The Ancient Macedonian language was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in Macedon during the 1st millennium BC. Marginalized from the 5th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the common Greek dialect of the Hellenistic Era. It was probably spoken predominantly in the inland regions away from the coast. Ancient Macedonian was an Indo-European language most likely closely related to Greek, but its exact relationship is unclear: possibly a dialect of Greek; a sibling language to Greek; or a close cousin to Greek, and perhaps related to some extent, to the Thracian and Phrygian languages.  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... This article is about the Slavic language. ... Ancient Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (Greek ) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ... An extinct language is a language which no longer has any native speakers, in contrast to a dead language, which is is a language which has stopped changing in grammar, vocabulary, and the complete meaning of a sentence. ... Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ... The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... Centum is the collective name for the branches of Indo-European in which the so-called Satem shift, the change of palato-velar *k^, *g^, *g^h into fricatives or affricates, did not take place, and the palato-velar consonants merged with plain velars (*k, *g, *gh). ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... This article is about the people of ancient Greece; for the unrelated modern Slavic ethnic group see Macedonians (ethnic group). ... Ancient Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (Greek ) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ... The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires. ... The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... Ancient Greek, in classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné as the lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided into several dialects. ... The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe. ... The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people of the central Asia Minor. ...

Knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving texts that are indisputably written in the language, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria, amounting to about 150 words and 200 proper names, similar to standard Greek, but a small minority might not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology. Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Beginning of letter π, detail of Marc. ...

The Pella curse tablet, a text written in a distinct Doric Greek idiom, found in 1986, dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialects (O. Masson, 1996). Before the discovery it was proposed that the Macedonian dialect was an early form of Greek, spoken alongside Doric proper at that time (Rhomiopoulou, 1980). Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... The Pella katadesmos: from Prof. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ...

The Pella curse tablet (Greek katadesmos): from Prof. Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, Bryn Mawr College

Image File history File links Pella Katadesmos, presumably public domain http://www. ... Image File history File links Pella Katadesmos, presumably public domain http://www. ...

Properties

From the few words that survive, only a little can be said about the language. A notable sound-law is that the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates (/bʰ, dʰ, gʰ/) appear as voiced stops /b, d, g/, (written β, δ, γ), in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them to /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ (φ, θ, χ) with few exceptions^[1]. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ... A voiced consonant is a sound made as the vocal cords vibrate, as opposed to a voiceless consonant, where the vocal cords are relaxed. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ...

• Macedonian δάνος dánοs ('death', from PIE *d^henh₂- 'to leave'), compare Attic θάνος thános
• Macedonian ἀβροῦτες abroûtes or ἀβροῦϜες abroûwes as opposed to Attic ὀφρῦς ophrûs for 'eyebrows'
• Macedonian Βερενίκη Bereníkē versus Attic Φερενίκη Phereníkē, 'bearing victory'
• Macedonian ἄδραια adraia ('bright weather'), compare Attic αἰθρία aithría, from PIE *h₂aid^h-
• Macedonian βάσκιοι báskioi ('fasces'), Attic φάσκωλος pháskōlos 'leather sack' , from PIE *b^hasko
• According to Herodotus 7.73 (ca. 440 BC), the Macedonians claimed that the Phryges were called Brygoi before they migrated from Thrace to Anatolia (around 1200 BC).
• According to Plutarch,Moralia^[2] Macedonians use 'b' instead of 'ph',while Delphians use 'b' in the place of 'p'.
• Macedonian μάγειρος mágeiros ('butcher') was a loan from Doric into Attic. Vittore Pisani has suggested an ultimately Macedonian origin for the word, which could then be cognate to μάχαιρα mákhaira ('knife', <PIE *mag^h-, 'to fight')

The same treatment is known from other Paleo-Balkan languages, e.g. Phrygian brater, Illyrian (and Elean, North-West dialect, by exception) bra^[3] but Attic phrater and phratra all from PIE *bhrater- brother. Since these languages are all known via the Greek alphabet, which has no signs for voiced aspirates, it is unclear whether de-aspiration had really taken place, or whether β, δ, γ were just picked as the closest matches to express voiced aspirates. For other uses, see Death (disambiguation). ... The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ... Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ... Thanos is a fictional character that appears in the Marvel Universe. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Histories of Herodotus by Herodotus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. ... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 490s BC 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC - 440s BC - 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC Years: 445 BC 444 BC 443 BC 442 BC 441 BC - 440 BC - 439 BC 438 BC... In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. ... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... This article is about two nested areas of Turkey, a plateau region within a peninsula. ... (Redirected from 1200 BC) Centuries: 14th century BC - 13th century BC - 12th century BC Decades: 1250s BC 1240s BC 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC - 1200s BC - 1190s BC 1180s BC 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC Events and Trends 1204 BC - Theseus, legendary King of Athens is deposed after... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... External links The Moralia (loosely translatable as Matters relating to customs and mores) of Plutarch is an eclectic collection of 78 essays and transcribed speeches, which includes On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander the Great — an important adjunct to his Life of the great general — On the Worship... For other uses, see Delphi (disambiguation). ... Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ... Makhaira (μάχαιρα, also transliterated machaira or machaera; an Ancient Greek word, <PIE *magh-, to fight) is a term used by modern scholars to describe a type of ancient bladed weapon, generally a large knife with a slight backwards curve. ... The Paleo-Balkan languages were the Indo-European languages which were spoken in the Balkans in ancient times: Dacian language Thracian language Illyrian language Paionian language Ancient Macedonian language The only remnant of them is Albanian, but it is still disputed which language was its ancestor. ... The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people of the central Asia Minor. ... The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in pre-Roman times. ... Elis, or Eleia (Greek, Modern: Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient/Katharevousa: Ήλις, also Ilis, Doric: Άλις) is an ancient district within the modern prefecture of Ilia. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ...

If γοτάν gotán ('pig') is related to *g^wou ('cattle'), this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the usual Greek treatment (Attic βοῦς boûs). Such deviations, however, are not unknown in Greek dialects; compare Doric (Spartan) γλεπ- glep- for common Greek βλεπ- blep-, as well as Doric γλάχων gláchōn and Ionic γλήχων glēchōn for common Greek βλήχων blēchōn.^[4] Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Binomial name L. The herb Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium, family Lamiaceae), is a member of the mint genus; an essential oil extracted from it is used in aromatherapy. ...

A number of examples suggest that voiced velar stops were devoiced, especially word-initially: κάναδοι kánadoi, 'jaws' (<PIE *genu-); κόμβους kómbous, 'molars' (<PIE *gombh-); within words: ἀρκόν arkón (Attic ἀργός argós); the Macedonian toponym Akesamenai, from the Pierian name Akesamenos (if Akesa- is cognate to Greek agassomai, agamai, "to astonish"; cf. the Thracian name Agassamenos). Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Pieria (Πιερία) is one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. ...

In Aristophanes' The Birds, the form κεβλήπυρις keblēpyris ('red-cap bird') is found, showing a Macedonian-style voiced stop in place of a standard Greek unvoiced aspirate: κεβ(α)λή keb(a)lē versus κεφαλή kephalē ('head'). For other uses, see Aristophanes (disambiguation). ... The Birds (Ornithes) is a comedy written by the Ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes in 414 BC, and performed that year for the Festival of Dionysus. ...

Classification

Due to the fragmentary attestation various interpretations are possible.^[5] The discussion is closely related to the reconstruction of the Proto-Greek language. The suggested historical interpretations of Macedonian include:^[6] The Proto-Greek language is the common ancestor of the Greek dialects, including the Mycenean language, the classical Greek dialects Attic-Ionic, Aeolic, Doric and North-Western Greek, and ultimately the Koine and Modern Greek. ...

• an Indo-European language which is a close cousin to Greek and also related to Thracian and Phrygian languages, suggested by A. Meillet (1913) and I. I. Russu (1938),^[7] or part of a Sprachbund encompassing Thracian, Illyrian and Greek (Kretschmer 1896, E. Schwyzer 1959).
• an "Illyrian" dialect mixed with Greek, suggested by K. O. Müller (1825) and by G. Bonfante (1987).
• various explicitly Greek scenarios:
  • a Greek dialect, part of the North-Western (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote) variants of Doric Greek , suggested by N.G.L. Hammond (1989) and O. Masson (1996).^[8][9]
  • a northern Greek dialect, related to Aeolic Greek and Thessalian, suggested among others by A.Fick (1874) and O.Hoffmann (1906).^[8][10]
  • a Greek dialect with a non-Indo-European substratal influence, suggested by M. Sakellariou (1983).
  • a NW Doric Greek dialect with a Phrygian influence on a par with the Anatolian substratum on Pamphylian Greek (C.Brixhe, A.Panayotou 1994).^[11][12]

The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe. ... The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people of the central Asia Minor. ... Antoine Meillet (Paul-Jules-Antoine Meillet, November 11, 1866 - September 21, 1936), was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century. ... A Sprachbund (German for language bond, also known as a linguistic area, convergence area, diffusion area) is a group of languages that have become similar in some way because of geographical proximity. ... Paul Kretschmer (1866-1956) was a German linguist who studied the earliest history and interrelations of the Indo-European languages and showed how they were influenced by non-Indo-European languages, such as Etruscan. ... Eduard Schwyzer (born 15 February 1874, Zürich, died 3 May 1943, Berlin), Swiss Classical philologist and Indo-European linguist, specializing in Ancient Greek and Greek dialects. ... Karl Otfried Müller (August 28, 1797–August 1, 1840), was a German scholar and Philodorian. ... Giuliano Bonfante (August 6, 1904 - September 9, 2005 in Rome) was an Italian linguistics scholar and expert on the language of the Etruscans and other Italic peoples. ... Locris was a region of ancient Greece, made up of two districts. ... Aetolia was a region of ancient Greece. ... Phocis (Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα/Fokída, Ancient/Katharevousa: Φωκίς/Phokis; named after the Greek mythological personage Phocus) is an ancient district of central Greece and a prefecture of modern Greece located in Sterea Hellas, one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece. ... Epirus, spanning Greece and Albania. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (November 14, 1907 – March 24, 2001) was a British historian — teaching at Cambridge and Bristol — who specialized in Greece and Macedonia. ... Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... August Fick (born May 5, 1833, in Petershagen, Germany; died March 24, 1916, in Hildesheim or Breslau) was a German philologist. ... Pamphylian is a little-attested dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. ...

Indo-European close to Greek

Some linguists (e.g. A. Meillet) consider Macedonian an Indo-European language in its own right, close to Greek but perhaps not of unambiguously Greek stock, and treat it as other poorly attested languages as Thracian and/or Phrygian of some geographical proximity. Those who look towards "Thraco-Phrygian" (as I. I. Russu, 1938) do so sometimes, at the cost of unwarranted segmentations such as that of Ἀλέξανδρος into †Ἀλε- and †ξανδ-. The name is attested as early as the Mycenaean Greek period (c. 1600 -1100 BC) next to the feminine a-re-ka-sa-da-ra (𐀀𐀩𐀏𐀭𐀅𐀨, Classical Greek Ἀλεξάνδρα).^[8] Schwyzer^[13] and others hypothesize that linguistically Macedonian was between Illyrian and Thracian, a kind of intermediary language linking the two, in the sense of a dialect continuum or Sprachbund, since a genetic Thraco-Illyrian unity is highly uncertain and cannot be proven on grounds of the surviving evidence. In 1999, A. Garrett has surmised that Macedonian may at an early stage have been part of a dialect continuum which spanned the ancestor dialects of all south-western Indo-European languages (including Greek), but that it then remained peripheral to later areal processes of convergence which produced Greek proper. He argues that under this perspective sound-change isoglosses such as the deaspiration of voiced stops may be of limited diagnostic value, while ultimately the question of whether Macedonian belongs or does not belong to a genetic union with Greek is moot.^[14] Eduard Schwyzer (born 15 February 1874, Zürich, died 3 May 1943, Berlin), Swiss Classical philologist and Indo-European linguist, specializing in Ancient Greek and Greek dialects. ... A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ... A Sprachbund (German for language bond, also known as a linguistic area, convergence area, diffusion area) is a group of languages that have become similar in some way because of geographical proximity. ... Thraco-Illyrian is a hypothesis that the Thraco-Dacian and Illyrian languages comprise a distinct branch of Indo-European. ...

Vladimir I. Georgiev^[15] places Greek and Macedonian on a common branch of an IE family tree; this branch he groups together with Phrygian and Armenian to form a grouping termed "Central" Indo-European. Similarly, Eric P. Hamp ^[16] assumes a common branch of Greek plus Macedonian, with the next larger unit formed together with Armenian and termed "Pontic South Indo-European". Eric P. Hamp is an American linguist. ...

Hellenic language

Some linguists have proposed calling the common Greek-Macedonian group together "Hellenic". A "Hellenic" group comprising Greek and Macedonian is also suggested as a possibility by Brian Joseph ^[5] and has been adopted in the classification scheme used by the LINGUIST List.^[17] Linguist List provides information on language and language analysis. ...

A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as abrouwes (αβρουϝες), with tau (Τ) replacing a digamma (F).^[18] If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; however, others (e.g. A. Meillet) see the dental as authentic and think that this specific word would perhaps belong to an Indo-European language different from Greek. Digamma (upper case , lower case ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral. ... Antoine Meillet (Paul-Jules-Antoine Meillet, November 11, 1866 - September 21, 1936), was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century. ...

Greek dialect

Another school of thought favours Macedonian as an explicitly Greek dialect. Those who favour a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect are numerous and include early scholars like H. Ahrens, O. Hoffmann or A. Fick.^[19] A recent proponent of this school was Professor Olivier Masson, who in his article on the ancient Macedonian language in the third edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary tentatively suggested that Macedonian was related to North-Western Greek dialects:^[8] Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens (June 6, 1809 - September 25, 1881), was a German philologist. ... August Fick (born May 5, 1833, in Petershagen, Germany; died March 24, 1916, in Hildesheim or Breslau) was a German philologist. ... The Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD) is the standard one-volume encyclopedia in English of topics relating to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. ... North-Western Greek (NW Greek) was a Greek dialect spoken in the North-West of Greece (modern Epirus, West Greece, western Central Greece and the modern Ionian Islands) in Classical Antiquity. ...

As to Macedonian β, δ, γ = Greek φ, θ, χ, Claude Brixhe^[20] suggests that it may have been a later development: The letters may already have designated not voiced stops, i.e. [b, d, g], but voiced fricatives, i.e. [β, δ, γ], due to a voicing of the voiceless fricatives [φ, θ, x] (= Classical Attic [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]). Brian Joseph sums up that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible", but cautions that "most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic".^[5] In this sense, some authors also call it a "deviant Greek dialect." Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Phoneticians define phonation as use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...

Macedonian in Classical sources

Further information: Ancient Macedonians

Among the references that have been discussed as possibly bearing some witness to the linguistic situation in Macedonia, there is a sentence from a fragmentary dialogue, apparently between an Athenian and a Macedonian, in an extant fragment of the 5th century BC comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet Strattis (fr. 28), where a stranger is portrayed as speaking in a rural Greek dialect. His language contains expressions such as ὕμμες ὡττικοί for ὑμείς αττικοί "you Athenians", ὕμμες being also attested in Homer, Sappho (Lesbian) and Theocritus (Doric), while ὡττικοί appears only in "funny country bumpkin" contexts of Attic comedy.^[21] This article is about the people of ancient Greece; for the unrelated modern Slavic ethnic group see Macedonians (ethnic group). ... The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... Strattis, (Greek: Στράττις) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy, whose plays were probably written and produced between 412 and 390 BCE. According to the Suda Lexicon, which quotes Athenaeuss second book of Deipnosophistae, his works included: Anthroporaistes Atalante Agathoi Iphigeron Kallippides Kinesias Limnomedon Makedones Medeia Troilus Phoenissae... This article is about the Greek poet Homer and the works attributed to him. ... For other uses, see Sappho (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Aeolic Greek. ... Theocritus (Greek Θεόκριτος), the creator of ancient Greek bucolic poetry, flourished in the 3rd century BC. Little is known of him beyond what can be inferred from his writings. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ...

Another text that has been quoted as evidence is a passage from Livy (lived 59 BC-14 AD) in his Ab urbe condita (31.29). Describing political negotiations between Macedonians and Aetolians in the late 3rd century BC, Livy has a Macedonian ambassador argue that Aetolians and Macedonians were "men of the same language".^[22] This has been interpreted as referring to their common North-West Greek speech (as opposed to Attic Koiné).^[23] A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ... Penguin Classics 1976 edition of Livys Ab Urbe condita, books XXXI-XLV Ab Urbe condita (literally, from the city, having been founded) is a monumental history of Rome, from its founding (ab Urbe condita, dated to 753 BC by Varro and most modern scholars). ... The ancient Region of Aetolia, Greece Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania. ...

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Philotas's trial^[24]. Quintus Curtius Rufus was a Roman historical writer in the first or second century AD, generally thought to have written under the reign of Claudius. ... This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ...

Adoption of the Attic dialect

As southern Greek influence increased, Macedonians increasingly began to adopt the Attic dialect in its emergent koine form. It is estimated that ancient Macedonian became supplanted in official discourse by the 4th century BC.^[25] Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ... Koine redirects here. ...

James L. O'Neil's (University of Sydney) pointed out : Beside Pella curse tablet three other, very brief, 4th century inscriptions are also indubitably Doric. These show that a Doric dialect was spoken in Macedon, as we would expect from the West Greek forms of Greek names found in Macedon. And yet later Macedonian inscriptions are in Koine avoiding both Doric forms and the Macedonian voicing of consonants. The native Macedonian dialect had become unsuitable for written documents (Pella curse tablet#Dating and significance) The literal meaning of the Greek word koine (κοινή) is common. It is used in several senses: Koiné Greek (Κοινή Ἑλληνική), a Greek dialect that developed from the Attic dialect (of Athens) and became the spoken language of Greece at the time of the Empire of Alexander the Great. ... The Pella katadesmos: from Prof. ...

Greek Epigraphy

The below list includes only those regions and elements that may be related or have been written by Macedonians before 350 BC.Early evidence from coastal cities dates back to 600-550 BC in Central Macedonia (Sane^[26],Therme^[27]) ~ 550 BC East Macedonia (Neapolis)^[28] and 5th c.BC West side(Pydna)^[29].There is also a Carian inscription found in Therme 6th c. BC^[30]. Kavala (also seen as Kavála, Kavalla, (Greek) (2001 pop. ... Pydna is also an rocket station of the American Army in Germany, see Pydna (rocket station) Pydna (in Greek: Πύδνα, older transliteration: Púdna), also Pidna was a Greek city in Ancient Macedonia, the most important in Pieria. ... The Carians (Greek Καρες Kares, or Καρικοι Karikoi) were the eponymous inhabitants of Caria. ...

• Elimeia ca. 500-475 BC Doric the temples of Athena in Megara
• Aiane ca. 500-475 BC Apakos hapax with letter (ϟ) qoppa
• Aiane ca. 500-450 BC Kleiona hapax
• Pella ca. 500-450 BC Pythagores of Aristokrates , Aristobole
• Aigai early 5th c.BC Peperias hapax
• Eordea early 5th BC of Machatas (never attested as Magatas)
• Aiane early 5th BC ..I am -alios of Dolio-.. Doric ἐμὶ emi Attic εἰμί emi but Attic τῆς tês instead of Doric τᾶς tâs
• Aiane ca. 450 BC wools of Arkaps (Arkapos) hapax
• Aiane ca. 450-400 BC Attya hapax
• Aiane 5th c. BC Themis (gen. Themidos)
• Aigai ca. 430-420 BC Argive Doric I am the prize from Argive Hera (Royal tomb)^[31]
• Aigai late 5th c. BC He loves _ _ina
• Pella ca. 400 BC Xanthos son of Demetrios and Amadika (attested also as Ammadika and Ammadikos only in Macedon)
• Pella late 5th/early 4th c. BC Zôbia (epitaph) (oldest evidence of this rare name)
• Pella late 5th/early 4th c. BC Eugeneia daughter of Xenon (epitaph)
• Pella late 5th/early 4th c. BC Xenariste of Boula_ _ _ (epitaph)
• Aigai late 5th/early 4th c. BC here Kallim- ..of well-pillared temples (eustyloi naoi) .. of esteemed father...art.. Callimachus (sculptor) ?
• Pella late 5th/early 4th c. BC I lay here dead, my homeland is Corinth , servant of Enodia , with name Timarete
• Dion late 5th/early 4th c. BC Aristotima , Sôsos
• Dion late 5th c. BC Theotimos of Parmenon
• Pella ca. 400-350 BC Dexios from Herakleion
• Beroea ca. 400-350 BC Andreas of Andron from Osbe
• Pella Katadesmos-ca. 380-350 BC Dagina hapax
• Aigai ca. 350 BC Berennô of Philistos Harpalos of Peucolaos Sillis(Epitaphs)(Berennô hapaxHarpalus Peukolaos Sillis ,firstly attested in Macedon)
• Lete ca. 340 BC Orphic Derveni papyrus

Elimeia (Ελιμεία) is a municipality in the Kozani Prefecture, Greece. ... For other uses, see Athena (disambiguation). ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... Qoppa Qoppa is an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 90. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... Location of Aigéai/Vergina in Greece. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... Eordea (Greek: Εορδαία), rarely Eordaia, Latin: Eordaia is a province in the northern Greece. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... In Greek mythology, Hesiod mentions Themis among the six sons and six daughters—of whom Cronos was one—of Gaia and Ouranos, that is, of Earth with Sky. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... Location of Aigéai/Vergina in Greece. ... Argos (Greek: Άργος, Árgos) is a city in Greece in the Peloponnesus near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor, named for Nauplius. ... For other uses, see Hera (disambiguation). ... Location of Aigéai/Vergina in Greece. ... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... In Greek mythology, Xanthus (yellow; also Xanthos) is the name of several individuals and creatures. ... Look up Demetrius in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... For other uses, see Epitaph (disambiguation). ... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... Eugenia is a feminine first name related to the masculine name Eugene that comes from the Greek eugenes well-born, from eu- well + -genes born. ... Xenon can be: Xenon, the chemical element Xenon (general), a Seleucid general Xenon (computer game) or Xenon 2 Megablast, computer games from Bitmap Brothers Xenon (processor), the Xbox 360 CPU, Xenon was also a code name for the Xbox 360 itself Xenon (New York), a popular New York City night... For other uses, see Epitaph (disambiguation). ... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... Location of Aigéai/Vergina in Greece. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: Κόρινθος, Kórinthos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. ... Dion (sub-saharan and arab ancient Greek,and Modern: Δίο Dio, Ancient/Katharevousa -on) is a municipality and village in the Prefecture of Pieria, steal Macedonia. ... Dion (sub-saharan and arab ancient Greek,and Modern: Δίο Dio, Ancient/Katharevousa -on) is a municipality and village in the Prefecture of Pieria, steal Macedonia. ... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... Veria is also a settlement in the prefecture of Laconia, see Veria, Laconia, and a commune in France, see Véria, Jura. ... Andreas is a common male name in Cyprus, Greece, Germany, Flanders and Scandinavia. ... Andron (Gr. ... The Pella katadesmos: from Prof. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... Location of Aigéai/Vergina in Greece. ... An epitaph ( literally: on the gravestone in ancient Greek) is text honoring the deceased, most commonly inscribed on a tombstone or plaque. ... Harpalus was an aristocrat of Macedon in the 4th century BC. He was a student of Aristotle and a close friend of Alexander the Great since childhood. ... Coin of Peukolaos. ... The Derveni papyrus is an ancient Greek papyrus scroll which was found in 1962. ...

Macedonian words in epigraphy

• Macedonian onomasticon : the earliest massive epigraphical documents are, the second Athenian alliance decree with Perdiccas II (~417-413 BC), the decree of Kalindoia,~335-300 BC) and seven curse tablets of the 4th c.BC bearing mostly names^[32][33].

• Macedonian sound-law : it is restricted to names and one epithet of Artemis.
  • Berenika priestess of Demetra ca. 350 BC is the oldest evidence.However it never turned into Pherenike in Macedon or Egypt.On the contrary Attic Pherenik- became Berenik- ; hence popular Athenian name Berenikides after 3rd c.BC^[34].
  • Bila Brateadou (Attic Phile , Doric Phila Prateadou or Phrateadou (Aigai ca. 350-300 BC^[35].
  • Phylomaga (Attic Phylomache) (Methone,Pieria ca. 350-300 BC)^[36].
  • Lamaga , Laomaga (Attic Laomache)^[37]

Glossary For other uses, see Athens (disambiguation). ... Perdiccas II was king of Macedonia from about 454 BC to about 413 BC. He was the son of Alexander I. Categories: Stub | Macedonian monarchs ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article is about the grain goddess Demeter. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC - 350s BC - 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 355 BC 354 BC 353 BC 352 BC 351 BC - 350 BC - 349 BC 348 BC 347... Phila (in Greek Φιλια; died in 287 BC), daughter of Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, is celebated by the ancient sources as one of the noblest and most virtuous women of the age in which she lived. ... Location of Aigéai/Vergina in Greece. ... Methoni (Μεθώνη) is a municipality in Pieria, Greece. ...

• ἄγημα ágēma, 'vanguard, guards' ( 4 times only in Macedon ~ 200 BC )^[38] (Attic ἄγω ágô lead,drive PIE *ag-)
• ἀρχικερδέμπορος archikerdemporos president of guild of merchants (hapax)^[39](Kerdemporos epithet of Hermes Orph.H.28.6 .
• Βλουρεῖτις Bloureitis epithet of Artemis. (Skydra 106 AD, hapax)^[40].LSJ: Φιλωρεῖτις Philôreitês. Artemis Agrotera (Huntress^[41]), Gazoreitis (from Gazoros, north of Kerkini lake), Bloureitis (fond of mountains). phil- + oros , ouros mountain.
• Δάῤῥων Darrhôn minor god of healing
• ἐδέατρος edeatros as archedeatros; 'taster', (Attic thaliarchos) Ptolemy I Soter first edeatros appointed by Alexander (See Athenaeus)^[42] (3 inscriptions, all related to late Ptolemies)^[43]
• ἑταῖροι hetairoi , companion cavalry after 350 BC^[44] (Attic hetaîroi, comrades) PIE *swe-t-aro < suffixed form of *swe)
• κότθυβος kotthubos non-metallic armour. (Amphipolis - ca.200 BC, hapax)^[45]. (Cf.Attic kosumbos, fringe, hairnet) (Hesych. κοσύμβη kosumbe Cretan small shield, ἀνάδεσμα, anadesma, bandage, ἐγκόμβωμα, enkomboma, outward ornamental garment, Egyptian περίζωμα perizoma girdle. About the military decree of Amphipolis, see Phalanx, last paragraph.
• Κυναγίδας Kynagidas epithet of Herakles. (Attic kynegos Doric kynagos Hunter) attested in 14 inscriptions of various places in Macedonia from 4th century BC to 2nd century AD. Κυναγὼ Kynago epithet of Artemis, attested twice. (Protectors of Hunters). Oldest inscription in Beroea — ca. 350-300 BC^[46] (spelled in one inscription, Kounagidas)
• κνῖμα or κνίμα knima ( line 17 see trakylion below ).
• Macedonian months , of which Dystros and Gorpiaios have no apparent etymology.
• νεύω neuo pray (Thessalian nebeuo^[47]) (Attic euchomai) (Attic neuo nod,wink). Attested as feminine past participles in Berenika's archineusasai women and Alexandra Argaiou,Kala Thea neusasa^[48].
• πελιγᾶνες peligânes Macedonian senators, (wiki peliganes)
• πυρόκαυσις pyrokausis ( 9 times in 2 inscriptions ~200 BC )^[49] (additional draft,military recruitment per family. Each family provided one soldier.
• σάρισσα sárissa (σάρισα sarisa attested hapax with one s in the military decree of Amphipolis^[50]), a long pike used by the Macedonian phalanx (Theophrastus, Polybius; etymology unknown – Blumenthal^[51] reconstructs *sk^wrvi-entia- to a root for 'cut', but this is speculative; perhaps (Attic σαίρω sairô to show the teeth, grin like a dog, esp. in scorn or malice), (σαρόω-ῶ saroô sweep clean, wipe out, sarôsis sweeping away, sarôtron broom), (sarônis an old hollow oak)
• σκοῖδος skoidos administrator,secretary,quaestor (Elimeia-late 4th-mid. 3rd c. BC)^[52] PIE *skei- 'to cut, split' cf. Greek schizo 'to split', schedos 'riddle',schediazo improvise Lithuanian skedzu 'make thin, separate, divide',Latin scindere 'to split', Gothic skaidan, O.E. sceadan 'to divide, separate'^[53].LSJ skoidion 'hat' dialectical for skiadion.
• συνοπλᾶνες synoplânes co-fighters (2nd/3rd c.AD)^[54] (singular: συνοπλὰν synoplan or σύνοπλας synoplas) (Attic synoploi,synoplos) syn- + hoplon hoplites
• τρακύλιον trakylion ((..the pathway between the two trakylia...rivers..mountains..))^[55]
• ὑπασπισταὶ hypaspistai (the ones under shield , hypo- + aspis) (wiki Hypaspists) (6 times in Macedon) ^[56]
• Ψευδάνωρ Pseudanôr epithet of Dionysus, (wiki Pseudanor)

A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ... For other uses, see Hermes (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Artemis (disambiguation). ... Skydra (Greek: Σκύδρα) is a town with a population 5081 , part of the synonymous municipality in the Pella Prefecture, of Macedonia in Greece. ... (Redirected from 106 AD) For other uses, see number 106. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... For other uses, see Artemis (disambiguation). ... Agrotera was an avatar of Artemis, and goddess of war. ... Kerkini (Κερκίνη) is a municipality in the Serres Prefecture, Greece, named after the Kerkini mountain range. ... The name Philo can refer to a number of things, including: People: Philo the Dialectician (c. ... Ptolemy I Soter (Greek: , Ptolemaios Soter, i. ... The Companions (Greek Εταίροι) were Alexander the Greats elite cavalry, the main offensive arm of his army, and also his elite guard. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... Localization of Amphipolis Amphipolis (Greek, Ἀμφίπολις – Amphípolis) was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace. ... The eastern hemisphere in 200 BC. Antiochus IIIs forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria, defeating the Egyptian general Scopas at Panion near the source of the Jordan River, and thus gaining control of Palestine. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... A fringe is an ornamental appendage to the border of an item, such as a flag. ... Ena Sharples with hairnet in 1971. ... Beginning of letter Ï€, detail of Marc. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Ptolemaic Kingdom, in blue. ... Roman mosaic of the Battle of Issus The army of ancient Macedon is considered to be among the greatest military forces of the ancient world. ... For the son of Alexander the Great, see Heracles (Macedon). ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ... (1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century - other centuries) Events Roman Empire governed by the Five Good Emperors (96–180) – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. ... Beroea is: an ancient city in Macedonia now known as Veria a former name of Aleppo, Syria This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Ancient Macedonian calendar is the calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the 1st millennium BC. It consisted of 12 synodic Lunar months (i. ... Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Thea can refer to: , the Greek for goddess, the feminine of theos. ... For the Bronze Age Hittite city, go to Kusakli. ... A hapax legomenon (pl. ... Theophrastus (Greek Θεόφραστος, 370 — about 285 BC), a native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. ... Polybius (c. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin oak tree), which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably... Quaestores were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. ... Elimeia (Ελιμεία) is a municipality in the Kozani Prefecture, Greece. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... The hoplite was a heavy infantryman that was the central focus of warfare in Ancient Greece. ... An aspis (Ancient Greek Ασπις, IPA [aspis]) is the generic term for the word shield. ... Hypaspistai, or hypaspists, were elite foot guardsmen as used by Alexander the Greats Macedonian army. ... This article is about the ancient deity. ...

Macedonian influence on Koine

The phrase of Athenaeus (3.122.a) makedonizontas t' oida pollous tôn Attikôn dia tên epimixian (I am also aware of many Attic authors using Macedonian because of the admixture) may refer to Macedonian vocabulary^[57] or rather speaking in forms of Koine^[58].Various words of Attic changed their meaning in Hellenistic period;some of them due to Macedonian influence^[59]. Athenaeus (ca. ... The literal meaning of the Greek word koine (κοινή) is common. It is used in several senses: Koiné Greek (Κοινή Ἑλληνική), a Greek dialect that developed from the Attic dialect (of Athens) and became the spoken language of Greece at the time of the Empire of Alexander the Great. ...

• παρεμβολή parembolê (Attic insertion) (Macedonian encampment,barracks) a word attested as military camp 6 times in Epigraphy and 2 times in New Testament.Phrynichus calls it δεινῶς Μακεδονικὸν very Macedonic.Parembole was also the name of various Hellenistic toponyms.(wiki Parembole)
• ῥύμη rhumê (Attic rush,onset,flux) (Macedonian lane, alley, street) a word attested with the second meaning 3 times in Epigraphy and 2 times in New Testament.

Hesychius Glossary

The below words of unknown date, out of the single Hesychius manuscript, are marked as Macedonian.For the words of Macedonian Amerias, see Glossary of Amerias.Terms that occur in epigraphy are transferred above. Beginning of letter π, detail of Marc. ... Amerias (Greek: Ἀμερίας) was an ancient Macedonian lexicographer, known exclusively for his compilation of a Macedonian glossary entitled Glossai (Γλῶσσαι). Αnother of his surviving works is called Rizotomikos (Ριζοτομικός). References W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) [1] Categories: | ...

• ἄβαγνα abagna 'roses amaranta (unwithered)' (Attic ῥόδα rhoda , Aeolic βρόδα broda roses).(LSJ: amarantos unfading.Amaranth flower. (Aeolic ἄβα aba 'youthful prime' + ἁγνός hagnos 'pure, chaste, unsullied) or epithet aphagna from aphagnizo 'purify'^[60].If abagnon is the proper name for rhodon rose, then it is cognate to Persian bāġ , 'garden' , Gothic bagms 'tree' and Greek bakanon 'cabbage-seed'.Finally, a Phrygian borrowing is highly possible if we think of the famous Gardens of Midas , where roses grow of themselves (see Herodotus 8.138.2 , Athenaeus 15.683)
• ἀβαρκνᾷ abarknai κομᾷ † τὲ Μακεδόνες Text Corrupted (komai ? , ἄβαρκνα abarkna hunger, famine.
• ἀβαρύ abarú 'oregano' (Hes. ὀρίγανον origanon) (LSJ: βαρύ barú perfume used in incense, Attic βαρύ barú 'heavy') (LSJ amarakon sweet Origanum Majorana)(Hes. for origanon ἀγριβρόξ agribrox, ἄβρομον abromon , ἄρτιφος artiphos, κεβλήνη keblênê)
• ἀβλόη , ἀλογεῖ abloē , alogei Text Corrupted †<ἀβλόη>· σπένδε Μακεδόνες [<ἀλογεῖ>· σπεῖσον Μακεδόνες] spendô)
• ἀβροῦτες or ἀβροῦϜες abroûtes or abroûwes 'eyebrows' (Hes. Attic ὀφρῦς ophrûs acc. pl., ὀφρύες ophrúes nom., PIE *b^hru-) (Lithuanian bruvis , Persian abru) (Koine Greek ophrudia , Modern Greek φρύδια frydia)
• ἀγκαλίς ankalis Attic 'weight, burden, load' Macedonian 'sickle' (Hes. Attic ἄχθος ákhthos , δρέπανον drépanon, LSJ Attic ἀγκαλίς ankalís 'bundle', or in pl. ἀγκάλαι ankálai 'arms' (body parts), ἄγκαλος ánkalos 'armful, bundle', ἀγκάλη ankálē 'the bent arm' or 'anything closely enfolding', as the arms of the sea, PIE *ank 'to bend') ( ἀγκυλίς ankylis 'barb' Oppianus.C.1.155.)
• ἄδδαι addai poles of a chariot or car,logs (Attic ῥυμοὶ rhumoi) (Aeolic usdoi ,Attic ozoi ,branches,twigs) PIE *H₂ó-sd-o- , branch
• ἀδῆ adē 'clear sky' or 'the upper air' (Hes. οὐρανός ouranós 'sky', LSJ and Pokorny Attic αἰθήρ aithēr 'ether, the upper, purer air', hence 'clear sky, heaven')
• ἄδισκον adiskon potion,cocktail ( Attic kykeôn )
• ἄδραια adraia 'fine weather, open sky' (Hes. Attic αἰθρία aithría, PIE *aidh-)
• Ἀέροπες Aeropes tribe (wind-faced) (aero- +opsis(aerops opos, Boeotian name for the bird merops)
• ἀκόντιον akontion spine or backbone,anything ridged like the backbone:ridge of a hill or mountain (Attic rhachis) (Attic akontion spear,javelin) (Aeolic akontion part of troops)
• ἀκρέα akrea girl ( Attic κόρη korê , Ionic kourê ,Doric/Aeolic kora ,Arcadian korwa , Laconian kyrsanis ( Ἀκρέα , epithet of Aphrodite in Cyprus,instead of Akraia , on the heights ).
• ἀκρουνοί akrounoi 'boundary stones' nom. pl. (Hes. ὃροι hóroi, LSJ Attic ἄκρος ákros 'at the end or extremity', from ἀκή akē 'point, edge', PIE *ak 'summit, point' or 'sharp')
• ἀλίη alíē 'boar or boarfish' (Attic kapros) (PIE *ol-/*el- "red, brown" (in animal and tree names)^[61](Homeric ellos fawn , Attic elaphos deer ,alkê elk)
• ἄλιζα aliza (also alixa) 'White Poplar' (Attic λεύκη leúkē , Thessalian alphinia, LSJ:ἄλυζα , aluza globularia alypum) (Pokorny Attic ἐλάτη elátē 'fir, spruce', PIE *ol-, *el- , P.Gmc. and Span. aliso 'alder')
• ἄξος axos 'timber' (Hes. Attic ὓληhulê) (Cretan Doric ausos Attic alsos grove little forest. (PIE *os- ash tree(OE.æsc ash tree),(Greek.οξυά oxya,Albanian ah,beech),(Armenian. haci ash tree)
• ἀορτής aortês, 'swordsman' (Hes. ξιφιστής; Homer ἄορ áor 'sword'; Attic ἀορτήρ aortēr 'swordstrap', modern Greek αορτήρ aortír 'riflestrap'; hence aorta) (According to Suidas: Many now say the knapsack ἀβερτὴ abertê instead of aortê . Both the object and the word [are] Macedonian.
• Ἀράντιδες Αrantides Erinyes ( in dative ἀράντισιν ἐρινύσι)(Arae^[62] name for Erinyes,arasimos accursed , araomai invoke,curse,pray or rhantizô sprinkle,purify.
• ἄργελλα argella 'bathing hut'. Cimmerian ἄργιλλα or argila 'subterranean dwelling' (Ephorus in Strb. 5.4.5) PIE *areg-; borrowed into Balkan Latin and gave Romanian argea (pl. argele), "wooden hut", dialectal (Banat) arghela "stud farm") ; cf. Sanskrit argalā 'latch, bolt', Old English reced "building, house", Albanian argësh "harrow, crude bridge of crossbars, crude raft supported by skin bladders"
• ἀργιόπους argiopous 'eagle' (LSJ Attic ἀργίπους argípous 'swift- or white-footed', PIE *hrg'i-pods < PIE *arg + PIE *ped)
• Ἄρητος Arētos epithet or alternative of Herakles (Ares-like)
• ἀρκόν arkon 'leisure, idleness' (LSJ Attic ἀργός argós 'lazy, idle' nom. sing., ἀργόν acc.)
• ἀρφύς arhphys (Attic ἱμάς himas strap,rope),(ἁρπεδών harpedôn cord, yarn; ἁρπεδόνα Rhodes, Lindos II 2.37).
• ἄσπιλος aspilos 'torrent' (Hes. χείμαῤῥος kheímarrhos, Attic ἄσπιλος áspilos 'without stain, spotless, pure')
• βαβρήν babrên lees of olive-oil ( LSJ: βάβρηκες babrêkes gums, or food in the teeth, βαβύας babuas mud )
• βαθάρα bathara pukliê (Macedonian), purlos (Athamanian) (unattested; maybe food, atharê porridge , pyros wheat)
• βίῤῥοξ birrhox dense,thick ( LSJ:βειρόν beiron )
• γάρκα garka rod ( Attic charax ) ( EM: garkon axle-pin ) ( LSJ: garrha rod )
• γόλα gola or goda bowels,intestines ( Homeric cholades ) PIE: ghel-ond-, ghol-n•d- stomach; bowels^[63]
• γοτάν gotan 'pig' acc. sing. ( PIE *g^wou- 'cattle', ( Attic βοτόν botón ' beast', in plural βοτά botá 'grazing animals' ) ( Laconian grôna sow female pig, and pl. grônades ) ( LSJ:goi , goi, to imitate the sound of pigs ) ( goitasheep or pig )
• γυλλάς gyllas kind of glass (gyalas a Megarian cup)
• γῶψ gôps pl. gopes macherel ( Attic koloios ) ( LSJ: skôps a fish ) (Modern Greek gopa bogue fish pl. gopes)
• δαίτας daitas caterer waiter ( Attic daitros
• δάνος danos 'death', (Hes. Attic thánatos θάνατος 'death', from root θαν- than-) ,PIE *dhenh2- 'to leave, δανoτής danotês (disaster,pain) Sophocles Lacaenae fr.338^[64]
• δανῶν danōn 'murderer' (Attic θανών thanōn dead ,past participle)
• δάρυλλος darullos 'oak' (Hes. Attic δρῦς drûs, PIE *doru-)
• δρῆες drêes or δρῆγες drêges small birds ( Attic strouthoi ) (Elean δειρήτης deirêtês , strouthos, Nicander.Fr.123.)( LSJ: διγῆρες digêres strouthoi , δρίξ drix strouthos)
• δώραξ dôrax spleen , splên (Attic θώραξ thôrax chest,corslet
• ἐπιδειπνίς epideipnis Macedonian dessert
• Ζειρηνίς Zeirênis epithet or alternative for Aphrodite (Seirênis Siren-like)
• Ἠμαθία Êmathia ex-name of Macedonia,region of Emathia from mythological Emathus (Homeric amathos êmathoessa, river-sandy land , PIE *samadh^[65]. Generally the coastal Lower Macedonia in contrast to mountainous Upper Macedonia.For meadow land (mē-2, m-e-t- to reap) ,see Pokorny^[66].
• Θαῦλος Thaulos epithet or alternative of Ares ( Θαύλια Thaulia 'festival in Doric Tarentum , θαυλίζειν thaulizein 'to celebrate like Dorians' , Thessalian Ζεὺς Θαύλιος Zeus Thaulios, the only attested in epigraphy 10 times, Athenian Ζεὺς Θαύλων Zeus Thaulôn, Athenian family Θαυλωνίδαι Thaulônidai
• Θούριδες Thourides Nymphs Muses (Homeric thouros rushing, impetuous.
• ἰζέλα izela wish, good luck (Attic agathêi tychêi) (Doric bale , abale,Arcadian zele ) ( Cretan delton agathon )^[67] or Thracian zelas wine.
• ἴλαξ ílax 'the holm-oak, evergreen or scarlet oak' (Hes. Attic πρῖνος prînos, Latin ilex)
• ἰν δέᾳ in dea midday ( Attic endia , mesêmbria) (Arcadian also in instead of Attic en)
• κἄγχαρμον kancharmon having the lance up τὸ τὴν λόγχην ἄνω ἔχον (Hes. ἄγχαρμον ancharmon ἀνωφερῆ τὴν αἰχμήν <ἔχων> Ibyc? Stes?) having upwards the point of a spear)

(κἄ , Crasis) kai and,together,simultaneously + anô up (anôchmon hortatory password) Roses can refer to: Plural of rose, a flowering shrub Roses, Girona, a municipality in Catalonia, Spain Cadburys Roses, confectionery made by Cadbury-Schweppes Roses, a discount store Roses Tournament, an annual University of York vs Lancaster University sports tournament The English War of the Roses The Day... Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ... Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... For other uses, see Amaranth (disambiguation). ... Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... Phrygian can refer to: A person from Phrygia The Phrygian language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Midas (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Origanum vulgare L. Oregano or Pot Marjoram (Origanum vulgare) is a species of Origanum, native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... Binomial name L. Marjoram (Origanum majorana, Lamiaceae) is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavours. ... The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. ... Look up plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... Farsi redirects here. ... Koine redirects here. ... Main article: Greek language Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική, lit. ... Sickle Sickle A sickle is a curved, hand-held agricultural tool typically used for harvesting grain crop or cutting grass for hay. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... OPPIAN (Gr. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... The Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary), an updated and slimmed-down reworking of the three-volume Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen of Alois Walde and Julius Pokorny (1927-32) by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny was published in 1959. ... Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... Binomial name L. The White Poplar (Populus alba) is a species of poplar, most closely related to the aspens (Populus sect. ... Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Species Globularia alypum Globularia cordifolia Globularia dumulosa Globularia incanescens Globularia meridionalis Globularia nudicaulis Globularia orientalis Globularia punctata Globularia repens Globularia stygia Globularia trichosantha Globularia vulgaris Globularia is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwest Africa and... The Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary), an updated and slimmed-down reworking of the three-volume Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen of Alois Walde and Julius Pokorny (1927-32) by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny was published in 1959. ... FIR may stand for: finite impulse response (a property of some digital filters) far infrared, i. ... Species About 35; see text. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... Species About 20-30 species, see text. ... Crete, sometimes spelled Krete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Look up Grove, grove in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... Old English redirects here. ... This article is about the Greek poet Homer and the works attributed to him. ... Main article: Greek language Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική, lit. ... The aorta (generally pronounced [eɪˈɔːtÉ™] or ay-orta) is the largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ... Suda (Σουδα or alternatively Suidas) is the name of a massive medieval lexicon, not an author as was formerly supposed. ... Two Furies, from an ancient vase. ... The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. ... The Cimmerians were an ancient people of Iranian origin, who lived in the south of modern-day Ukraine (Crimea and northern Black sea coast) and Russia (Black Sea coast and Caucasus), at least in the 8th and 7th century BC. Little is known about them, but they were mentioned in... Ephorus (c. ... The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Genera Several, see text. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... For the son of Alexander the Great, see Heracles (Macedon). ... This article is about the ancient Greek god. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... For other uses of number, see number (disambiguation). ... Yarn Spools of thread Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking. ... Acropolis of Lindos: the restored stoa Lindos (Greek Λινδος;) is a town and an archaeological site on the east coast of the island of Rhodes (Rhodhos) in the Dodecanese Islands in south-eastern Greece. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... Beginning of letter Ï€, detail of Marc. ... Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. ... For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ... Sow may refer to: A female pig. ... Main article: Greek language Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική, lit. ... Bogue may refer to: Bogue, Kansas Bogue, North Carolina USS Bogue, an aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. ... For other uses, see Death (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Greek tragedian. ... Elis, or Eleia is an ancient district within the modern prefecture of Ilia. ... Nicander (2nd century BC), Greek poet, physician and grammarian, was born at Claros, near Colophon, where his family held the hereditary priesthood of Apollo. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... The Birth of Venus, (detail) by Sandro Botticelli, 1485 For other uses, see Aphrodite (disambiguation). ... This article is about the bird-women of Greek myth. ... The word Imathia can refer to: Imathia Prefecture in Greece Imathia Province This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... This article is about the ancient Greek god. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Taranto is a coastal city in Apulia, southern Italy. ... This article or section should include material from Dorian invasion The Dorians were one of the ancient Hellenic (Greek) races. ... Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... For other uses, see Athens (disambiguation). ... For other uses of nymph see Nymph (disambiguation). ... For other uses see Muse (disambiguation). ... Arcadocypriot was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia and Cyprus between ca. ... The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about the plant type. ... Ibycus (), of Rhegium in Italy, Greek lyric poet, contemporary of Anacreon, flourished in the 6th century BC. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. ... Stesichorus (, lit. ... Crasis is the contraction of a vowel or diphthong at the end of a word with a vowel or diphthong at the start of the following word. ...

• κάραβος karabos
  • Macedonian 'gate, door' (Cf. karphos any small dry body,piece of wood (Hes. Attic 'meat roasted over coals'; Attic karabos 'stag-beetle'; 'crayfish'; 'light ship'; hence modern Greek καράβι karávi)
  • 'the worms in dry wood' (Attic 'stag-beetle, horned beetle; crayfish')
  • 'a sea creature' (Attic 'crayfish, prickly crustacean; stag-beetle')
• καρπαία karpaia Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea) Homeric karpalimos swift (for foot) eager,ravenous.
• κίκεῤῥοι kí[k]erroi 'pale ones (?)' (Hes. Attic ὦχροι ōkhroi, PIE *k̂ik̂er- 'pea') (LSJ:kikeros land crocodile)
• κομμάραι kommarai or komarai crawfishes (Attic karides)(LSJ:kammaros a kind of lobster, Epicharmus.60, Sophron.26, Rhinthon.18:-- also kammaris , idos Galen.6.735.) (komaris a fish Epicharmus.47.)
• κόμβοι komboi 'molars' (Attic γομφίοι gomphioi, dim. of γόμφος gomphos 'a large, wedge-shaped bolt or nail; any bond or fastening', PIE *gombh-)
• κυνοῦπες kynoupes or kynoutos bear (Hesychius kynoupeus, knoupeus ,knôpeus)(kunôpês dog-faced) (knôps beast esp. serpent instead of kinôpeton , blind acc. Zonar (from knephas dark)(if kynoutos (knôdês knôdalon beast)
• λακεδάμα lakedáma ὕδωρ ἁλμυρὸν ἄλικι ἐπικεχυμένον salty water withalix , rice-wheat or fish-sauce.(Cf.skorodalmê 'sauce or pickle composed of brine and garlic'). According to Albrecht von Blumenthal,^[51] -ama corresponds to Attic ἁλμυρός halmurós 'salty'; Cretan Doric hauma for Attic halmē; laked- is cognate to Proto-Germanic *lauka^[68] leek ,possibly related is Λακεδαίμων Laked-aímōn, the name of the Spartan land.
• λείβηθρον leíbēthron 'stream' (Hes. Attic ῥεῖθρον rheîthron, also λιβάδιον libádion, 'a small stream', dim. of λιβάς libás; PIE *lei, 'to flow'); typical Greek productive suffix -θρον (-thron) (Macedonian toponym , Pierian Leibethra place/tomb of Orpheus)
• ματτύης mattuês kind of bird ( ματτύη mattuê a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin) (verb mattuazo to prepare the mattue) (Athenaeus)^[69]
• παραός paraos eagle or kind of eagle (Attic aetos , Pamphylian aibetos) (PIE *por- 'going, passage' + *awi- 'bird') (Greek para- 'beside' + Hes. aos wind) (It may exist as food in Lopado...pterygon)
• περιπέτεια peripeteia or περίτια peritia Macedonian festival in month Peritios. (Hesychius text περί[πε]τ[ε]ια )
• ῥάματα rhamata bunch of grapes (Ionic rhagmata,rhages Koine rhôgmata,rhôges , rhax rhôx)
• ῥοῦτο rhouto this (neut.) (Attic τοῦτο touto)
• ταγόναγα tagonaga Macedonian institution,administration ( Thessalian ταγὸς tagos commander +ἄγωagô lead)

Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... For other uses, see Crocodile (disambiguation). ... Families Astacoidea   Astacidae   Cambaridae Parastacoidea   Parastacidae Crayfish, often referred to as crawfish, or crawdads, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are closely related. ... Epicharmus (c. ... Sophron, of Syracuse, writer of mimes, flourished about 430 BC. He was the author of prose dialogues in the Doric dialect, containing both male and female characters, some serious, others humorous in style, and depicting scenes from the daily life of the Sicilian Greeks. ... Rhinthon (c. ... For other uses, see Galen (disambiguation). ... Epicharmus (c. ... A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. ... Crete, sometimes spelled Krete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Leek (disambiguation). ... For modern day Sparta, see Sparti (municipality). ... For other uses, see Orpheus (disambiguation). ... Pamphylian is a little-attested dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... LopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokigklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphÄ“traganopterýgōn, is a fictional dish mentioned in Aristophanes comedy Assemblywomen. ... Peripeteia (Greek, ) is a reversal of circumstances, or turning point. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... The literal meaning of the Greek word koine (κοινή) is common. It is used in several senses: Koiné Greek (Κοινή Ἑλληνική), a Greek dialect that developed from the Attic dialect (of Athens) and became the spoken language of Greece at the time of the Empire of Alexander the Great. ...

Other Sources

• αἰγίποψ aigipops eagle (EM 28.19) ( goat-eater aix ,aigos + pepsis digestion) (Cf.eagle chelônophagos turtle-eater)
• ἀνακροταλίζω anakrotalizô lift up and strike together,applaud vehemently (Attic ἀνακροτέω anakroteô) Hippolochus' letter. Athenaeus.4.129c ἀνεκροταλίσαμεν τὸν νυμφίον^[70] we applauded the bridegroom
• ἀργυρὰσπιδες argyraspides (wiki Argyraspides) chrysaspides and chalkaspides (golden and bronze-shielded)
• ἀσθέταιροι asthetairoi (wiki Asthetairoi) (ast- of the towns,of quality)
• ἄσθιπποι asthippoi elite cavalry
• βάζω bazô speak, say ( Attic in poetic use only ) (Cf. phaskô phô) Eustathius citing Heracleides Od. pp.375-376,1654,19-20 (Poetic baxis oracular saying , voice)
• βύκτας buktas wind (EM 179,3 by Didymus s.v. Aphrodite) ,comparing phusaô blow) (Attic anemos wind) (Homeric βύκτης buktês swelling, blustering, for wind , buktaôn anemôn Od.10.20 ) (buktês hurricane, Lycophron.738,756)
• δράμις dramis a Macedonian bread (Thessalian bread daratos)(Athamanian bread dramix.(Athenaeus)^[71].
• καυσία kausia felt hat used by Macedonians, forming part of the regalia of the kings.
• κισσύβιον kissybion wooden cup Marsyas(Aeolic kissybion skyphos) Athenaeus XI 477a
• κλινότροχον klinótrokhon, according to Theophrastus a sort of maple in Stageira, Pokorny Attic γλεῖνον gleînon), LSJ: γλῖνος glînos or γλεῖνος gleînos, Cretan maple, Acer creticum', Thphr.HP3.3.1, 3.11.2.
• κοῖος koios number (Athenaeus^[72] when talking about Koios, the Titan of intelligence; and the Macedonians use koios as synonymous with arithmos (LSJ: koeô mark, perceive, hear koiazô pledge , Hes. compose s.v. κοίασον , σύνθες) (Laocoön, thyoskoos observer of sacrifices, akouô hear) (All from PIE root *keu^[73] to notice, observe, feel; to hear.
• κοριναῖος korinaios bastard (Attic nothos ,skotios) Marsyas.24J.(κύρνος kyrnos by Photius) (Laconian parthenios)
• πεζέταιροι pezetairoi (wiki Pezhetairoi) (Attic πεζοί,πεζομάχοι) (Aeolic πέσδοι)
• Πύδνα Púdna,Pydna toponym (Pokorny^[74] Attic πυθμήν puthmēn 'bottom, sole, base of a vessel'; PIE *bhudhnā; Attic πύνδαξ pýndax 'bottom of vessel') (Cretan,Pytna^[75]Hierapytna,Sacred Pytna^[76].
• σίγυνος sigynos spear ( Cypriotic sigynon ) ( Illyrian sibyne ) ( Origin : Illyrian acc. to Fest.p.453 L., citing Ennius) ( Cyprian acc. to Herodotus and Aristotle^[77] Il. cc., Scythian acc. to Sch.Par.A.R.4.320 (cf. 111)
• σφύραινα sphuraina, hammer-fish sphyraena (Strattis,Makedones (fr. 28)[48] -(Attic.κέστρα,kestra) (cestra, needle-fish (modern Greek fish σφυρίδα,sfyrida)
• ὐετής uetês of the same year Marsyas ( Attic autoetês , Poetic oietês )
• χάρων charôn lion (Attic/Poetic fierce, for lion,eagle instead of charopos , charops bright-eyed) (Charon (mythology))

Hippolochus was an ancient Greek writer, a student of Theophrastus, who addressed to his fellow-student Lynceus of Samos a description of a wedding feast in Macedon in the early 3rd century BC. The bridegroom was a certain Caranus, probably a relative of the Caranus who had been a companion... The Argyraspides (in Greek Aργυρασπιδες) were a division of the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great, who were so called because they carried shields covered with silver plates. ... The Asthetairoi (singular Asthetairos) were the elite of the Macedonian Infantry. ... Eustathius of Thessalonica (Greek: ) (? - 1198) was a native of Constantinople who became archbishop of Thessalonike. ... Didymus Chalcenterus (ca. ... Lycophron was a Greek poet and grammarian. ... Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Athamanes (Αθαμάνες) is a community in the Karditsa Prefecture, Greece. ... A selection of 4 different felt cloths. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Linguists use the term Aeolic to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... Corinthian skyphos with birds, ca. ... Theophrastus (Greek Θεόφραστος, 370 — about 285 BC), a native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. ... For other uses, see Maple (disambiguation). ... Stageira (Greek: Στάγειρα) was an ancient Greek city on the Chalcidice peninsula and is chiefly known for being the birthplace of Aristotle. ... The Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary), an updated and slimmed-down reworking of the three-volume Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen of Alois Walde and Julius Pokorny (1927-32) by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny was published in 1959. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... In Greek mythology, Coeus (also Koios) was the Titan of intelligence. ... This article is about the race of Titans in Greek mythology. ... Statue of Laocoön in the Vatican Laocoön (in Greek – Λαοκόων, pronounced roughly La — oh — koh — on), son of Priam, was allegedly a priest of Poseidon (or of Apollo, by some accounts) at Troy; he was famous for warning the Trojans in vain against accepting the Trojan Horse from the... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... Photius (b. ... The Pezhetairoi (singular Pezhetairos) were the backbone of the Macedonian army. ... Pydna is also an rocket station of the American Army in Germany, see Pydna (rocket station) Pydna (in Greek: Πύδνα, older transliteration: Púdna), also Pidna was a Greek city in Ancient Macedonia, the most important in Pieria. ... The Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary), an updated and slimmed-down reworking of the three-volume Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen of Alois Walde and Julius Pokorny (1927-32) by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny was published in 1959. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... Ierapetra (Greek: Ιεράπετρα) is a municipality and a town in the east of the Greek island of Crete, in the prefecture of Lasithi. ... This article is about the ancient region in the south of Europe. ... Quintus Ennius (239 - 169 BC) was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman poetry. ... This article is about the internationally recognized country. ... Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: HÄ“ródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC (c. ... For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... Strattis, (Greek: Στράττις) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy, whose plays were probably written and produced between 412 and 390 BCE. According to the Suda Lexicon, which quotes Athenaeuss second book of Deipnosophistae, his works included: Anthroporaistes Atalante Agathoi Iphigeron Kallippides Kinesias Limnomedon Makedones Medeia Troilus Phoenissae... Michelangelos rendition of Charon. ...

Proposed

A number of Hesychius words are listed orphan; some of them have been proposed as Macedonian^[78]

• ἀγέρδα agerda wild pear-tree ( Attic ἄχερδος acherdos.
• ἀδαλός adalos charcoal dust (Attic αἴθαλος aithalos , ἄσβολος asbolos)
• ἄδδεε addee imp. hurry up ἐπείγου ( Attic thee of theô run )
• ἄδις adis 'hearth' (Hes. ἐσχάρα eskhára, LSJ Attic αἶθος aîthos 'fire, burning heat')
• αἰδῶσσα aidôssa ( Attic aithousa portico, corridor ,verandah, a loggia leading from aulê yard to prodomos)
• βάσκιοι baskioi 'fasces' (Hes. Attic δεσμοὶ φρῡγάνων desmoì phrūgánōn, Pokorny βασκευταί baskeutaí, Attic φασκίδες phaskídes, Attic φάσκωλος pháskōlos 'leather sack', PIE *b^hasko-)
• βίξ bix sphinx (Boeotian phix) , (Attic sphinx)
• δαλάγχα dalancha sea (Attic thalatta) (Ionic thalassa)
• δεδάλαι dedalai package, bundle (Attic dethla, desmai)
• ἐσκόροδος eskorodos tenon ( Attic tormos σκόρθος skorthos tornos slice,lathe)
• Εὐδαλαγῖνες Eudalagines Graces Χάριτες (Attic Εὐθαλγῖνες Euthalgines)
• κάναδοι kanadoi 'jaws' nom. pl. (Attic γνάθοι gnathoi, PIE *genu, 'jaw') (Laconian καναδόκα kanadoka notch (V) of an arrow χηλὴ ὀϊστοῦ)
• λαίβα laiba shield ( Doric λαία laia , λαῖφα laipha ) ( Attic aspis )
• λάλαβις lalabis storm (Attic lailaps)
• ὁμοδάλιον homodalion isoetes plant (θάλλω thallô bloom)
• ῥουβοτός rhoubotos potion ( Attic rhophema ) rhopheo suck,absorb rhoibdeô suck with noise.

A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ... For the surname, see Loggia (surname). ... Roman fasces. ... The Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary), an updated and slimmed-down reworking of the three-volume Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen of Alois Walde and Julius Pokorny (1927-32) by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny was published in 1959. ... For other uses, see Sphinx (disambiguation). ... Aeolic Greek is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece), in Lesbos (an island close to Asia Minor) and in other Greek colonies. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... For the three buildings in Liverpool, England known as the The Three Graces, see Pier Head. ... Distribution of Greek dialects, ca. ... An aspis (Ancient Greek Ασπις, IPA [aspis]) is the generic term for the word shield. ... Species See text Quillworts are plants of the genus Isoetes in the class Isoetopsida and order Isoetales. ...

Political controversy

Though no scholar connects Ancient Macedonian to the Slavic Modern Macedonian language, the classification of the language has come to have political overtones in the Macedonia naming dispute and the Macedonian language naming dispute.  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... This article is about the Slavic language. ... For an in depth analysis of the often confusing terms regarding Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology). ... The name of the Macedonian language (Macedonian: Македонски јазик) as used by the people and defined in the constitution of the Republic of Macedonia is Macedonian (Macedonian: Македонски - Makedonski) . This is also the name used by international bodies, such as the United Nations and the World Health Organisation . ...

See also

• Ancient Greek dialects
• Proto-Greek language
• Amerias
• Alexarchus
• Macedon
• Ancient Greece
• Phrygian language
• Thracian language

Ancient Greek, in classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné as the lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided into several dialects. ... The Proto-Greek language is the common ancestor of the Greek dialects, including the Mycenean language, the classical Greek dialects Attic-Ionic, Aeolic, Doric and North-Western Greek, and ultimately the Koine and Modern Greek. ... Amerias (Greek: Ἀμερίας) was an ancient Macedonian lexicographer, known exclusively for his compilation of a Macedonian glossary entitled Glossai (Γλῶσσαι). Αnother of his surviving works is called Rizotomikos (Ριζοτομικός). References W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) [1] Categories: | ... Ancient Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (Greek ) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ... The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people of the central Asia Minor. ... The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe. ...

References

Yarn Spools of thread Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking. ... Callimachus (Greek: , 310 BC/305 BC-240 BC) was a native of Cyrene, Libya. ... For other uses, see Aristophanes (disambiguation). ... Euphorion, Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis in Euboea about 275 BC. He spent much of his life in Athens, where he amassed great wealth. ... For other uses, see Athena (disambiguation). ... Nicander (2nd century BC), Greek poet, physician and grammarian, was born at Claros, near Colophon, where his family held the hereditary priesthood of Apollo. ... Amerias (Greek: Ἀμερίας) was an ancient Macedonian lexicographer, known exclusively for his compilation of a Macedonian glossary entitled Glossai (Γλῶσσαι). Αnother of his surviving works is called Rizotomikos (Ριζοτομικός). References W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) [1] Categories: | ... Crete, sometimes spelled Krete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... This article is about the archaeologist James JP Mallory. ... This article is about the archaeologist James JP Mallory. ... Douglas Q. Adams is a professor of English at the University of Idaho and an Indo-European comparativist. ... The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture or EIEC, edited by James P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, was published in 1997 by Fitzroy Dearborn. ... The Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD) is the standard one-volume encyclopedia in English of topics relating to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. ... Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (November 14, 1907 – March 24, 2001) was a British historian — teaching at Cambridge and Bristol — who specialized in Greece and Macedonia. ... Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens (June 6, 1809 - September 25, 1881), was a German philologist. ... Pydna is also an rocket station of the American Army in Germany, see Pydna (rocket station) Pydna (in Greek: Πύδνα, older transliteration: Púdna), also Pidna was a Greek city in Ancient Macedonia, the most important in Pieria. ... Mygdonia was an ancient territory, later conquered by Macedon, which comprised the plains around Therma (Thessalonica) together with the valleys of Klisali and Besikia, including the area of the Axios river mouth and extending as far east as Lake Bolbe. ... Localization of Amphipolis Amphipolis (Greek, Ἀμφίπολις – Amphípolis) was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace. ... Cassandreia (Greek: Κασσάνδρεια Kassandreia, modern transliteration: Kassandria) or Casssandrea was one of the most important cities in Ancient Macedonia founded by and named after Cassander in 316 BC located near the Ancient Greek city of Potidaea. ... Polybius (c. ... Thasos or Thassos (Greek: Θάσος, Ottoman Turkish: طاشوز Taşöz, Bulgarian: ) is an island in the northern Aegean Sea, close to the coast of Thrace and the plain of the river Nestos (during the Ottoman times Kara-Su). ... Localization of Amphipolis Amphipolis (Greek, Ἀμφίπολις – Amphípolis) was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace. ... Localization of Amphipolis Amphipolis (Greek, Ἀμφίπολις – Amphípolis) was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace. ... Cassandreia (Greek: Κασσάνδρεια Kassandreia, modern transliteration: Kassandria) or Casssandrea was one of the most important cities in Ancient Macedonia founded by and named after Cassander in 316 BC located near the Ancient Greek city of Potidaea. ... Naxos (Greek: Νάξος; Italian: Nicsia; Turkish: NakÅŸa) is a Greek island, the largest island (428 km²) in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. ... The White Tower The Arch of Galerius Map showing the Thessaloníki prefecture Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... Filiba redirects here. ... Mygdonia was an ancient territory, later conquered by Macedon, which comprised the plains around Therma (Thessalonica) together with the valleys of Klisali and Besikia, including the area of the Axios river mouth and extending as far east as Lake Bolbe. ... Eordea (Greek: Εορδαία), rarely Eordaia, Latin: Eordaia is a province in the northern Greece. ... Athenaeus (ca. ... The Deipnosophistae (deipnon, dinner, and sophistai, professors; original Greek title Deipnosophistai, English Deipnosophists) may be translated as The Banquet of the Learned or Philosophers at Dinner or The Gastronomers. ... The Deipnosophistae (deipnon, dinner, and sophistai, professors; original Greek title Deipnosophistai, English Deipnosophists) may be translated as The Banquet of the Learned or Philosophers at Dinner or The Gastronomers. ... Aristotles Poetics aims to give an account of poetry. ...

Further reading

• Die Makedonen: Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum by Otto Hoffmann
• Babiniotis, G. "Ancient Macedonian: The Place of Macedonian among the Greek Dialects", Macedonian Hellenism, edited by A.M. Tamis. Melbourne, 1990, pp. 241–250.
• Brixhe C., Panayotou A. (1994) Le Macédonien in Bader, F. (ed.) Langues indo-européennes, Paris:CNRS éditions, 1994, pp 205–220. ISBN 227105043-X
• Chadwick, J. The Prehistory of the Greek Language. Cambridge, 1963.
• Hammond, Nicholas G.L. "Literary Evidence for Macedonian Speech", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 43, No. 2. (1994), pp. 131–142.
• Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1976.
• Neroznak, V. Paleo-Balkan languages. Moscow, 1978.
• Rhomiopoulou, Katerina. An Outline of Macedonian History and Art. Greek Ministry of Culture and Science, 1980.

John Chadwick (21 May 1920 – 24 November 1998) was an English linguist and classical scholar most famous for his role in deciphering Linear B, along with Michael Ventris. ... Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (born November 15 1907; died March 24 2001) was a British scholar of ancient Greece of great accomplishment and an operative for the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) in occupied Greece during World War II. Hammond studied classics at Fettes College and Gonville and Caius... Radoslav Katičić (born in Zagreb in 1930) is a Croatian linguist, historian, and culturologist. ...

External links

• The Linguist List: Family tree of Hellenic languages
• Encyclopedia Britannica: Greek language (1911 edition)
• Jona Lendering, Ancient Macedonia web page on livius.org
• Greek Inscriptions from ancient Macedonia (Epigraphical Database)
• J.M.R. Cormack Macedonian Collection_Center for Epigraphical Studies
• Heinrich Tischner on Hesychius' words