Andrew Smith Hallidie (16 March 1836 – 24 April 1900) was the promoter of the Clay Street Hill Railroad in San Francisco. This was the world's first practical cable car system, and Hallidie is often therefore regarded as the inventor of the cable car and father of the present day San Francisco cable car system, although both claims are open to dispute. He also introduced the manufacture of wire rope to California, and at an early age was a prolific builder of bridges in the Californian interior. March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... Charles Darwin 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... April 24 is the 114th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (115th in leap years). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... The Clay Street Hill Railroad was the first successful cable hauled street railway. ... Nickname: The City by the Bay Motto: Official website: http://www. ... Cable Car in San Francisco A San Francisco cable car A cable car or cable railway is a mass transit system using rail cars that are propelled by a continuously moving cable running at a constant speed. ... San Francisco Cable Car No. ... steel wire rope Wire rope consists of several strands of metal wires twisted together. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 3rd 410,000 km² 402. ...

Early life

Andrew Smith Hallidie was born as plain Andrew Smith. His birthplace is variously quoted as London in England^[1][2], or Dunfermline in Scotland^[3]. He later adopted the name Hallidie in honor of his uncle, Sir Andrew Hallidie, who had been a royal physician to King William IV and to Queen Victoria. For other uses, see London (disambiguation). ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... The Royal Burgh of Dunfermline (in Gaelic, Dùn Fearam Linn), is a town and burgh in Fife, Scotland, that sits on high ground 3 miles from the shore of the Firth of Forth, northwest of Edinburgh. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... Sir Andrew Hallidie (? – ?) was the royal physician to King William IV and to Queen Victoria. ... William IV King of the United Kingdom William IV (William Henry) (21 August 1765–20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. ...

Andrew Smith's father, also called Andrew Smith, was an engineer and inventor with several patents to his name, most importantly those for the making of wire ropes, granted from 1835 to 1849. The younger Andrew Smith was initially apprenticed to a machine shop and drawing office. In 1852 both father and son set sail for California, where the father had an interest in some gold mines in Mariposa County. These proved disappointing, and the father returned to England in 1853. The son, however, remained in California, and became a gold miner whilst also working as a blacksmith, surveyor and builder of bridges. | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... A lathe is a common tool used in machining. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 3rd 410,000 km² 402. ... Gold mining consists of the processes and techniques employed in the removal of gold from the ground. ... Mariposa County is a county located in Californias Central Valley, north of Fresno and southeast of Stockton. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Blacksmith Blacksmith at work Blacksmith at work Blacksmiths fire Hot metal work from a blacksmith A blacksmith is man or woman designing, making and hot shaping metal products, such as wrought iron gates, grills, railings, light fixtures, furniture, sculpture, tools, decorative and religious items, cooking utensils and weapons. ... Surveying is concerned with the application of mathematics and physics in obtaining accurate measurements for the determination of the position of points on the Earths surface. ...

In 1856, whilst working on the construction of a flume at a mine at American Bar, Hallidie was consulted over the rapid rate of wear on the ropes used to lower cars of rock from the mine to the mill. These ropes were wearing out in 75 days. Hallidie improvised machinery to make a replacement wire rope, which lasted two years, and in the process began wire rope manufacture in California. 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This flume diverts water from the White River in Washington to generate electricity A flume is a waterwork with open water table, that leads water from a diversion weir completely aside a natural flow. ...

Wire rope and bridges

Hallidie abandoned mining in 1857 and returned to San Francisco. Under the name of A. S. Hallidie & Co., he commenced the manufacture of wire rope in a building at Mason and Chestnut Streets, using the machinery from American Bar. 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Hallidie was also heavily involved in bridge building. During 1861-2, he constructed bridges across the Klamath River at Weitchpeck, at Nevada City, across the American River at Folsom, and across the Bear, Trinity, Stanislaus, and Tuolumne rivers. In 1863 he built a bridge across the Fraser River, 10 miles upstream of Yale in British Columbia. 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Klamath River, approximately 250 mi (400 km) long, is a major river of the Pacific coast in southern Oregon and northern California in the United States. ... Weitchpec, California, located at the junction of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers Categories: US geography stubs ... Nevada City is the county seat of Nevada County, California, 166 miles (267 km) northeast of San Francisco. ... The American River, located in the US state of California, has a prominent place in American history for being the site of Sutters Mill, where gold was found in 1848, leading to the California Gold Rush. ... Folsom is a city located in Sacramento County, California, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 51,884. ... The Trinity River is the longest tributary of the Klamath River, approximately 130 mi (209 km) long, in northwestern California in the United States. ... The Stanislaus River in California is one of the largest tributaries of the San Joaquin River. ... The Tuolumne River is one of the major rivers draining the western slope Sierra Nevada mountains of California. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... The Fraser River is the longest river in British Columbia, Canada, rising in the Rocky Mountains near Mount Robson and flowing for 1400 km (870 mi), into the Pacific Ocean at the city of Vancouver. ... Front Street, Yale, British Columbia circa 1882 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Official languages English Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant-Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 36 6 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked 5th 944,735 km² 925,186 km² 19,549 km...

Also in 1863, Hallidie married Martha Elizabeth Woods. They had no children. In 1864, he became a United States citizen. In 1865, he gave up bridge building in order to devote himself entirely to his wire rope manufacturing business, which was experiencing increased demand from the silver mines on the Comstock Lode. 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The Comstock Lode was a massive body of silver ore discovered under what is now Virginia City, Nevada in 1859. ...

In 1867, Hallidie invented the Hallidie ropeway, a form of aerial tramway used for transporting ore and other material across mountainous districts, which he successfully installed a number of locations, and later patented. 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Cable car at Zell am See in the Austrian Alps. ...

Cable cars

Accounts differ as to exactly how involved Hallidie was in the inception of the Clay Street Hill Railway. One version^[4] has him taking over the promotion of the line when the original promoter, Benjamin Brooks, failed to raise the necessary capital. In another version^[5], Hallidie was the instigator, inspired by a desire to reduce the suffering incurred by the horses that hauled streetcars up Jackson Street, from Kearny to Stockton Street.

There is also doubt as to when exactly the first run of the cable car occurred. The franchise required a first run no later than August 1, 1873, however at least one source^[6] reports that the run took place a day late, on August 2, but that the city chose not to void the franchise. Some accounts say that the first gripman hired by Hallidie looked down the steep hill from Jones and refused to operate the car, so Hallidie took the grip himself and ran the car down the hill and up again without any problems. August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ...

The engineer of the Clay Street line was William Eppelsheimer. However, given Hallidie's previous experience of cables and cable haulage systems, it seems unlikely that he did not contribute to the design of the system. William E. Eppelsheimer (1842-?) was a tramway engineer known for his work on cable car systems. ...

The Clay Street line started regular service on September 1, 1873 and was a financial success. In addition, Hallidie's patents on the cable car design were stringently enforced on cable car promoters around the world, and made him a rich man. September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ...

Other activities

Hallidie occupied many positions in San Francisco society. He served as a regent of the University of California from 1868 until his death, and as a trustee and vice-president of the San Francisco Mechanics Institute in 1864 and president from 1868-77 and from 1893-95. In 1873, Hallidie stood for election to the California State Senate, and in 1875 he stood for election as mayor of San Francisco, but in both cases he was defeated. The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the state of California. ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The Mechanics Institute is a library and chess room located at 57 Post Street in San Francisco, California. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... California State Senate Chamber in the State Capitol The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A mayor (from the Latin maīor, meaning larger,greater) is the politician who serves as chief executive official of some types of municipalities. ...

Hallidie served as trustee of the First Unitarian Church, and as its moderator in 1883 and 1884. He held memberships in the American Society of Inventors, American Geographical Society, California Academy of Sciences, and other scientific and literary bodies. He was a member of the old California Historical Society and of the Pacific-Union, Olympic, and Sierra clubs. Moderator can refer to one of the following: neutron moderator moderator (communications) - Message Board Moderator The chairperson of a church court in Presbyterian churches (see Moderator of the General Assembly). ... 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The American Geographical Society (AGS) was founded in 1851 in New York City, New York as a non-profit organization with the goal of increasing worldwide knowledge of geography. ... The California Academy of Sciences is one of the ten largest natural history museums in the world. ... Olympic Club is an American country club in Daly City, CA that has played host to four US Open Golf Championships. ... The Sierra Club is an American environmental organization founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist John Muir, who became its first president. ...

A. S. Hallidie & Co. became the California Wire Works in 1883 with Hallidie as president. In 1895, it was sold to Washburn and Moen Co., the oldest manufacturers of wire in the United States (established in 1831). 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Andrew Smith Hallidie died at the age of 65 at his San Francisco residence.

References

• ^  Edgar Myron Kahn (1940). California Historical Society Quarterly - Andrew Smith Hallidie. Retrieved May 27, 2005.
• ^  Joe Thompson (1998-2004). Who Was Important in the History of the Cable Car?. Retrieved May 27, 2005.
• ^  City Of Edinburgh Council (2004). Edinburgh City Libraries - Scottish American Links. Retrieved May 27, 2005.