace at Knossos. ... For Arthur Evans, the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see Arthur Evans (VC) Sir Arthur John Evans (July 8, 1851 - July 11, 1941), brought into the light of day the civilization he dubbed Minoan, which had been a dim mythic memory. ... The Buddhas of Bamyan (Pashto: د بودا بتان په باميانو کې De Buda butan pe bamiyano ke, Farsi: تندیس‌های بودا در باميان tandis-ha-ye buda dar bamiyaan) were two monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley of central Afghanistan, situated 230 km (143 miles) northwest of Kabul at an altitude... The Taliban (Pashto: , also anglicized as Taleban) are an extremist, terrorist, and ethnic fundamentalist Sunni Muslim Pashtun movement that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1995 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the United States, United Kingdom and the Northern Alliance. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

References

Bibliography

• (German) Adolf Borbein, Tonio Hölscher, Paul Zanker (Hrsg.): Klassische Archäologie. Eine Einführung. Reimer, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-496-02645-6 (darin: Hans-Joachim Schalles: Archäologie und Denkmpalpflege. S. 52 ff. Gottfried Gruben: Klassische Bauforschung. S. 251 ff.)
• (German) Gruben, Gottfried: Anastilosis in Griechenland- In: Anita Rieche u.a. (Hrsg.): Grabung – Forschung – Präsentation. Festschrift Gundolf Precht. Zabern, Mainz 2002. S. 327–338. (Xantener Berichte, Band 12) ISBN 3-8053-2960-1
• (German) Klaus Nohlen: Anastilosis und Entwurf. In: Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Bd. 54 (2004), S. 35–54. ISBN 3-8030-1645-2.
• (German) Hartwig Schmidt: Wiederaufbau. Denkmalpflege an archäologischen Stätten, Bd. 2, hrsg. vom Architekturreferat des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Theiss, Stuttgart 1993. ISBN 3-8062-0588-4
• (German) Michael Petzet, Gert Mader: Praktische Denkmalpflege. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1993. ISBN 3-17-009007-0; v. a. S. 86 ff. und 98 ff.

External links

• Article on Bamyan Buddhas (ICOMOS)

Translated from the French language article and the German language article 10 May 2006 The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) was founded in 1965 as a result of the Venice Charter of 1964 and offers advice to UNESCO on World Heritage Sites. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ...