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Russia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (6604 words) |
 | In 1547, at the age of 17, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible; reigned 1533–84) was crowned czar of all Russia. |
| Russia thus reached the frontiers of Afghanistan and China and the shores of the Pacific Ocean. |
| Russia’s reputation suffered internationally, however, in late 2004 when it threw its support behind government candidates in Ukraine and the Georgian region of Abkhazia; in both elections, the candidates Moscow opposed ultimately succeeded despite strong resistance on the part of the existing governments to change. |
| RUSSIA (8993 words) |
| The Varangians/Russes got to Russia through their technology, the sailing ships that could actually take them to Greenland; but they came to rule the area through forms of large scale political organization that may have been rudimentary compared to Francia and Romania, but were beyond anything seen previously east of Moravia. |
| Russia would then always be hindered by autocratic government that alternatively smothered dissent and innovation and then, alarmed at the backwardness of the country, attempted to impose top-down reforms and development -- which then would be resisted by a national conservatism that the government in its phase of being threatened by change would have loved. |
| Russia was as weary of war as a country could be, but the Provisional Government decided to stay in the war against Germany. |
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