Anatolian beyliks (also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish) are small Turkish emirates or muslim principalities governed by tribal beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia at the end of the 13th century. Ottoman Turkish is the variant of the Turkish language which was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire, containing extensive borrowings from Arabic and Persian and written in Arabic script. ... Generally speaking, an emirate (Arabic imarah, plural imarat) is a territory that is administered by an emir, although in Arabic the term can be generalized to mean any province of a country that is administered by a member of the ruling class. ... Prince Albert of Monaco on the left represents a principality where he wields adminisitrative authority. ... Categories: Stub | Ottoman Empire | Titles ... Anatolia ( Greek: ανατολή anatolē or anatolí, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

History

Following the conquests in Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks, Oghuz clans began invading this region. The Seljuks settled these clans in border areas, to ensure their safety against the Byzantines. (Compare marches.) These clans led by beys would receive military and financial aid from the Seljuks in return for their services, and acted as if owing full allegiance to their sovereignty. However, during the end days of the reign of Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I, especially with the Mongol invasions from the east, the Seljuk power deteriorated and instead Ilkhanate commanders in Anatolia gained strength and authority, which encouraged the beys openly to declare sovereignty. Many of them, following the fall of the Seljuk empire, joined forces with the dispersed Seljuk elite. Many religious Muslim leaders and fighters from Persia and Turkistan who fled the Mongols also settled in these small states. Their assaults on the Byzantines reached even further with the help of these fighters, and the power sphere of the beyliks expanded. The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. ... The Oghuz Turks (variously: Oguz, Okuz, Oufoi, Guozz and Ghuzz) are regarded as one of the major branches of the Turks in history. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Mark or march (or various plural forms of these words) are derived from the Germanic word marko (boundary) and refer to an area along a border, e. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... Persia and Persian can refer to: the Western name for Iran. ... Türkistan (also spelled Turkistan or Turkestan) is a region in Central Asia, largely inhabited by Turkic people. ...

When the Byzantine empire weakened, their cities could resist less and less the assaults of the beyliks, and eventually many Turks settled in western parts of Asia Minor. As a result, many more beyliks were founded in these newly conquered western regions. However, power struggles and conflicts arose between them. Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ...

In the beginning, the most powerful states were the Karamanid and the Germiyan, whereas Ottoman Turks were quite weak relatively. When other beyliks were founded along the coasts, Germiyan became an inner state and lost its influence. With the advance of the Ottomans into Roumelia and their annexation of Karesi, they became rivals with the Karamanid, who were then thought to be the strongest player. The Ottomans advanced further into Anatolia by acquiring towns, either by buying them off or through marriage alliances. Meanwhile the Karamanid assaulted the Ottomans many times with the help of other beyliks, Mamluks, White Sheep Turkmen (Akkoyun or Ak-Qoyun), Byzantines, Pontus and Hungarians, failing and losing power every time. The early Ottoman leaders conquered big parts of the Karamanid land, which was restored after the Ottoman defeat to the Mongol Timur Lenk in 1402. A Turkish tribe in Anatolia, Karamanid first arose following the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rüm in the early 13th century. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkic people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... Rumelia (or Roumelia) (in Turkish Rumeli, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire), a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (also Mameluks, Mamelukes) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves. ... The Akkoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azeri-Turkish: Ağqoyunlular/Akkoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled present day Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and western Iran from 1378 to 1508. ... Pontus was a name applied in ancient times to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the Main), by the Greeks. ... For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ... Events September 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill. ...

The final blow was made by Mehmed II who conquered Karamanid in order to construct a homogenous dominion in Anatolia. This was achieved by Selim I in 1515 who conquered Ramazan and Dulkadir, finally ending all beyliks in Anatolia and declaring sovereignty on all Turkish possessions in Anatolia. Mehmed II Mehmed II, also known as Muhammed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; also known as el-Fatih, the Conqueror) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... Selim I Selim I (1465 – September 22, 1520; also known as the Grim, nicknamed Yavuz, the Brave in Turkish) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ... Events June - Invasion of Persia by Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire. ...

List of the Anatolian beyliks

Alaiye
Artuk
Aidyn/ Aydin (with Izmir, formerly Smyrna) - Ottoman in 1390
Candaroglu
Danishmend
Dulkadir = Dulgadyr - partially Armenian & Kurdish South East
Ertena (Eretnid) =? Banu Eretna (with Siwas and Kaisaria) - partially Armenian
Hamid (land-locked western emirate) - Ottoman in 1382<
Husameddin
Inanc
Karaman (Karamanid dynasty; with Konya, the former Ikonion, seat of the the Rum - Seljuk sultanate) - Ottoman in 1466
Karesi = Karasy (near the Dardanelles) - Ottoman in 1336
Kadiburhaneddin
Menguc
Menteshe - Ottoman in 1390
Osmanoglu (Ottomans) - original seat at Burssa (Brussa)
Pervane
Ramazan
Sahipata
Saltuk
Saruhan - Ottoman in 1390
? Ghasi tschelebi (south western Black Sea coast from Amastris to Sinope)
? Isefendjar Ogullary
? Tekke (with Attalia) - Ottoman in 1390<

Candaroğlu Beylik (sometimes referred to as Candar, Candaroğulları or İsfendiyaroğulları in Turkish) is an Anatolian Turkoman emirate that ruled in Kastamonu and Sinop regions and partly in Zonguldak, Samsun and Çankırı, between 1292 - 1461, in the Black Sea region of modern day Turkey. ... The Danishmend dynasty was a Turcoman dynasty ruling in eastern Anatolia in the 11th and 12th centuries. ... A Turkish tribe in Anatolia, Karamanid first arose following the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rüm in the early 13th century. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkic people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ...

• only three Anatolian regions remained christian untill their defeat and Ottoman conquest :
  • the kingdom of Little Armenia, in Cilicia (with ancient Tarsus and the Sis patriarchal seat) till 1375
  • the Trapezunt = Trebizonde byzantine (1204) break-away 'empire' on the south eastern Black Sea coast
  • Philadelphia - knights * - Ottoman in 1390

Art

In spite of their limited sources and the political climate of their era, art during the Anatolian beyliks flourished, probably building the basis for Ottoman art. Although the artistic style of the Anatolian beyliks can be considered as representatives of a transition period between Seljuks and Ottomans, new trends were also acquired. Especially wandering traditional crafts artists and architects helped spread these new trends and localized styles to several beyliks across Anatolia, which resulted in innovative and original works particularly in architecture. Wood and stone carving, clay tiles and other similar decorative arts of the Seljuks were still used, however with the influence of the pursuit for new spaces and its reflections in other arts as well. Early on as the Ottoman Turks drove out the Byzantines from Anatolia and later pursued them into Europe, the pursuit was a part of the Jihad (or Holy War) against Christianity, and the first Ottoman rulers called themselves Gazi, or Holy Warriors. ... Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with ones own hands and skill. ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect/Building designer is a person involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction, whose role is to guide decisions affecting those building aspects that are of aesthetic, cultural or social concern. ... Architectural history studies the evolution and history of architecture across the world through a consideration of various influences- artistic, socio-cultural, political, economic and technological. ... Artists can use woodworking to create delicate sculptures. ... Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a small, manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as clay or stone used for covering roofs, floors, and walls, or other objects such as tabletops. ...

Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are İlyas Mosque at Balat (Milet) (1404), İsabey Mosque at Selçuk (1375), Ulucami Mosque at Birgi (1312) built by the Aydın beylik. The above mosques, although being successors of Seljuk architecture, differ greatly in the increase of decorations in the interior and exterior spaces and the different placement of the courtyards and minarets. Karaman beylik also left noteworthy architectural works, such as Ulucami Mosque in Ermenek (1302), Hatuniye Madrassa in Karaman (1382), Akmedrese Madrassa in Niğde (1409), all of which respect a new style that considers and incorporates the exterior surroundings also. One of the first examples of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman architecture that aims at uniting the interior space beneath one big dome and forming a monumental architectural structure is Ulucami Mosque in Manisa (1374) built by the Saruhan beylik. Also worth noting is the increase in constructions of madrassas that points at the beyliks' attaching greater importance to sciences. A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... İsabey Mosque is one of the oldest and most impressive works of architectural art remaining from the Anatolian beyliks. ... A court or courtyard is an enclosed area, often a space enclosed by a building that is open to the sky. ... Mosque in Aswan, Egypt, with minarets. ... Madrassa in the Gambia The word madrassa in the Arabic language (and other languages of the Islamic nations such as Persian, Turkish, Indonesian etc. ... Architectural style constitutes a mode of classifying architecture largely by morphological characteristics in terms of form, techniques, materials, etc. ... St Peters Basilica, Rome A dome is a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. ... A monument is a structure built for commemorative or symbolic reasons rather than for any overtly functional use. ... Manisa Province is a Province in western Turkey. ...

See also

• Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved from Islam as a social, cultural, political and religious phenomenon. ...

References

• Kılıçlıoğlu, Safa; Araz, Nezihe; Devrim, Hakkı; (eds.) (1969). ANADOLU Beylikleri. In Meydan-Larousse Büyük Lügat ve Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 1; pp.483-484. Meydan Yayınevi, Istanbul.
• Koprulu, M. Fuat; Leiser, Gary (1992). The Origins of the Ottoman Empire (Suny Series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East). State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791408191.

Links

• http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com Articles about the Anatolian Beyliks (Anadolu Beylikleri) in Turkish
• Westermann Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte