NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Anatomic

Anatomy (from the Greek anatome, from ana-temnein, to cut up), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things. It can be divided into animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). Major branches of anatomy include comparative anatomy, histology, and human anatomy. Download high resolution version (750x1149, 137 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (750x1149, 137 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Fig. ... Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor... Zootomy is the zoological discipline that focuses on animal anatomy, in particular on the dissection of animals. ... Phytonomy is the science of the origin and growth of plants. ... Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in organisms. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Human anatomy or anthropotomy is a special field within anatomy. ...

Animal anatomy may include the study of the structure of different animals, when it is called comparative anatomy or animal morphology, or it may be limited to one animal only, in which case it is spoken of as special anatomy. Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in organisms. ... Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in organisms. ...

From a utilitarian point of view the study of humans is the most important division of special anatomy, and this human anatomy may be approached from different points of view. Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu(extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens Homo (genus). ...

From that of Medicine it consists of a knowledge of the exact form, position, size and relationship of the various structures of the healthy human body, and to this study the term descriptive or topographical human anatomy is given, though it is often, less happily, spoken of as anthropotomy.

So intricate is the human body that only a small number of professional human anatomists, after years of patient observation, are complete masters of all its details; most of them specialize on certain parts, such as the brain or viscera, contenting themselves with a good working knowledge of the rest. Human anatomy or anthropotomy is a special field within anatomy. ...

Topographical anatomy must be learned by repeated dissection and inspection of dead human bodies. It is no more a science than a pilot's knowledge is, and, like that knowledge, must be exact and available in moments of emergency. // What is science? There are various understandings of the word science. According to empiricism, scientific theories are objective, empirically testable, and predictive â€” they predict empirical results that can be checked and possibly contradicted. ...

From the morphological point of view, however, human anatomy is a scientific and fascinating study, having for its object the discovery of the causes which have brought about the existing structure of humans, and needing a knowledge of the allied sciences of embryology or developmental biology, phylogeny, and histology. Embryology is the subdivision of developmental biology that studies embryos and their development. ... Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. ... In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ...

Pathological anatomy (or morbid anatomy) is the study of diseased organs, while sections of normal anatomy, applied to various purposes, receive special names such as medical, surgical, gynaecological, artistic and superficial anatomy. The comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans is part of the science of physical anthropology or anthropological anatomy. In the present edition of this work the subject of anatomy is treated systematically rather than topographically. Each anatomical article contains first a description of the structures of an organ or system (such as nerves, arteries, heart, and so forth), as it is found in humans; this is followed by an account of the development (embryology) and comparative anatomy (morphology), as far as vertebrate animals are concerned; but only those parts of the lower animals which are of interest in explaining human body structure are here dealt with. The articles have a twofold purpose; first, to give enough details of structure to make the articles on physiology, surgery, medicine and pathology intelligible; and, secondly, to give the non-expert inquirer, or the worker in some other branch of science, the chief theories on which the modern scientific groundwork of anatomy is built. Anatomical pathology is the branch of pathology that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross and microscopic examination of cells and tissues. ... A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ... In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues, which perform a specific function or group of functions. ... A race is a population of humans distinguished from other populations. ... Nerves redirects here. ... Section of an artery An arterial road is a class of highway. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ... Groups Conodonta Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Thelodonti Anaspida Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Galeaspida Pituriaspida Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Placodermi Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Tetrapoda Amphibia Amniota Sauropsida/(Reptiles) Aves (Birds) Synapsida Mammalia...

In zootomy, the integumentary system is often the largest organ system of an animal, comprising skin, hair, feathers, scales, nails, skin glands and their products (sweat, slime). ... The muscular system is the biological system of animals (including humans) that allows them to move internally and externally. ... The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, narrowly defined, is any of those parts of the body (which are not always bodily organs according to the strict definition) which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in an complex organism; namely: Male: penis (notably the glans penis... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The excretory system is the system of an organisms body that performs the function of excretion. ... The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ... In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ... Skeleton is also a winter sport: see skeleton (sport). ... A human skeleton The human skeleton is made of bones, some of them joined together, supported and supplemented by a structure of ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. ... Major endocrine glands. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and... The immune system is the system of nursery rhyme cells and organ poop from hell that protect an organism from mary and her stupid ass lamb. ... In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues, which perform a specific function or group of functions. ... Male Anatomy In anatomy, the anus (from Latin Änus ring, anus) is the external opening of the rectum. ... In human anatomy, the vermiform appendix (or appendix, pl. ... Comparative brain sizes In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the higher, supervisory center of the nervous system. ... Human female breasts The term breast, also known by the Latin mamma in anatomy, refers to the upper ventral region of an animals torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ... Under surface of the human diaphragm. ... An ear is an organ used by an animal to detect sound waves. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ... Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... A labium (plural is labia) is any of four folds of tissue of the female external genitalia. ... The larynx (IPA læɹɪŋks) is an organ in the neck of mammals involved in control of breathing, protection of the trachea and sound production. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ... The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... Human nose in profile The Nose is a story by Gogol and an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich. ... Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are a part of a female organism that produces eggs. ... The pharynx is the part of the digestive system of many animals immediately behind the mouth and in front of the esophagus. ... The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that serves two functions: exocrine - it produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes endocrine - it produces several important hormones // Anatomy The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach on the posterior abdominal wall. ... The penis (plural penises) or phallus (plural phalli) is the external male sexual organ of some animals, and, in mammals, the external male organ of urination. ... Human placenta shown a few minutes after birth. ... The posterior aspect of the rectum exposed by removing the lower part of the sacrum and the coccyx. ... Model of the layers of human skin In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system; which is composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. ... Diagram showing the small intestine In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine (colon). ... The spleen is a ductless, vertebrate gland that is not necessary for life but is closely associated with the circulatory system, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and removal of other debris from the bloodstream, and also in holding a reservoir of blood. ... The stomach (Gaster) In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek ÏƒÏ„ÏŒÎ¼Î±Ï‡Î¿Ï‚) is an organ in the alimentary canal used to digest food. ... Many animals have longer and more flexible tongues than humans. ... Female internal reproductive anatomy The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ... Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ... A human skeleton The human skeleton is made of bones, some of them joined together, supported and supplemented by a structure of ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. ... In anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is a bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. ... Anterior view of the femur The femur or thigh bone is the longest (length), largest (volume) and strongest (mechanical ability to resist deformity) bone of the human body. ... The humerus is a long bone in the arm or fore-legs (animals) that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. ... The mandible (inferior maxillary bone) (together with the maxilla) is the largest and strongest bone of the face. ... Left patella - anterior aspect Left patella - posterior aspect The patella or kneecap is a thick, triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the front of the knee joint. ... The radius and ulna of the left forearm, posterior surface. ... A hippopotamuss skull A skull, or cranium, is a bony structure of Craniates which serves as the general framework for a head. ... Figure 1 : Upper surface of right tibia. ... The ulna (along with the radius) is one of the two bones in the forearm. ... The human rib cage. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ... Human male pelvis, viewed from front Human female pelvis, viewed from front The pelvis is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end). ... Sternum or breastbone is a long, flat bone located in the center of the thorax (chest). ... A gland is an organ in an animals body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). ... Ductless glands are glands that secrete their product directly onto a surface rather than through a duct. ... In both males and females, the breasts are composed of adipose tissue and mammary glands. ... The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ... The thyroid gland and its relations In anatomy, the thyroid (IPA θaɪɹoɪd) is an endocrine gland. ... Human parathyroid glands The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands in the neck, usually located within the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone. ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands or colloquially as kidney hats) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys. ... Located at the base of the skull, the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica. ... The pineal gland or epiphysis, is a small endocrine gland. ... Biological tissue is a substance made up of cells that perform a similar function. ... Connective tissue is any type of biological tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix and often serves to support, bind together, and protect organs. ... The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ... In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ... A gland is an organ in an animals body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). ... In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ... The human abdomen Footballer John Arne Riise flashing his abdominals The human abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... ARM may stand for: Most likely: ARM Ltd (originally Advanced RISC Machines) ARM architecture CPU design or one of its derivatives developed by ARM Ltd (originally called The Acorn RISC Machine) Adjustable rate mortgage Annotated Reference Manual (C++) Artificial rupture of membranes (see amniotic sac) the ISO 3166-1 3... Look up Back on Wiktionary, the free dictionary In anatomy, the back usually refers to the posterior side of the torso in humans and other primates. ... Bith buttocks. ... Chest of a human male The chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals. ... An ear is an organ used by an animal to detect sound waves. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... A sex organ, or primary sexual characteristic, narrowly defined, is any of those parts of the body (which are not always bodily organs according to the strict definition) which are involved in sexual reproduction and constitute the reproductive system in an complex organism; namely: Male: penis (notably the glans penis... For other uses of the word head, see head (disambiguation). ... This article is about a joint in zootomical anatomy. ... Leg has multiple meanings: For the limbs of animals that support them above the ground: in the case of the legs of humans, see Human leg; in the case of the legs of horses, see Equine leg; in the case of the legs of crabs, lobsters, and their close relatives... Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. ... The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. ... The scalp is the skin on the head from which head hair grows. ... Model of the layers of human skin In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system; which is composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. ... Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ... Many animals have longer and more flexible tongues than humans. ... Section of an artery An arterial road is a class of highway. ... A body cavity is an aspect of a number of basic animal body plans (phyla) that incorporate a central body cavity, known as a coelom. ... Under surface of the human diaphragm. ... The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ... Brown hair is intermediate in thickness between (thinner) blond and (thicker) black or red Hair is the filamentous outgrowth of the epidermis found in mammals. ... An exoskeleton, in contrast to an endoskeleton, is an external anatomical feature that supports and protects an animals body. ... Lips (upper and lower) are the red (or pink or brown) and soft edges covering the human mouth. ... Nerves redirects here. ... In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... A serous membrane is a very thin layer of cells (usually one row) covering internal body cavity. ... In biology, the skeleton or skeletal system is the biological system providing support in living organisms. ... A hippopotamuss skull A skull, or cranium, is a bony structure of Craniates which serves as the general framework for a head. ... The spinal cord is a part of the vertebrate nervous system that is enclosed in and protected by the vertebral column (it passes through the spinal canal). ... In biology, a vein is a blood vessel which returns blood from the microvasculature to the heart. ...

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