Andrianampoinimerina
Andrianampoinimerina, King of Imerina (Madagascar Central Highlands)
Idealized portrait painted around 1905 by Ramanankirahina
Reign	ca. 1787 – 1810
Born	1745
Birthplace	Ambohimanga
Died	1810
Place of death	Antananarivo
Buried	Ambohimanga
Predecessor	Andrianjafy (Mabohimanga) & Andriamiaramanjaka (Ikaloy)
Successor	Radama I
Royal House	Ambohimanga
Dynasty	Merina
Father	Andriamiaramanjaka, King of Ikaloy (Zafimamy/ Alahamadintany)
Mother	Ranavalonanandriambelomasina, Princess of Ambohimanga (Merina)

Andrianampoinimerina (Andriana-am-Poin-Imerina, "The-King-in-the-Heart-of-Imerina", born as Ramboasalama or Ramboasalamarazaka, nicknamed Nampoina, Imboasalama, or Ny Ombalahibemaso "The-Big-Eyed-Bull"; ca. 1745, Ikaloy – 1810, Ambohimanga), was a Merina (litt. "Highlander") military and political leader of Madagascar island who had a significant impact on Madagascar history. Also a great orator, he is considered by some historians as one of the greatests political rulers and military strategists of all times, in the same vein as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, or the Shaka Zulu, all proportion respected ^[1] . Undefeated in battles, his achievements as conqueror, unificator, diplomat, legislator, and organizer, considering the means in his possession at his time, were quite amazing: At first King of the small principality of Imerina Avaradrano ('Northern Imerina'), a fourth part of Imerina which Capital was Ambohimanga hill, he progressively extended his domain over all the Merinas, the Malagasy people from the central plateau of Madagascar, then over all the highlands territories from the North to the South (absorbing the Betsileo, Sihanaka, and Bezanozano territories). By the time of his death, after 23 years of reign, he has conquered two third of Madagascar island ^[2]. He is widely recognized as one of the three greatest Merinas to rule over Madagascar before the French occupation, along with his son Radama I and the Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony. His reign formed the basis for the unification of Madagascar, almost achieved under his son Radama I ^[3]. Almost all of what is known about this great Malagasy King comes from the Révérend Père François Callet book Tantara ny Andriana ("History of the Nobles"), a collection of various oral traditions about the Merina Kings Dynasty history, written originally in Merina and published between 1878 and 1881. Sumarized and translated in French under the title Tantara ny Andriana (Histoire des rois) (first published in 1908) ^[2], Callet's monumental work constitutes the core material of all historians interested in the Merina history. His work has been largely commented, criticised, and challenged since ever by numerous Malagasy (who collected other oral traditions), European, and North American historians (see for example: Rasamimanana, 1930 ; ^[4]; Ravelojaona et al 1937 ^[5], 1937; Ramilison 1951 ^[6]; Kent 1970 ^[7]; Délivré, 1974 ^[3]; Berg 1988 ^[8]; Larson 2000 ^[9]). Year 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Ambohimanga is an archeological site located in Madagascar. ... Nickname: Location of Antananarivo (red dot) in Madagascar Country Founded 1625 Population (1,403,449 (2001 census))  - Total 1,403,449 Antananarivo (pronounced or ) is the capital of Madagascar. ... Ambohimanga is an archeological site located in Madagascar. ... Radama I the Great (c. ... Ambohimanga is an archeological site located in Madagascar. ... The Merina is the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Ambohimanga is an archeological site located in Madagascar. ... The Merina is the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... Look up orator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A variety of rulers A 2 metre carpenters rule Retractable flexible rule A ruler or rule is an instrument used in geometry, technical drawing and engineering/building to measure distances and/or to rule straight lines. ... A strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... Shaka Shaka (sometimes spelled Chaka) (ca. ... Ambohimanga is an archeological site located in Madagascar. ... The Merina is the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. ... The Malagasy (in French also les Malgaches) ethnic group forms the vast majority of the population of Madagascar. ... The Betsileo are a highland tribe in Madagascar, the third largest in terms of population, numbering around one million. ... The Merina is the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. ... Radama I the Great (c. ... The Merina is the largest ethnic group in Madagascar. ... A European is primarily a person who was born into one of the countries within the continent of Europe. ... Political highlights of North America North America is the third largest continent in area and the fourth ranked in population. ...

Historical context

During almost a century, from the end of the reign of King Ralambo (1575-1600) to King Andriamasinavalona (1675-1710), the part of the highlands controlled by the Merina was developing and growing economically in a certain civil peace. However, after the reign of Andriamasinavalona, the most famous King of Imerina after Andrianampoinimerina, it broke down into several principalities. The great King, despite the warnings of his wise concelor, Andriamampandry, had the unfortunate idea of dividing his Kingdom into four states after his death, so as to each of his sons could reign. This division of Imerina (the Central Highlands), resulted in a global growing of insecurity and, at last, finished in clan wars and starvations which weakened the Imerina Kingdom. ^{[2] [7]} Gari Melchers, Mural of Peace, 1896. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Insecurity is either danger, i. ... Legend of the Five Rings (often abbreviated L5R) is a fictional setting created by the Five Rings Publishing Group in 1995, and now under the control of Alderac Entertainment Group. ... In politics, a country (or in some cases, a group of countries) over which a king or queen reigns, is a kingdom, see: monarchy. ...

This growing insecurity within Imerina, the menace of both a Sakalava invasion from the West, and of an Alahamadintany/ Zafimamy invasion from the North, lead Andrianampoinimerina's grandfather, Rakotomavo Andriambelomasina Andriamaheritsialainolotany, King of Imerina Avaradrano, to conclude a strategic alliance with the border Alahamadintany/ Zafimamy Principality of Ikaloy, by marrying his daughter, Ranavalonandriambelomasina, to the King Andriamiaramanjaka of Ikaloy and Anjafy. This deal stipulated, notably, that after the reign of Andriambelomasina's son, Andrianjafy (also Andrianjafinandriamanitra, or Andrianjafinjanahary), the throne of Ambohimanga would be given to one of his daughter's son ^[2]. This seemed, for the population of Ambohimanga, to be the realisation of a famous prophecy attributed to King Andriamasinavalona, who has said: "One day, Imerina will be unified and ruled by a white man from Alahamadintany" ^[2]. "White", here, simply means "light skin", because of the likely Malay, Bugis, Javanese, and Indo-Aryan origins of the Alahamadintany nobles and the majority of their commoners, though some of the last one were probably also from Tamil origins ^[10] (cf. Adelaar 2005 ^[11], 2006 ^[12] for the linguistics evidences of Bugis, Malay, Javanese, and Sanskrit loanwords in Malagasy language). Moreover, according to all official genealogies, most of all Merina and Alahamadintany nobles are known to be descended from an eponyme ancestral, Andriantomara^{[6] [4]} [1] who, on the basis of those genealogies, probably arrived in Madagascar at last in AD 1300 with his clan and army. Tomara seems to be an Indian Rajput clan name (cf. Tomar/ Tanwar, Rajput clans), and his Malay and Javanese officers and soldiers should probably preceded his name by the Old Javanese nobility title Rahadyan 'Lord', 'Master', which in Malagasy became Rohandryan/Roandriana ^[13], then finally Randriana/ Andriana (cf. Adelaar 2006 p.6, for the Old Javanese Rahadyan orgin of the Merina and Zafimamy nobility title Andriana ^[12]), . Sakalava Girl The Sakalava is a traditional name for a group of people of Madagascar numbering approximately 700,000 in population. ... Look up Alliance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The thrones for The Queen of Canada, and the Duke of Edinburgh (back) in the Canadian Senate, Ottawa are usually occupied by the Governor General and his/her spouse at the annual State Opening of Parliament. ... For other uses, see Prophecy (disambiguation). ... Look up Malay in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about ethnic groups of South Sulawesi. ... Javanese is a term used to describe a native of the Indonesian island of Java. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... Look up Tamil in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Rajputs are a community of Hindus belonging to the Kshatriya or warrior varna. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A title is a prefix or suffix added to a persons name to signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. ...

Practicing endogamy, these Zafimamy people of the Alahamadintany Kingdom of the North, as direct descendants of the Andriantomara clan members ^[6], shared in common an Indian (both Indo-Aryan & Tamil) culture, due to the deep influence of Indian civilization in the whole Southeast Asia since the 2nd century AD (in particular in the Srivijaya Malay Kingdom of Sumatra). Thus, they rarely mixed with the former local peoples, the Vazimbas (also called the Hovas) ^[4]. However, these Vazimba/ Hovas - from whom Andrianampoinimerina partly descended by his mother, as she was a descendent of Rafohy and Rangita, two Vazimba/ Hova Queens at the sources of the Merina Dynasty - were also natives of Austronesian/ Nusantao of Southeast Asia Islands, since it is them who brought the Malagasy language, a Malayo-Polynesian language belonging to the Barito river subgroup (with the Ma'anjan, Samihin, Dujun Deyah, Dujun Paku of Borneo, and the Tagalog of Philipines) ^[14], as well as they set up the main current Malagasy ancestral and cultural backgrounds (beliefs, customs, music ^[15]) though they also integrated a Bantu-Swahili culture ^[16] , as well as an Arab-Persian culture too ^[10]>. Evidences of the Bantu-Swahili substratum in the Vazimba/ Hova culture can be found in certain common names. For example, they called the cattles omby, which derives from the Swahili ngumbe^{[14] [16]}, while the Alahamadintanys called them jomoka^[2], which certainly comes from the Sanskrit gomukha (also gomukh or gaumukh) 'head of cattle'. Gomukha is as well the name of an Himalaya mount, which bear the Gangotri (source of the Ganges) glacier, which looks like a cow head [2]. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a social group. ... Central New York City. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The extent of Srivijayan Empire around 10th to 11th century. ... For other uses, see Sumatra (disambiguation). ... Hova is a nick name for the rap artist Jay-Z Hova, Sweden is a small town in Gullspång Municipality in Sweden Hova was the prominent class of peasant commoners in Madagascar. ... The Austronesian languages are a family of languages widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages. ... Barito may refer to: Barito River Barito languages Barito Kuala Category: ... Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu (light brown) vs. ... Swahili (also called Kiswahili; see Kiswahili for a discussion of the nomenclature) is an agglutinative Bantu language widely spoken in East Africa. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... , Gangotri is a town and a nagar panchayat in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. ... Ganga redirects here. ... Perito Moreno Glacier Patagonia Argentina Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland Icebergs breaking off glaciers at Cape York, Greenland This article is about the geological formation. ... COW is an acronym for a number of things: Can of worms The COW programming language, an esoteric programming language. ...

That way, more a strategic wish than a prophecy, the words of Andriamasinavalona show that, since the early days, the Merina Kings intended to extend their kingdom to the North, by absorbing the great and menacing Alahamadintany/ Zafimamy kingdom. In another hand, the Zafimamy Kings of Alahamadintany had also the ambition to extend their land to the South, by absorbing the Merina kingdom. Thus, the wedding of Andrianampoinimerina parents seemed to be a fair and peaceful compromise for the two parts: the Prince who will born would become the King of the two states: Ambohimanga and Ikaloy, which would, at last, unify the two great kingdoms of Imerina and Alahamadintany without bloodshed ^[2]. Bloodshed Dev-C++ is a full-featured Integrated Development Environment for the C/[[C++]] programming languages. ...

Early life

Ramboasalama (Ra-amboa-salama, "The-dog-healthy", the child nickname of Andrianampoinimerina) grew up within this dark period of Imerina insecurity and poverty, in one of the four Merina principalities, Ambohimanga ^[2]. Born in the month of Alahamady, the sign of a royal birth according to the popular beliefs of the time, it is Andrianampoinimerina parentage that, most of all, prepared him to a great destiny: Ambohimanga is an archeological site located in Madagascar. ... For other uses, see Parent (disambiguation). ...

• By his father, Andriamiaramanjaka, King of Ikaloy and Anjafy, he was a Zafimamy Prince of Alahamadintany, the northern independent Kingdom of Madagascar highlands which was not yet a part of Imerina. Andrianampoinimerina was the third son of Andriamiaramanjaka and his 2nd wife Ranavalonandriambelomasina ^[17].

• By his mother, Ranavalonandriambelomasina, he was a Merina Prince, as he was the grandson of King Andriambelomasina (1730-1770) (the grandson of Andriamasinavalona, and son of Andriantsimitoviaminandriana first King of Ambohimanga principality). He also was the nephew of Andrianjafy, son of Andriambelomasina, who ruled after his father's death (1770 - 1787) ^[17].

Andrianampoinimerina spent his early childhood in his father's Zafimamy court at Ikaloy ^[2]. There, he received an Alahamadintany education and culture, which probably included some of the Zafimamy Indonesian and Indo-Aryan knowledges at that time, like mythology and cosmology (for example the Ibonia myth, [[3], which carries the Malay-Javanese concept of the Andriambahoaka afovoanitany, litt."A King (must be) on the center of the territory") ^[18], astrology, medicine, military strategy (surely including the Fanorona boardgame, a kind of Alquerque mixed with Go rules), weaponry, music (he probably learned to play the valiha, originally an instrument played by the Merina and Zafimamy Princes and noblemen ^[15]), and probably summary economics. After that, at the age of 12, according to the deal, he was educated by his Merina grandfather, Andriambelomasina, at Amboatany and, at last, in Ambohimanga court, where he received also a Merina education, mainly in leadership (including the Merina oratory arts of kabary and hain-teny), military strategy, and economics ^[2]. A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ... For other uses, see Mythology (disambiguation). ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογος (logos) word, reason, plan) is the quantitative (usually mathematical) study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ... For other uses, see Myth (disambiguation). ... Hand-coloured version of the anonymous Flammarion woodcut (1888). ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... This article is about real and historical warfare. ... Fanorona is a board game indigenous to Madagascar and derived from Alquerque. ... A board game is any game played with a premarked surface, with counters or pieces that are moved across the board. ... Alquerque (also known as Quirkat) is a board game that is thought to have originated in the Middle East. ... Look up go in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A weapon is a tool used to kill or incapacitate a person or animal, or destroy a military target. ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... The valiha is a bamboo tube zither from Madagascar. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... Leader redirects here. ... This article is about real and historical warfare. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ...

Starting from meagre means in his own business, Andrianampoinimerina managed, by intelligence and hard work, to amass a sizeable property, including ricefields and herds of cattles. Thus, he became, at about 30, one of the richest, if not the richest, Prince of Ambohimanga kingdom ^[2]. Regarded as a "self made man" who didn't rely on his privileges as a Prince, his independance temper, his tenacity, and his sense of justice made him very popular among the commoners and the slaves of Ambohimanga state, contrary to his uncle, the King, whose unpopularity grew up, because of a lot of power abuses. In 1787, at 42 years old, Andrianampoinimerina incited a rebellion against Andrianjafy, with the help of the commoners Council of Elders, and those sold into slavery. After the success of the coup, who compelled Andrianjafy to fly away, the new King adopted his now well known ruling name, Andrianampoinimerina.^[8] In economics, a business (also called firm or enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers or corporate entities such as governments, charities or other businesses. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A herd of Wildebeest A gaggle of Canada geese For other uses, see Herd (disambiguation). ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... This article is about permission granted by law or other rules. ... This article is about the concept of justice. ... A commoner, in British law, is someone who is neither the Sovereign nor a noble. ... Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: slave Slave may refer to: Slavery, where people are owned by others, and live to serve their owners without pay Slave (BDSM), a form of sexual and consenual submission Slave clock, in technology, a clock or timer that synchrnonizes to a master clock... Year 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Slave redirects here. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ...

Reign

Following his ouster from the town of Ambohimanga, Andrianjafy continued fighting his nephew from his southern headquarters Ilafy. Andrianampoinimerina reached a treaty with the rival Merina town of Antananarivo in 1786, which allowed him to fully concentrate on reuniting Ambohimanga. This conflict was finally concluded in 1790, when Andrianjafy was either killed in Ilafy, or died in exile in Antananarivo. He conquered Antananarivo in 1792^{[8] [2]}. Subsequently, the capital of Merina empire was moved to Antananarivo, however Ambohimanga remained important spiritually. ^[19] A concurrent estate or co-tenancy is a concept in property law, particularly derived from the common law of real property, which describes the various ways in which property can be owned by more than one person at a given time. ... Headquarters denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are concentrated. ... The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in (left to right) German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish and Russian A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. ... Nickname: Location of Antananarivo (red dot) in Madagascar Country Founded 1625 Population (1,403,449 (2001 census))  - Total 1,403,449 Antananarivo (pronounced or ) is the capital of Madagascar. ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1790 (MDCCXC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Nickname: Location of Antananarivo (red dot) in Madagascar Country Founded 1625 Population (1,403,449 (2001 census))  - Total 1,403,449 Antananarivo (pronounced or ) is the capital of Madagascar. ... Ambohimanga is an archeological site located in Madagascar. ...

Starting his conquests in the 1790s, Andrianampoinimerina began establishing control over a comparatively large part of the Madagascar highlands. He proclaimed very soon his ambition to become the sole King of Madagascar, resuming it for the people of Ambohimanga in a historical speach (kabary) using the Merina hain-teny metaphoric style that he mastered above all: "The sea is the limit of my ricefield" ("Ny ranomasina no valam-parihiko") ^[2]. Andrianampoinimerina centralized the power into his own hands and obtained European firearms, realizing these were vastly superior to the traditional weaponry ^[20]. This allowed him to gradually conquest the Merina, then the Vakinankaratra and the Betsileo principalities. It is notable that he mostly accomplished this relying heavily on shrewd diplomacy and alliance treaties, only resorting to military conquest when it was essential and unavoidable. He liked to repeat to his officers one of his favorite principle: "The force is weaker than the spirit" ("Ny hery tsy mahaleo ny fanahy") ^[2]. The extension of his rule allowed Andrianampoinimerina to stop paying tribute to the Sakalava kingdom, the western clan who had continuously menaced the Malagasy central highlands by slaves hunting. ^{[21] [2] [20]} Events and Trends French Revolution (1789 - 1799). ... Firearms redirects here. ... A weapon is a tool used to kill or incapacitate a person or animal, or destroy a military target. ... This article is about negotiations. ... Look up Alliance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up conquest in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Russian prince Taking Tribute, by Nicholas Roerich, 1908 (Moscow). ... Sakalava Girl The Sakalava is a traditional name for a group of people of Madagascar numbering approximately 700,000 in population. ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ...

The gradual conquest of surrounding lands by Andrianampoinimerina and his Merina army was opposed by the Sakalava and other clans, who made several attempt to end Andrianampoinimerina's reign ^[2]. He also faced opposition from some Merina nobles, and from his own family. Early in Andrianampoinimerina's rule, an attempt on King's life by his uncle Andrianjafy was foiled by an informant, who learned about the conspiracy by chance. Later the king rewarded the informant by marrying his daughter to the Crown Prince, future King Radama I. ^[2] After Radama I's death in 1828, this daughter would rule Madagascar for 33 years as the notorious Ranavalona I, during whose reign hundreds of thousands of Malagasy people were executed, starved or worked to death.^[21] Ramavolahy, Andrianampoinimerina's eldest son, was killed by his orders near Imahazoarivo and the appointed Heir Apparent Rakotovahiny was killed for conspiracy against the King in May 1808.^[22] Look up Noble in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Noble can refer to: Nobility, a hereditary caste Nobel Prize, awarded to people who have made outstanding contributions to society Noble gas, chemical elements in group 18 (old-style Group 0) of the periodic table Noble metal, metals that are resistant to... Look up conspiracy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Crown names several entities associated with monarchy: A crown (headgear), the headgear worn by a monarch, other high dignitaries, divinities etcetera. ... Radama I the Great (c. ... Ranavalona I Ranavalona I (c. ... Contrasting with heir presumptive, an heir apparent is one who cannot be prevented from inheriting by the birth of any other person. ... Year 1808 (MDCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Legacy

King Andrianampoinimerina transformed the Merina kingdom of the central highlands from a small group of broken up principalities into the largest unified, organised, and most powerful empire in Madagascar history. He was the first Merina King who established a formal civil and penal codes (latter ameliorated and written by his son Radama I), distributed land according to a rigourous land code, established a fiscal code and collected various taxes (of which the hetra which, according to its sanskrit etymology ksetra, 'field', corresponded to the production of a square of ricefield one citizen must pay to the Sovereign) and regulated the commerce and the economy, notably by creating official markets (tsena), by the standardization of the scales (fandanjana) and all the measure units: length, volume, and by the standardization and the regulation of the using of money (vola). Finally, he was also the first Sovereign in Madagascar who organised the military force by creating a citizen army called the Foloalindahy (the '100 000 soldiers') ^[2]. One of his well known slogan was "Starvation is my unique enemy", and he won it since his kingdom lived in peace and economical growth during his reign. Like this, Imerina gained a surplus of rice & cattle production which allowed the kingdom to consolidate its economics and military supremacies during Radama I reign. He had at least 30 children by his many wives, ^[22] and was succeeded by his son Radama I. Running off Ravanalona I's ascension to the throne, another of his son, named Ramanetaka, sailed to the Island of Moheli, in Comores, in 1830 and later converted to Islam, ruling the island as Sultan Abderahmane of Moheli. <citation needed> why can u change this im serious. ... Penal (originally Peñal) is a town in southern Trinidad. ... For other senses of the word code, see code (disambiguation). ... A LAND attack is a DoS (Denial of Service) attack that consists of sending a special poison spoofed packet to a computer, causing it to lock up. ... In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another form or representation, not necessarily of the same type. ... Fiscal municipality in Huesca, Spain The term fiscal refers to government debt, expenditures and revenues, or to finance (particularly financial revenue) in general. ... In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another form or representation, not necessarily of the same type. ... -1... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organisation or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either his own or that of his superior and/or employer, public or legally private). ... Look up Market in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... “Standard” redirects here. ... // Look up scale in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Measure can mean: To perform a measurement. ... Look up unit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses of this word, see Length (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Volume (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). ... A citizen army is an army of non-professional citizen soldiers who are drafted in times of war. ... Radama I the Great (c. ... Map of Moheli Moheli, also known as Mohéli or Mwali, is one of the three islands which make up the nation of Comoros. ... The Union of Comoros (until 2002 the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros) is an independent country at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ...

See also

• History of Madagascar

The written history of Madagascar began in the seventh century A.D., when Arabs established trading posts along the northwest coast. ...

Notes

1. ^ Deschamps, Hubert (1977). "Andrianampoinimerina ou la raison d'Etat au service de l'unité malgache". Jeune Afrique Les Africains (II): 73 – 89. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} Callet, F. (1908). Tantara ny Andriana (Histoire des rois),. Imprimerie Catholique, Edition 1878-1881, 1943 p. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Délivré, Alain (1974). L'histoire des rois d'Imerina: interprétation d'une tradition orale. Kliencksiek, Paris, 447 p.. ISBN 0-252-01767-8. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Rasamimanana, & Razafindrazaka (1930). Ny Andriantopokoindrindra: Fanasoavana ny tantaran'i Madagasikara. Librairie Mixte. 
5. ^ Ravelojaona, Randzavola, Rajaonah G. (1937). Firaketana ny Fiteny sy ny Zavatra Malagasy. Antananarivo:Imprimerie Tanananarivienne. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} Ramilison, Emmanuel (1951). Ny loharanon'ny andriana nanjaka teto Imerina : Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe. Imprimerie Ankehitriny. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Kent, Raymond K. (1970). Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500-1700. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0030841712. 
8. ^ ^{a b c} ]] Berg, Gerald M. (1988). "Sacred Acquisition: Andrianampoinimerina at Ambohimanga, 1777-1790". The Journal of African History 29 (2): 191 – 211. 
9. ^ Larson, Pier M. (2000). History and Memory in the Age of Enslavement. Becoming Merina in Highland Madagascar, 1770-1822. Social History of Africa Series. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann, 414 p.. ISBN 0-325-00217-7. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Ottino, Paul (1974). "Le Moyen-âge de l'Océan Indien et le peuplement de Madagascar". Annuaire des pays de l'Océan Indien I: 197 – 221. 
11. ^ Adelaar K.A., & Himmelmann N.P. (eds) (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge:London. ISBN 0700712860. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Adelaar, K.A (2006). "The Indonesian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence". in Adelaar, Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago, LIPI PRESS. 
13. ^ Ottino, Paul (1973). "La hiérarchie sociale et l'alliance dans le royaume de Matacassi". Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache IV (4): 53 – 89. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Dahl, O.C. (1991). Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar. Egede Institute, Oslo. ISBN 82-00-21140-1 (8200211401). 
15. ^ ^{a b} Schmidhoffer, August. "Some Remarks on the Austronesian Background of Malagasy music". Working Paper. 
16. ^ ^{a b} Dahl, Otto Christian (1988). "Bantu Substratum in Malagasy in Linguistique de Madagascar et des Comores". Etudes Ocean Indien 9 (4): 91 – 132. 
17. ^ ^{a b} "Genealogy of Andrianampoinimerina" . 
18. ^ Noiret, Fr. (2008). Le mythe d'Ibonia le grand prince. Karthala, coll. Traditions orales. ISBN 9782845869776. 
19. ^ Royal Malagasy Hills declared World Heritage
20. ^ ^{a b} Ratsivalaka, R. Gilbert (2001). Les Malgaches et l'abolition de la traite eutopéenne des esclaves (1810 - 1817). Imprimerie Cnapmad. 
21. ^ ^{a b} Keith Laidler, Female Caligula: Ranavalona, the Mad Queen of Madagascar, ISBN 0-470-02223-X, page 2
22. ^ ^{a b} Genealogy of Andrianampoinimerina wives and childrens.