The expansion of the ancient Macedonians in 4th. BC.

The Ancient Macedonians (Greek: Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe who inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axius, north of the Mount Olympus in Greece.^[1] Historians generally agree that the ancient Macedonians, whether they originally spoke a Greek dialect or a distinct language, came to belong to the Koine Greek speaking population in Hellenistic times. Whether the ancient Macedonians were ethnically Greeks themselves or were Hellenised continues to be debated by historians, linguists and lay people, although most scholars agree that they were in fact Greek. The Macedonian Royal family known as the Argead dynasty claimed Greek descent and Macedonians Kings since Alexander I were allowed in the Ancient Olympic Games, an athletic event in which only people of Greek origin participated^[2][3]. After the 4th century BC, the ancient Macedonians were heavily Atticised. The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ... This article is about the Slavic ethnic group; for the unrelated people of ancient and modern Greece, see Ancient Macedonians and Macedonians (Greek) respectively. ... Map showing location of the Haliacmon The Haliacmon (Attic Haliákmōn, Ionic Aliákmōn, modern Greek Αλιάκμονας Aliákmonas, South Slavic Бистрица Bistritsa, Turkish Ä°nce Karasu) is the longest river in Greece, with a total length of 322 km (200 miles). ... Vardar in Skopje Axios redirects here. ... This article is about the Greek mountain. ... Beginning of Homers Odyssey The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage of the Greek language[1] as it existed during the Archaic (9th–6th centuries BC) and Classical (5th–4th centuries BC) periods in Ancient Greece. ... Koine redirects here. ... The term Hellenistic (derived from HéllÄ“n, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ... Hellenization (or Hellenisation) is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-Greek becomes Greek (Hellenistic civilization). ... Argead dynasty (in Greek: hoi Argeádai) were the ruling family and founders of Macedon, a kingdom in northern Greece from c. ... Alexander I was ruler of Macedon from 495 BC to 450 BC. He was the son of Amyntas I of Macedon. ... Ruins of the training grounds at Olympia The Ancient Olympic Games, originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Greek: ; Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of athletic competitions held between various city-states of Ancient Greece. ... The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ... Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ...

Origins

Ancient writers

Hesiod mentions the mythical progenitor and eponymous ancestor of the Macedonians called Makednos along with the other Hellenes. Roman bronze bust, the so-called Pseudo-Seneca, now identified by some as possibly Hesiod Hesiod (Hesiodos, ) was an early Greek poet and rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BC. Hesiod and Homer, with whom Hesiod is often paired, have been considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived... An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) whose name has become identified with a particular object or activity. ... For the Greek municipality see Makednos (municipality). ... This article or section should include material from Greeks According to Thucydides, Hellenes were the people of Hellas. ...

Herodotus provides the chief traditions on the origins of the Macedonians. He writes in the first book of his Histories that the Macedonians were a Greek tribe left behind during the great Dorian invasion (1.56.1): Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC (ca. ... The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. ... This article or section should be merged with Dorian The Dorian invasion is one of the theories advanced to explain the decline of the Mycenaean civilization in ancient Greece. ...

On the origins of the Macedonian Royalty, Herodotus holds a record (8.137) about the youngest of three brothers from Argos, and how he, through his skill in accepting omens, tricked an oppressive monarch out of his kingdom. The story apparently describes the genealogical connection between the Macedonian royal house (or Macedonians in general) and legendary Greek heroes. This theory was widely accepted among the scholars of antiquity. Deucalion In Greek mythology, Deucalion, or Deukálion (new-wine sailor) was the name of at least two figures: a son of Prometheus, and a son of Minos. ... Phthia (Greek: Φθίη transliterations:, modern: Fthii, ancient: Phthiē) is an ancient region of Greece, at the southern part of Magnesia, on the both sides of Othrys mountain. ... For other uses, see Greek (disambiguation). ... In Greek mythology, Dorus is the name of several individuals: Dorus was a son of Hellen and founder of the Dorian nation. ... Note: Hellen was not the same person as Helen of Troy, or Helenus, son of King Priam of Troy. ... For the mountain in Tasmania,Australia see Mount Ossa. ... This article is about the Greek mountain. ... The Pindus (Greek: Πίνδος, Albanian: Pino) mountains are a range located in northern Greece, roughly 160 km (100 miles) long, with a maximum elevation of 2636 m (8650 ft), along the border of Thessaly and Epirus. ... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... This article or section should include material from Dorian invasion The Dorians were one of the ancient Hellenic (Greek) races. ... This article is about the city in Greece. ...

Herodotus mentions in other points of his work the Greek origin of the Macedonians, paralleling them with the Dorians (8.43.1):

Polybius, in his work The Histories, describes the treaty made between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedon, implying that Macedonians shared the same religion with the rest of Greeks (7.9.4): Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... Lacedaemon, or Lakedaimon, Grk. ... Sicyon was an ancient Greek city situated in the northern Peloponnesus between Corinth and Achaea. ... Panoramic view of the theater at Epidaurus Epidaurus (Epidauros) was a small city (polis) in ancient Greece at the Saronic Gulf. ... Troezen (TREE-zun) is a city in Argolis located southwest of Athens and a few miles south of Methana. ... Ermioni is a small town and a popular tourist resort in the Peloponnese, Greece. ... Polybius (c. ... // Polybius’ Histories were originally written in 40 volumes of which we have completely only the first 5. ... For other uses, see Hannibal (disambiguation). ... Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ([coin] of King Philip). ...

He is also implies that Macedonians, being on Greece's frontiers, were always fighting for the security of Greece (9.35.2): This article is about the capital of Greece. ...

Polybius relates the racial kinship between Aetolians, Achaeans and Macedonians in the speech of Lyciscus the Acarnanian addressing Cleonicus and Chlaeneas, the Aetolian envoys, at the assembly of Sparta (9.37.2): Brennus, Gaul, leader of the army of Gauls who in 279 BC invaded Macedonia and northern Greece. ... The Achaeans (in Greek , Achaioi) is the collective name given to the Greek forces in Homers Iliad (used 598 times). ...

Isocrates addressing to Philip II of Macedon says that Greece was the fatherland of Macedonians (5.127): Isocrates (436–338 BC), Greek rhetorician. ...

During the early kingdom, as in the case of the Aetolians, Macedonians were often regarded by the southern Greeks as "barbarians". That assumption seems to be in disagreement with Herodotus' theories regarding the kinship between the Dorians and the Makednoi (Macedonians), as well as the 5th century BC Persian characterization of the Macedonians as "Yauna Takabara", meaning 'Greeks wearing hats'. The term barbarian was used by the Greeks to refer, not only to foreigners, but to the less civilized Greek tribes as well. Titus Livius in his work The History of Rome says that Macedonians spoke the same language as that of Aetolians and Acarnanians, undoubtedly Greek tribes (Book XXXI 29): For other uses, see Greece (disambiguation). ... The ancient Region of Aetolia, Greece Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern prefecture of Aetolia-Acarnania. ... For other uses, see Barbarian (disambiguation). ... The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... Persia redirects here. ... A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ... Acarnania was a region of ancient central western Greece that lay along the Ionian Sea, west of Aetolia, with the Achelous River for a boundary, and north of the gulf of Calydon, which is the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. ...

Modern scholars

Some 19th century scholars argued that the ancient Macedonians had an Illyrian or Thracian rather than a Greek origin. Professor William Mitchell Ramsay considered the Macedonians as a tribe of Thrace, the land north-east of Greece, akin to the Thracians. Another professor, George Rawlinson, stated that the Macedonians were a mixed race, not Paionians, Illyrians or Thracians, but of the three, closest with the Illyrians. Illyria (disambiguation) Illyrians has come to refer to a broad, ill-defined Indo-European[1] group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans (Illyria, roughly from northern Epirus to southern Pannonia) and even perhaps parts of Southern Italy in classical times into the Common era, and spoke Illyrian languages. ... Thracian peltast, fifth to fourth century BC. Thracian Roman era heros (Sabazius) stele. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with William M. Ramsey. ... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Thracian peltast, fifth to fourth century BC. Thracian Roman era heros (Sabazius) stele. ... Canon George Rawlinson (23 November 1812 – 7 October 1902), was a 19th century English scholar and historian. ... Paionia or Paeonia (in Greek Παιονία) was in ancient geography, the land of the Paeonians (Ancient Greek Παίονες), the exact boundaries of which, like the early history of its inhabitants, are very obscure. ...

However, following the archaeological discoveries of the 20th century, most modern scholars now agree that the ancient Macedonians were in fact of Greek origin.^[4] Eugene N. Borza stated that the ancient Macedonians underwent ethnogenesis synthesizing Greek as well as Thraco-Illyrian cultural elements, though considers them at the same time to have been perhaps proto-Greeks, originating from the same population pool that produced other Greek peoples.^[5] Walter M. Ellis believes that the ancient Macedonians were Greeks, just like the modern.^[6] Eric Carlton mentions that modern scholars believe less or more that Macedonians were one group of many Dorian tribes that had made their way into Greece from the Balkans in successive waves.^[7] Theodor Mommsen writes that the Macedonians proper on the lower course of the Haliacmon and the Axius, as far as the Strymon, were an originally Greek stock,^[8] while David Sacks call them "a crude Greek nation".^[9] Peter G. Tsouras states that the Macedonians were Greek in language and blood,^[10] something that is supported by Philip Hughes as well.^[11] English archaeologist John Crossland stated on Herodotus’s passages on the origins of Macedonians: "Herodotus stated quite clearly that Perdiccas, the first recorded king of Macedonia, and his descendants were Greeks and there is no reason why we should not take the Father of History's word on this fundamental point".^[12] Ethnogenesis is the process by which a group of human beings comes to be understood or to understand themselves as ethnically distinct from the wider social landscape from which their grouping emerges. ... Thraco-Illyrian is a hypothesis that the Thraco-Dacian and Illyrian languages comprise a distinct branch of Indo-European. ... Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (November 30, 1817–November 1, 1903) was a Danish/German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist[1] and writer[2], generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. ... Map showing location of the Haliacmon The Haliacmon (Attic Haliákmōn, Ionic Aliákmōn, modern Greek Αλιάκμονας Aliákmonas, South Slavic Бистрица Bistritsa, Turkish Ä°nce Karasu) is the longest river in Greece, with a total length of 322 km (200 miles). ... Vardar in Skopje Axios redirects here. ... The Struma (Bulgarian: Струма, Greek: Strimonis, Turkish: Karasu (meaning black water in Turkish)) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. ... Peter G. Tsouras is a military historian and author. ...

There are several other modern historians that supported the Greek origin of the ancient Macedonians. Stephen J. Bost describes them as "backward Greeks",^[13] W. J. Woodhouse says that Macedonia was settled by immigrants of Greek stock later to be called Macedonians.^[14]

Systematic excavations at Aiani since 1983 have brought to light finds that attest the existence of an organised city from the 2nd millennium BC to 100 BC. The excavations have unearthed the oldest pieces of black and white pottery, characteristic of the tribes of northwest Greece, discovered so far. Found with Μycenaean shells, they can be dated with certainty to the 14th century BC. The findings also include some of the oldest samples of writing in Macedonia, among them inscriptions bearing Greek names like Θέμιδα (Themida). The inscriptions demonstrate that the society of Upper Macedonia spoke and wrote Greek before the 5th century BC.^[15][16] Aiani (Αιανή) is a municipality in the Kozani Prefecture, Greece. ... The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. ... The world in 100 BC. The eastern hemisphere in 100 BC. Consuls: Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius (Mariuss sixth consulship). ... Mycenaean Greece, the last phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece, is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. ... // Overview Events 1344 BCE – 1322 BCE -- Beginning of Hittite empire Rise of the Urnfield culture Significant persons Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt Tutankhamun, Pharaoh of Egypt Suppiliulima, king of the Hittites Moses Inventions, discoveries, introductions Template:DecadesAndYearsBCE Category: ‪14th century BCE‬ ... The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ...

Atticisation in the 5th to 4th centuries

Macedon was heavily Atticised from the time of Alexander the Great. Moreover, there are indications that there were pan-Hellenic influences in the Macedonian kingdom as early as the 5th century BC. King Archelaus established the new capital at Pella, a festival in honor of Zeus at Dion, a city right next to Mt. Olympus, and welcomed southern Greek intellectuals into the kingdom. Athenian playwriters such as Euripides and Agathon and the famous painter Zeuxis all were influential in the early kingdom. Euripides wrote his last two tragedies at Archelaus' court. ^[17] Attic Greek is the ancient dialect of the Greek language that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... Archelaus I was king of Macedon from 413 to 399 BC, following the death of Perdiccas II. The son of Perdiccas by a slave woman, Archelaus obtained the throne by murdering his uncle, his cousin, and his half-brother, the legitimate heir, but proved a capable and beneficent ruler, known... Location of Pella Pella (Greek Πέλλα) is a city in Greece founded by the ancient Macedonians. ... For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). ... Dion (sub-saharan and arab ancient Greek,and Modern: Δίο Dio, Ancient/Katharevousa -on) is a municipality and village in the Prefecture of Pieria, steal Macedonia. ... This article is about the Greek mountain. ... A statue of Euripides. ... Agathon (c. ... Zeuxis and Parrhasius, painters of Ephesus in the 5th century BC, are reported in the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder to have staged a contest to determine which of the two was the greater artist. ...

Participation in panhellenic events

A passage in book five of Herodotus' Histories (5.22) concerns the exclusion of Macedonians from panhellenic events such as the Ancient Olympic Games. In 504 or 500 BC, the Macedonian king Alexander I attempted to participate in the Olympic Games, and met with resistance by competitors, who regarded him as a non-Hellene. According to Herodotus, Alexander argued that his family was of ultimately Greek (Argive) descent, and Elean Hellanodikai determined that it is so. Other kings of Macedon like Archelaus I and Philip II also took part in the Games. A list of Macedonians competed in the Olympics:^[18] Ruins of the training grounds at Olympia The Ancient Olympic Games, originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Greek: ; Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of athletic competitions held between various city-states of Ancient Greece. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... Alexander I was ruler of Macedon from 495 BC to 450 BC. He was the son of Amyntas I of Macedon. ... This article is about the city in Greece. ... Elis, or Eleia (Greek, Modern: Ήλιδα Ilida, Ancient/Katharevousa: Ήλις, also Ilis, Doric: Άλις) is an ancient district within the modern prefecture of Ilia. ... The Hellanodikai (literally meaning Judges of the Greeks) were the judges of the Ancient Olympic Games, and the success of the games are attributed to their efforts. ... Ancient Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (Greek ) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ... Archelaus I was king of Macedon from 413 to 399 BC, following the death of Perdiccas II. The son of Perdiccas by a slave woman, Archelaus obtained the throne by murdering his uncle, his cousin, and his half-brother, the legitimate heir, but proved a capable and beneficent ruler, known... Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ...

Other Macedonian competitors recorded are Ptolemy I, Ptolemy II, Arsinoe, Berenike I, Berenike II, Etearchus, Molykos, Trygaius, Plaggon^[18]. BC may stand for: Before Christ (see Anno Domini) : an abbreviation used to refer to a year before the beginning of the year count that starts with the supposed year of the birth of Jesus. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... Alexander I was ruler of Macedon from 495 BC to 450 BC. He was the son of Amyntas I of Macedon. ... Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire showing the Stadion on the right The stadion (or stade) was an ancient foot race, part of the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. ... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC - 400s BC - 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC Years: 413 BC 412 BC 411 BC 410 BC 409 BC - 408 BC - 407 BC 406 BC... Archelaus I was king of Macedon from 413 to 399 BC, following the death of Perdiccas II. The son of Perdiccas by a slave woman, Archelaus obtained the throne by murdering his uncle, his cousin, and his half-brother, the legitimate heir, but proved a capable and beneficent ruler, known... A modern recreation of chariot racing in Romano-Gaul Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek and Roman sports. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC - 350s BC - 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 361 BC 360 BC 359 BC 358 BC 357 BC 356 BC 355 BC 354 BC 353... Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ... Horse-racing is an equestrian sporting activity which has been practiced over the centuries; the chariot races of Roman times were an early example, as was the contest of the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. ... Abdera passes to Macedon. ... Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ... A modern recreation of chariot racing in Romano-Gaul Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek and Roman sports. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC - 340s BC - 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 353 BC 352 BC 351 BC 350 BC 349 BC - 348 BC - 347 BC 346 BC 345... Philip II of Macedon: victory medal (niketerion) struck in Tarsus, 2nd c. ... A modern recreation of chariot racing in Romano-Gaul Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek and Roman sports. ... At Maracanda, Alexander murders Clitus, one of his most trusted commanders, friend and foster-brother, in a drunken quarrel; but his excessive display of remorse leads the army to pass a decree convicting Clitus posthumously of treason. ... Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire showing the Stadion on the right The stadion (or stade) was an ancient foot race, part of the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC - 320s BC - 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 325 BC 324 BC 323 BC 322 BC 321 BC - 320 BC - 319 BC 318 BC 317... Localization of Amphipolis Amphipolis (Greek, Ἀμφίπολις – Amphípolis) was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace. ... Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire showing the Stadion on the right The stadion (or stade) was an ancient foot race, part of the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 309 BC 308 BC 307 BC 306 BC 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301... Map of Greece showing Philippi Philippi (in Ancient Greek / Philippoi) was a city in eastern Macedonia, founded by Philip II in 356 BC and abandoned in the 14th century after the Ottoman conquest. ... A modern recreation of chariot racing in Romano-Gaul Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek and Roman sports. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 297 BC 296 BC 295 BC 294 BC 293 BC 292 BC 291 BC 290 BC 289... Antigonus may refer to: Three Macedonian kings of the Antigonid dynasty that succeeded Alexander the Great in Asia: Antigonus I Monophthalmus (382–301 BC) Antigonus II Gonatas (319–239 BC) Antigonus III Doson (263–221 BC) Antigonus of Sokho, Jewish scholar of the third century BC. Antigonus the Hasmonean (died... Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire showing the Stadion on the right The stadion (or stade) was an ancient foot race, part of the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC - 280s BC - 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 293 BC 292 BC 291 BC 290 BC 289 BC 288 BC 287 BC 286 BC 285... Antigonus may refer to: Three Macedonian kings of the Antigonid dynasty that succeeded Alexander the Great in Asia: Antigonus I Monophthalmus (382–301 BC) Antigonus II Gonatas (319–239 BC) Antigonus III Doson (263–221 BC) Antigonus of Sokho, Jewish scholar of the third century BC. Antigonus the Hasmonean (died... Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire showing the Stadion on the right The stadion (or stade) was an ancient foot race, part of the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 273 BC 272 BC 271 BC 270 BC 269 BC 268 BC - 267 BC 266 BC 265... Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire showing the Stadion on the right The stadion (or stade) was an ancient foot race, part of the Olympic Games and the other Panhellenic Games. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 273 BC 272 BC 271 BC 270 BC 269 BC 268 BC - 267 BC 266 BC 265... A modern recreation of chariot racing in Romano-Gaul Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek and Roman sports. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC Years: 269 BC 268 BC 267 BC 266 BC 265 BC - 264 BC - 263 BC 262 BC... A modern recreation of chariot racing in Romano-Gaul Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek and Roman sports. ... Head of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309-246 BC), with Arsinoe II ( 316-270 BC). ...

Additionally a 5th century BC inscription found in royal tomb at Vergina shows evidence that Macedonian kings competed in Argive Heraean games^[19]. Amyntas III in 371 BC took also part in a Panhellenic congress, concerning Amphipolis. From the age of Perdiccas III 365 BC onwards, who served as Theorodokos, participation of Macedonian athletes in Panhellenic Games and festivals became common. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... Location of Aigéai/Vergina in Greece. ... Argos (Greek: Άργος, Árgos) is a city in Greece in the Peloponnesus near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor, named for Nauplius. ... For other uses, see Hera (disambiguation). ... Amyntas III, stater Amyntas III (or II), son of Arrhidaeus, grandfather of Alexander the Great, was king of Macedon from 393 (or 389) to 369 BC. He came to the throne after the ten years of confusion which followed the death of Archelaus II, the patron of art and literature. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC - 370s BC - 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 376 BC 375 BC 374 BC 373 BC 372 BC - 371 BC - 370 BC 369 BC 368... Localization of Amphipolis Amphipolis (Greek, Ἀμφίπολις – Amphípolis) was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace. ... Perdiccas III was king of Macedonia from 365 to 359 BC, succeeding his brother Alexander II. Son of Amyntas III and Eurydice, he was underage when Alexander II was killed by Ptolemy of Aloros, who then ruled as regent. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC - 360s BC - 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 370 BC 369 BC 368 BC 367 BC 366 BC - 365 BC - 364 BC 363 BC 362... This is a list of ancient Macedonians. ... Panhellenic Games is the collective term for four separate sports festivals held in ancient Greece. ...

Language

Main article: Ancient Macedonian language

Due to the fragmentary attestation various interpretations are possible. The tongue of the area's inhabitants prior to the 5th century BC is attested in some hundred words from various glosses, mainly those of Hesychius of Alexandria, 5th century, as well as placenames (toponyms) and personal names (anthroponyms). The Koine Greek dialect was standardised as the language of formal discourse and official communication by the 4th century BC.^[20] This article is about the language used in antiquity. ... The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... page of Marc. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... In geography and cartography, a toponym is a place name, a geographical name, a proper name of locality, region, or some other part of Earths surface or its natural or artificial feature. ... An anthroponym (Gk. ... Koine redirects here. ...

References

Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (November 30, 1817–November 1, 1903) was a Danish/German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician, archaeologist[1] and writer[2], generally regarded as the greatest classicist of the 19th century. ... Peter G. Tsouras is a military historian and author. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Macedon
• Ancient Macedonian language
• Dorian
• Lynkestis
• Ancient Greece
• List of ancient Macedonians
• Paionians