The term Angevin Empire describes a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty. The Plantagenets ruled over an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland during the 12th and early 13th centuries. Their 'empire' was roughly half of medieval France as well as all of England and Ireland. The term 'Angevin Empire' is a modern construction as the empire had no such collective term at the time. However, despite the extent of the Plantagenets rule, they were defeated by the King of France, Philip II Augustus, of the House of Capet which left their empire split in two, losing the provinces Normandy and Anjou. This defeat which left the ruling Plantagenets with their English territories and Gascon in France set the scene for the Saintonge and the Hundred Years' War. Angevin (IPA: ) is the name applied to the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. ... Angevin is the name applied to two distinct medieval dynasties which originated as counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Hungary and Poland (see Angevin Empire). ... Pic de Bugatetin the Néouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees For the mountains in Victoria, Australia, see Pyrenees (Victoria). ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130... Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe II Auguste) (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... The House of Capet includes any of the direct descendants of Robert the Strong. ... Flag of Normandy Normandy (in French: Normandie, and in Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region in northern France. ... Modern département of Maine-et-Loire, which largely corresponds to Anjou Anjou is a former county (c. ... Combatants France England Commanders Louis IX Henry III Strength around 50,000 around 30,000 Casualties unknown unknown The Saintonge War occurred in 1242 between France under Louis IX and England under Henry III. It was fought because some vassals of Louis were displeased with the land that Louis had... Combatants France Castile Scotland Genoa Majorca Bohemia Crown of Aragon Brittany England Burgundy Brittany Portugal Navarre Flanders Hainaut Aquitaine Luxembourg Holy Roman Empire The Hundred Years War was a conflict between France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. ...

Origin of the term and its application

The Angevin Empire is a neologism defining the lands of the Plantagenets: Henry II, Richard I and John Lackland. As far as historians know, there was no contemporary term for the region under Angevin control, however descriptions such as 'our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be' were used.^[1] The term 'Angevin Empire' was coined by Kate Norgate in her 1887 publication, "England under the Angevin Kings".^[2] In France, the term "Espace Plantagenêt" is sometimes used to describe the fiefdoms the Plantagenêts had acquired.^[3] A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ... Angevin is the name applied to two distinct medieval dynasties which originated as counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Hungary and Poland (see Angevin Empire). ... Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154–1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... This article is about the King of England. ...

With the adoption of the Angevin label this term marked a re-evaluation of times, considering that both English and French influences were spread throughout the dominion in the half century the union lasted. The term Angevin itself is the adjective applied to the residents of Anjou and its historic capital, Angers; the Plantagenets were from Anjou, hence the term.^[4] Angevin (IPA: ) is the name applied to the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. ... Maison dAdam, House of Adam, the oldest house of Angers. ...

The use of the term Empire has raised controversy amongst some historians. As it is an assemblage of the inherited and acquired lands of Henry there is some question as to whether or not a common identity existed within the dominions.^[5][6][7] Some historians argue that the term Empire should refer strictly to the Holy Roman Empire, the only Western European political structure actually named "Empire".^[8] Other historians argue that Henry II's empire was neither powerful, nor centralised, nor large enough to be seriously called an Empire.^[9] There was no such thing as an imperial title, as the term "Angevin Empire" may imply.^[10] Although, if the Plantagenets themselves did not claim any imperial title some chroniclers, often working for Henry II himself, used the term "empire" to describe this assemblage of lands.^[11] In essence the highest title was "king of England", to which were added the titles of dukes and counts held in France that were completely and totally independent from the royal title, and not subject to any English royal law.^[12] Because of this some historians prefer the term commonwealth to Empire, to emphasise the fact that the Angevin Empire was more an assemblage of seven fully independent, sovereign states loosely bound to each others.^[13] The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ... Coats of arms of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 to 1576. ...

Geography and administration

At its largest extent, that "so called empire" consisted of the Kingdom of England, the Lordship of Ireland, the duchies of Normandy, Gascony and Aquitaine (also called Guyenne)^[14] as well as of the Counties of Anjou, Poitou, Maine, Touraine, Saintonge, Marche, Perigord, Limousin, Nantes and Quercy. While the duchies and counties were held with various levels of vassalage to the King of France,^[15] the Plantagenets held control over the Duchy of Brittany, the Welsh kingdoms, the county of Toulouse and the Kingdom of Scotland to varying levels of power although they were not formal parts of the "Empire". Further claims had been laid over Berry and Auvergne yet these were not fulfilled. Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital Winchester, then London from 11th century. ... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Norman French, Irish, Welsh, English Government Monarchy Lord of Ireland  - 1171-1189 Henry II  - 1509-1541 Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant  - 1528-1529 Piers Butler  - 1540–1548 Anthony St Leger Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House... Flag of Normandy Normandy (in French: Normandie, and in Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region in northern France. ... Map of the historical and cultural area of Gascony. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne Pyrénées-Atlantiques Arrondissements 18 Cantons 235 Communes 2,296 Statistics Land area1 41,308 km² Population (Ranked 6th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... Modern département of Maine-et-Loire, which largely corresponds to Anjou Anjou is a former county (c. ... Coat of arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Plantagenet claimant to the county of Poitou, now favored as the coat of arms of Poitou by people in Poitou Poitou is a province of France. ... Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. ... The Touraine is a former province of France. ... Saintonge is a small region on the atlantic coast of France in the region of Poitou-Charentes (17- Charente-Maritime). ... The County of Marche was a medieval French county. ... Périgord is a former province of France, corresponding to the current Dordogne département, now forming the northern part of the Aquitaine région. ... Coat of arms of Limousin Limousin (Occitan: Lemosin) is a former province of France around the city of Limoges in central France. ... Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Pays de la Loire Department Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault  (PS) (since 1989) City Statistics Land area¹ 65. ... Coat of arms of the lordship of Quercy Quercy (pronounced in French;  ) (Occitan: Carcin, pronounced , locally ) is a former province of France located in the southwest of France, bounded on the north by Limousin, on the west by Périgord and Agenais, on the south by Gascony and Languedoc, and... A vassal, in European medieval feudalism terminology, is one who through a commendation ceremony (composed of homage and fealty) enters into mutual obligations with a lord, usually military conscription and mutual protection, in exchange for a fief. ... Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile at Reims in 1223; a miniature from the Grandes Chroniques de France, painted in the 1450s, kept at the National Library of France See also List of Queens and Empresses of France The monarchs of France ruled, first as kings and later... Angevin is the name applied to two distinct medieval dynasties which originated as counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Hungary and Poland (see Angevin Empire). ... Historical province of Brittany, showing the main areas with their name in Breton language The traditional flag of Brittany (the Gwenn-ha-du), formerly a Breton nationalist symbol but today used as a general civic flag in the region. ... This article is about the country. ... New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Midi-Pyrénées Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc  (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics Land... Motto Latin: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Capital Edinburgh¹ Language(s) Gaelic, Scots Government Monarchy King/Queen  - 843-860 Kenneth I  - 1587–1625 James VI  - 1702-1714 Anne Legislature Parliament of Scotland History  - United 843  - Union of the Crowns March 24, 1603  - Act of... Berry was a province of France until the provinces were replaced by départements on March 4, 1790. ... Auvergne coat of arms Auvergne (Occitan: Auvèrnha) was the name of an historically independent county in the center of France, as well as later a province of France. ...

Sometimes the frontiers were well known and easy to draw like the one between the royal Demesne of the King of France and the Duchy of Normandy while in other places they were not so clear, especially as regards the eastern frontier of Aquitaine where there often was a difference between the frontiers Henry II and, later, Richard I claimed and the ones where their real power ended.^[16] One of the most important characteristic of the Angevin Empire being it was "polycratic", term taken from one of the most important political pamphlet written by a subject of the Angevin Empire: the Policraticus by John of Salisbury. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile at Reims in 1223; a miniature from the Grandes Chroniques de France, painted in the 1450s, kept at the National Library of France See also List of Queens and Empresses of France The monarchs of France ruled, first as kings and later... The Duchy of Normandy stems from the Viking invasions of France in the 8th century. ... Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154–1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... John of Salisbury (c. ...

• England was under a rather firm control and was probably one of the most controlled areas. The Kingdom was divided in shires with sheriffes enforcing the common law. A Justiciar was appointed by the King to make his voice respected while he was away. As the kings of England were more often in France than England they used a larger amount of writs than the Anglo-Saxon kings did, curiously this rather helped England than anything else.^[17] Under William's rule, Anglo-Saxon nobles were often replaced by Anglo-Norman ones who could not own large expanses of contiguous lands, which made it much harder for them to rise against the King and defend all of their lands in the same time. Earls held a status similar to that of the continental counts. Yet none of them were really strong enough to be a match for the King.

Angers castle and its massive walls, overlooking the city and the Maine River.

• In Greater Anjou,^[18] for instance, two kinds of officials enforced the rule: prévots or seneschals. These were based at Tours, Chinon, Baugé, Beaufort, Brissac, Angers, Saumur, Laudun, Lauch, Langeais and Montbazon. However the other places were not administrated by the Plantagenets but by other families. For instance Maine was, at first, largely self-ruling and lacked of administration. The Plantagenets did a lot of efforts to improve the administration of this land by installing new administrators such as the seneschal of Le Mans. These reforms came too late though and the Capetians were the ones that really took benefits from these reforms after annexing Greater Anjou.^[19]

• Gascony was certainly a very loosely administrated region, with officials only stationed in Entre-deux-mers, Bayonne, Dax, as well as on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela and on river Garonne up to Agen. The rest of Gascony was left without an administrator, and was a large area compared to several other provinces. It was very difficult for the Angevin, just like it was for the previous Poitevin dukes, to install their authority over the duchy.^[20] This part of Gascony was unattractive to rule because of the landscape and it was difficult to install a firm rule on it.^[21]

• As for Poitou and Guyenne, the castles were concentrated in Poitou where there were official representatives while in the eastern provinces of Perigord and Limousin there simply were none. Indeed there were lords that ruled these regions as if they were "sovereign princes" and they had powers in fields such as minting coins. Richard the Lionheart himself met his demise in Limousin.

• Normandy was probably one of the most administrated states of the Angevin Empire. Prévots and vicomtes lost of their importance to the advantage of baillis who held both judicial and executive powers. They were introduced in the 12th century in Normandy and organised the country more like the sheriffs did in England. The Ducal authority was strong on the frontier between the Royal Demesne and the Duchy but was more loose elsewhere.

• Ireland was ruled by the Lord of Ireland who had a hard time imposing his rule at first. Dublin and Leinster were Angevin stronghold while Cork, Limerick and Ulster were taken by Cambro-Norman nobles.^[22]

In Aquitaine and Anjou although ducal and comital authorities did exist it was not homogeneous. For example, the family of the Lusignans, very powerful in these lands, proved themselves opponents of importance to the Plantagenets. For information on the fictional Shire of J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings, see Shire (Middle-earth) A shire is an administrative area of Great Britain. ... Look up Sheriff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ... In medieval England and Scotland, the Chief Justiciar (latterly known simply as the Justiciar) was a rough equivalent to that of the modern Prime Minister: the Monarchs chief minister. ... William I of England (c. ... The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... The Anglo-Normans were the descendents of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066. ... For other uses, see Earl (disambiguation). ... A count is a nobleman in most European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a countess (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1360 KB) Summary Took the photo a while back while my husband and I were visting the city. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1360 KB) Summary Took the photo a while back while my husband and I were visting the city. ... Maison dAdam, House of Adam, the oldest house of Angers. ... The Maine (Fr: Le Maine) is a river, a tributary of the Loire, 12 km (7 mi. ... A seneschal was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. ... Tours is a city in France, the préfecture (capital city) of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. ... Illustration of Chinon, circa 1892 For other uses, see Chinon (disambiguation). ... Beaufort is: The name of some places in the United States of America: Beaufort, North Carolina Beaufort, South Carolina Beaufort County, North Carolina Beaufort County, South Carolina The name of a place in Australia: Beaufort, Victoria The name of several communes in France: Beaufort, in the Haute-Garonne département... Brissac is a commune of the Hérault département in southern France. ... Maison dAdam, House of Adam, the oldest house of Angers. ... Saumur is a small city and commune in the Maine-et-Loire département of France on the Loire River, with an approximate population of 30,000 (in 2001). ... Langeais is a French commune in the département of Indre-et-Loire in the region of Centre. ... Angevin is the name applied to two distinct medieval dynasties which originated as counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Hungary and Poland (see Angevin Empire). ... Entre-deux-mers is a dry white wine made in Bordeaux. ... Bayonne (French: Bayonne, pronounced ; Gascon Occitan and Basque: Baiona) is a city and commune of southwest France at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Dax is a commune of Aquitaine in southwestern France, sous-préfecture of the Landes département. ... Location Location of Santiago de Compostela Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name Santiago de Compostela (Galician) Spanish name Santiago de Compostela Postal code 15700 Website http://www. ... The Garonne (Occitan: Garona) is a river in southwest France, with a length of 575 km (357 miles). ... For the Agen meteorite of 1814, see Meteorite falls. ... Périgord is a former province of France, corresponding to the current Dordogne département, now forming the northern part of the Aquitaine région. ... The term prince, from the Latin root princeps, is used for a member of the highest ranks of the aristocracy or the nobility. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... A viscount is a member of the European nobility whose comital title ranks usually, as in the British peerage, above a baron, below an earl (in Britain) or a count (his continental equivalent). ... A Bailiff in a United States courtroom Bailiff (from Late Latin bajulivus, adjectival form of bajulus) is a governor or custodian; cf. ... Ireland in the century prior to the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169 is probably best described as a national kingdom lacking a settled monarchy, the kingship being disputed by three regional dynasties. ... The Spire at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: 01, +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... Statistics Province: Munster County Town: Cork Code: C (CK proposed) Area: 7,457 km² Population (2006) 480,909 (including City of Cork); 361,766 (without Cork City) Website: www. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Irish Grid Reference R574572 Statistics Province: Munster County: Area: 20. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Cambro-Norman is a term used for Norman knights who settled in southern Wales after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. ... The Lusignan coat of arms: Barruly of ten, argent and azure The Lusignan family originated in Poitou in western France. ...

• Scotland was an independent Kingdom, but after the disastrous campaign led by William the Lion, English garrisons were established in the castles of Edinburgh, Roxburgh, Jedburgh and Berwick in southern Scotland as defined in the Treaty of Falaise.^[23]

• Toulouse was held through vassalage by the count of Toulouse but the latter did rarely comply. Only Quercy was directly administrated by the Plantagenets and it remained a contested area for the time being.

• Brittany, a region where nobles were traditionally very independent, was under firm Plantagenet control. Nantes was under undisputed Angevin rule while the Plantagenets often involved themselves in Breton affairs and installed archbishops and imposed authority on the region.^[24]

• Wales obtained good terms provided it paid homage to the Plantagenets and recognised them as lords.^[25] However it remained almost self ruling. It supplied the Plantagenets with knives and longbows which England later used with great success.

Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic) Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic and Scots1 Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Monarch Queen Elizabeth II... In politics, a country (or in some cases, a group of countries) over which a king or queen reigns, is a kingdom, see: monarchy. ... William I the Lion ( known in Gaelic as Uilliam Garm1 or William the Rough), (1142/1143 - December 4, 1214) reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. ... Edinburgh (() pronounced ; Scottish Gaelic: ) is the capital of Scotland and its second largest city. ... Historically, the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh (Gaelic: Rosbrog), in the Scottish Borders, was an important trading burgh in the economy of Scotland. ... Jedburgh (Referred to locally Jeddart or Jethart) is a town and former royal burgh in the Scottish Borders. ... Map sources for Berwick-upon-Tweed at grid reference NT9952 Berwick-upon-Tweed from across the river Berwick-upon-Tweed, (pronounced Berrick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, situated on the east coast on the mouth of the river Tweed. ... The Treaty of Falais was an agreement made in December 1174 by the captive William 1 King of Scots, and the English King Henry II. Having been captured in Battle at Alnwick, William was being held in Falaise in Normandy, while Henry sent and army north and took several Scottish... After the Visigothic Kings of Aquitaine (409 - 508), the Merovingian kings were kings and dukes in Aquitaine and dukes of Toulouse. ... Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Pays de la Loire Department Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault  (PS) (since 1989) City Statistics Land area¹ 65. ... Historical province of Brittany, showing the main areas with their name in Breton language The traditional flag of Brittany (the Gwenn-ha-du), formerly a Breton nationalist symbol but today used as a general civic flag in the region. ...

Economy and revenue

The economics of the Angevin Empire was quite complicated due to the varying political structure of the fiefdoms. Areas like England which had a centralised power structure generated larger revenues than the more loosely administrated regions such as Limousin; where local princes could mint their own coins.

It is commonly believed that money raised in England was used for continental issues.^[17] Also, due to the high level of administration of England and, to a lesser extent, Normandy, it was only area where revenue was fairly consistent.

The English revenues themselves varied from a year to year:

• When Henry II Plantagenet became king, his income for England was a mere £10,500 a year or half of what the English revenue were under Henry I Beauclerc.^[26][27] This was due in part to The Anarchy and Stephen of Blois' loose rule. As time went on, Henry II installed his authority and incomes consequently went up to £22,000 a year.
• When it was time to prepare for the crusade, revenues increased to £31,050 per year but they dropped down to £11,000 a year when Richard I the Lionheart was away.
• Under John Lackland incomes remained stable for a time at £22,000 a year. In order to pay for the reconquest of France, he registered an income of £83,291 and yet that didn't include all sources like the Jews which could have increased it to £145,000 in the year of 1211.

In Ireland, the revenue was fairly low, a mere £2,000 for 1212 however, records are missing for the most part. For Normandy, there were a lot of fluctuations relative to the politics of the Duchy. In 1180, the Norman revenues were only £6,750 while they reached £25,000 a year in 1198, higher than in England.^[28] What was more impressive was the fact the Norman population was considerably smaller than England's, and estimated 3.5 million as opposed to 1.5 million in Normandy.^[29][30] The Anarchy in English history commonly names the period of civil war and unsettled government that occurred during the reign (1135–1154) of King Stephen of England. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ...

For Aquitaine, Anjou and Gascony there is no record about revenues. It is not that these regions were poor; there were large vineyards, important cities and iron mines. This is what Ralph of Diceto, an English chronicler, wrote about Aquitaine: Ralph of Diceto was a 12th century English chronicler. ...

The Capetian kings did not record such incomes, although the royal principality was more centralized under Louis VII and Philip II than it used to be under Hugh Capet or Robert the Pious.^[31] The wealth of the Plantagenet kings was definitely regarded as bigger, Gerald of Wales commented on this wealth with these words:^[32] Hugh Capet[1] (c. ... Robert II the Pious (French: Robert II le Pieux) (March 27, 972 – July 20, 1031) was King of France from 996 to 1031. ... Giraldus Cambrensis (c. ...

Petit Dutailli had commented that: Richard maintained a superiority in resources which would have given him the opportunity, had he lived, to crush his rival. There is another interpretation, not widely followed and proven wrong, that the king of France could have raised a stronger income, that the royal principality of the king of France generated alone more incomes than all of the Angevin Empire combined.^[33]

Formation of the Angevin Empire (1135 – 1156)

Context before the Anarchy

See also: Norman conquest of England

Chinon Castle.

The Counts of Anjou had been vying for power in north-western France for a long time. The Counts were recurrent enemies of the Dukes of Normandy and of the Dukes of Brittany and sometimes even of the King himself. Fulk IV claimed rule over Touraine, Maine and Nantes however Touraine was certainly proved to be the only effectively ruled of these as the construction of the castles of Chinon, Loches and Loudun exemplify. Fulk IV married his son Fulk V to Eremburga, the heiress of Maine thus unifying it with Anjou. While the dynasty of the Angevins was successful, their rivals, the Normans, had conquered England while the Poitevins had become Dukes of Aquitaine as well as Dukes of Gascony and the Count of Blois became Count of Champagne. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings and the events leading to it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 201 KB) Summary Vue du château de Chinon de la rive gauche de la Vienne. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 201 KB) Summary Vue du château de Chinon de la rive gauche de la Vienne. ... Counts of Anjou, c. ... This statue of Rollo the Viking (founder of the fiefdom of Normandy) stands in Falaise, Calvados, birthplace of his descendant William I the Conqueror (the Duke of Normandy who became King of England). ... The Duchy of Brittany was an independent state from 841 to 1532. ... Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile at Reims in 1223; a miniature from the Grandes Chroniques de France, painted in the 1450s, kept at the National Library of France See also List of Queens and Empresses of France The monarchs of France ruled, first as kings and later... Fulk IV of Anjou (1043-1109), also known as Fulk le Réchin, was count of Anjou from 1068 to 1109. ... The Touraine is a former province of France. ... Flag of Maine Location of Maine in France Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. ... Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Pays de la Loire Department Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault  (PS) (since 1989) City Statistics Land area¹ 65. ... Illustration of Chinon, circa 1892 For other uses, see Chinon (disambiguation). ... The chateau, as seen from the front. ... Loudun is a small town and commune of approximately 9,000 inhabitants in the Vienne département of France. ... The County of Blois was centred on Blois, south of Paris. ... The Counts of Champagne ruled the region of Champagne, France from 1022 to 1314. ...

King Henry I of England had defeated his brother, Robert Curthose, made an enemy of Robert's son - William Clito - who became Count of Flanders in 1127 and used his paternal inheritance to claim the Duchy of Normandy and the Kingdom of England. Henry I tried to establish an alliance with Anjou against Flanders by marrying his only legitimate son, William Adelin, to Fulk V's daughter but the former died in the White Ship disaster in 1120. Then, Henry I married his daughter Matilda to Geoffrey V, however the Anglo-Normans had to accept Matilda's inheritance to the throne of England. There had been only one occurrence of a woman ascending the throne before, Urrace, and it wasn't an encouraging precedent although in January 1127, the Anglo-Normans barons and prelates recognized Matilda as heiress to the throne in an oath. On June 17 1128, the wedding was celebrated in Le Mans. Robert III (called Curthose for his short squat appearance) (c. ... William Clito (October 25, 1102 – July 28, 1128) was the son of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, by his marriage with Sibylla of Conversano. ... The counts of Flanders ruled over the county of Flanders from the 9th century. ... Flanders (Dutch: ) is a large historical region overlapping Belgium, France and the Netherlands. ... William Adelin (1103 – November 25, 1120) was the only legitimate son of Henry I of England and his wife Maud of Scotland. ... The White Ship, a twelfth century vessel, sank in the English Channel near the Normandy coast off Barfleur, on November 25, 1120. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 – March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Various rulers or governments of Europe, of Japan bestow or recognise the title of baron. ... A prelate is a member of the clergy having a special canonical jurisdiction over a territory or a group of people; usually, a prelate is a bishop. ... An oath (from Old Saxon eoth) is either a promise or a statement of fact calling upon something or someone that the oath maker considers sacred, usually a god, as a witness to the binding nature of the promise or the truth of the statement of fact. ... Le Mans is a city in France, located at the Sarthe River. ...

The Anarchy and the question of the Norman succession

Main article: The Anarchy

In order to secure the succession, castles and supporters were need in both England and Normandy. Had Matilda and Geoffrey succeeded, there would've been two authorities in England; King Henry I and his daughter, Matilda. Henry I didn't allow this happen by refusing to hand over any castle to Matilda as well as confiscated the lands of nobles he suspected of supporting her. By 1135, there were major disputes between Henry I and Matilda which drove the barons that were loyal to Henry I against Matilda. In November 1135, when Henry "Beauclerc" was dying, Matilda was with her husband in Maine and Anjou while Stephen of Blois was in Boulogne. Stephen rushed to England upon the news of the Henry I's death and was crowned King of England in December 1135.^[34] The Anarchy in English history commonly names the period of civil war and unsettled government that occurred during the reign (1135–1154) of King Stephen of England. ... Stephen (c. ... Boulogne-sur-Mer is a city and commune in northern France, in the Pas-de-Calais département of which it is a sous-préfecture. ...

The White Tower, seen from the River Thames, was built by William the Conqueror.

Geoffrey sent Matilda alone to Normandy, first ,in a diplomatic mission in order to get recognized Duchess of Normandy to replace Stephen. However, Geoffrey V wasn't far behind, at the head of his army, and quickly captured several fortresses in southern Normandy which he never lost again. It was then that an Angevin noble, Robert III of Sablé, rose up against Geoffrey V opening a front on his rear causing him to withdraw to Anjou and end the revolt. When Geoffrey V returned to Normandy in September 1136, the region was plagued with local struggles and infighting among the barons. Stephen was not able to travel to Normandy and as result, the situation remained chaotic. Geoffrey had found new allies with the Count of Vendôme and most importantly, the Duke of Aquitaine. At the head of a new army and prepared to conquer Normandy, he was wounded and was forced to return to Anjou once more. Adding to that, an outbreak of diarrhea plagued his army. Orderic Vitalis stated "the invaders had to run for home leaving a trail of filth behind them". Stephen finally arrived in Normandy in 1137 and restored order, but he had lost much of credibility to the eyes of Robert of Gloucester who supported Geoffrey. Geoffrey took control of the strongholds of Caen and Argentan without resistance but he now had to defend Robert's possession in England against the anger of the King. In 1139, Robert and Matilda crossed the channel and arrived in England while Geoffrey kept the pressure on Normandy. Stephen was captured in February 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln which prompted the collapse of Normandy. Geoffrey was now controlling almost all of Normandy. Previously King Louis VII of France had married Eleanor of Aquitaine becoming Duke of Aquitaine thus adding to his Royal Domain, the lands of Aquitaine in 1137 so he had no interest in the shift in Norman politics since he already ruled vast and powerful territories. Finally, while Geoffrey V asserted control of Normandy, Matilda was suffering defeats against Stephen's allies.^[35] At Winchester, Robert of Gloucester was captured while covering Matilda's retreat where she then would exchange Stephen for Robert. Download high resolution version (1417x1296, 233 KB)Tower of London, seen from the river, with a view of Traitors Gate, created by Viki Male 17/09/03 16:38  ©  This image is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (1417x1296, 233 KB)Tower of London, seen from the river, with a view of Traitors Gate, created by Viki Male 17/09/03 16:38  ©  This image is copyrighted. ... The Tower of London, seen from the river, with a view of the water gate called Traitors Gate. ... The Thames is a river flowing through southern England, and one of the major waterways in England. ... William I of England (c. ... Count of Vendôme, and, later, Duke of Vendôme, were French titles of nobility. ... Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (c. ... Caen (pronounced /kɑ̃/) is a commune of northwestern France. ... Argentan is a commune, and the chief town of two cantons and of an arrondissement of the Orne département, in France. ... Combatants Blesevin (Royal) Angevin Commanders King Stephen of England Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Unknown Unknown Battle of Lincoln or First Battle of Lincoln occurred on 2 February 1141. ... Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine (Aliénor dAquitaine in French), Duchess of Aquitaine and Gascony and Countess of Poitou (1122[1] –April 1, 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Europe during the High Middle Ages. ... Winchester is a historic city in southern England, with a population of around 40,000 within a 3 mile radius of its centre. ...

In 1142, Geoffrey V was pleaded to cross the channel and assist Matilda but he refused. He became more interested in Normandy. Following the capture of Avranches, Mortain and Cherbourg, Geoffrey V launched a decisive attack on Rouen capturing it in 1144. He then anointed himself as Duke of Normandy and in exchange of the cession of Gisors to Louis VII was formally recognized by the King. Geoffrey V, satisfied with his new role in Normandy, made no effort to assist Matilda in England even as she was on the verge of defeat. Helie (Elias), Geoffrey's younger brother, felt that he deserved his fair share and asked for Maine. No sooner had that issue been settled, another Angevin noble rebelled: Gerald Berlay, newly appointed seneschal of Poitou by Louis VII, led a revolt in southern Anjou against Geoffrey V. Avranches is a commune of Normandy, France, in the Manche département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Mortain is a small town and commune in the Manche département, France. ... Cherbourg is a city of Normandy, in northwestern France, in the Manche département, of which it is a sous_préfecture. ... Rouen Cathedral The entrance to Rouen Cathedral The Church of Jean dArc Abbey church of Saint-Ouen, (chevet) in Rouen Rouen, medieval house Rue St-Romain on a rainy day in Rouen Rouen (pronounced in French, sometimes also ) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on... Gisors is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. ... Giraud II of Montreuil-Berlay (died c. ...

Accession of Henry and nominal foundation of the Angevin Empire

Geoffrey of Anjou is also called Geoffrey Plantagenet.

Stephen had by no means given up his claims on Normandy, even though Louis VII had clearly recognised Geoffrey Plantagenet as duke. An alliance between the two Kings was possible because of the issue over Gerald Berlay. Louis VII agreed to recognise Henry Plantagenet as the new duke in 1151 in exchange of concessions in Norman Vexin. The death of Geoffrey, aged only 38, made Henry Plantagenet count of Anjou in 1151. According to the story told by William of Newburgh (in the 1190s) Geoffrey declared that Henry would have to hand down Anjou to one of his young brothers, also called Geoffrey, if he was to win the crown of England. To compel Henry to make an oath, Geoffrey V had ordered to be left without a sepulture until Henry swore that he would renounce Anjou if he was to acquire England. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (502x939, 607 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heraldry Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (502x939, 607 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heraldry Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou ... Geoffrey of Anjou Geoffrey V (August 24, 1113 – September 7, 1151), Count of Anjou and Maine, and later Duke of Normandy, called Le Bel (The Fair) or Geoffrey Plantagenet, was the father of King Henry II of England, and thus the forefather of the Plantagenet dynasty of English kings. ... The Vexin is a former region in France, divided since the 10th century between the Norman Vexin (Vexin normand) and the French Vexin (Vexin français). ... Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154–1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... William of Newburgh (1136?-1198?), also known as Nubrigensis, was a 12th century English historian, and monk, from Yorkshire. ... Sepulture is the act of burying the dead. ...

Henry II Plantagenet, first Angevin King

In March 1152, Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine divorced under the pretext of consanguinity at the council of Beaugency because the couple was not going on well at all.^[36] Eleanor was left Duchess of Aquitaine but under rule of the King in the terms of the divorce and eight weeks later she married Henry Plantagenet who was no less related to her than was Louis VII. With Henry becoming Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony it was obvious he would never give Anjou up to his brother, since it would mean splitting his land into two parts. A coalition of all of Henry's enemies was set up by Louis VII: King Stephen of England and his son Eustace IV of Boulogne (married to Louis' sister), Henry the Liberal (promised to Eleanor's daughter), Robert of Dreux (Louis VII's brother) and finally Geoffrey who had no hope of acquiring Anjou any more. Image File history File links Henry_II_of_England. ... Image File history File links Henry_II_of_England. ... Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154–1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... Eustace IV (c. ... Henry I of Champagne (d. ... Robert I of Dreux, nicknamed the Great (c. ...

In July 1152, Capetian troops attacked Aquitaine while Louis VII himself, along with Eustace IV, Henry of Champagne and Robert of Dreux attacked Normandy. Geoffrey raised a revolt in Anjou while Stephen attacked Angevin loyalists in England. Several Anglo-Norman nobles switched allegiance, feeling the forthcoming disaster. Henry Plantagenet was about to sail for England to pursue his claim when his lands were attacked. He first reached Anjou and compelled Geoffrey to surrender and then took the decision to sail for England in January 1153 in order to meet Stephen. Luckily enough Louis VII fell ill and had to retire from the conflict while Henry Plantagenet's defences held against his enemies. After seven months of both battles and political gambles he failed to get rid of King Stephen. Eustace IV died in dubious circumstances, "struck by the wrath of god", this was the last straw and King Stephen gave up the struggle by ratifying the Treaty of Winchester. He made Henry Plantagenet his heir on condition that the land possessions of his family were guaranteed in England and France, these were the terms Matilda had refused after her victory at Lincoln. Henry Plantagenet became Henry II of England in December 1154. Subsequently the question of his oath about Anjou and his brother Geoffrey was raised again. Henry II received a dispensation from Pope Adrian IV under the pretext the oath had been forced upon him, Henry II proposed compensations to Geoffrey at Rouen in 1156, but the latter refused and returned to Anjou to rise once again against Henry II. If Geoffrey had a solid moral claim, his position was nonetheless very weak. Louis VII wouldn't interfere since Henry II paid homage to the King of France for Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine as vassal. Henry II crushed Geoffrey's revolt and he had to be satisfied with an annual pension. The Treaty of Wallingford of 1153, also known as the Treaty of Winchester, effectively ended The Anarchy, a dispute between Empress Matilda and her cousin Stephen of England over the English crown. ... Lincoln (pronounced //) is a cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. ... Pope Adrian IV (c. ...

Expansions of the Angevin Empire

Henry II clearly claimed further lands and worked on the creation of a ring of vassal states, especially around England and Normandy, as buffers. The most obvious ones were Scotland, Wales, Brittany and Flanders, which could be also used as starting points for further expansions.

David of Scotland had taken advantage of The Anarchy to seize Cumberland, Westmorland and Northumberland. In Wales important leaders like Rhys of Deheubarth and Owain of Gwynedd had emerged. In Brittany, there is no evidence that the Duke of Brittany, namely Eudes, had recognised the Norman overlordship. Two vital frontier castles, Moulins-la-Marche and Bonmoulins, had never been taken back by Geoffrey Plantagenet and were in the hands of Robert of Dreux. Count Thierry of Flanders had joined the alliance formed by Louis VII in 1153. Further south, the Count of Blois acquired Amboise. From Henry II's perspective, there were some issues to solve.^[27] King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I the Saint) (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). ... The Anarchy in English history commonly names the period of civil war and unsettled government that occurred during the reign (1135–1154) of King Stephen of England. ... Cumberland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ... Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. ... Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. ... Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–28 April 1197) was the ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth (South Wales) from 1155 until his death. ... Owain Gwynedd (in English, Owen) (c. ... Eudes, viscount of Porhoet (died 1170) was co-ruler of the duchy of Brittany, between 1148 and 1156, with his brother-in-law Hoel III, Duke of Brittany. ... Thierry of Alsace (c. ... Amboise is a medieval town and a commune of France, in the Indre-et-Loire département, on the banks of the Loire River, 14 miles east of Tours. ...

King Henry II showed being a very audacious and daring king, he was also very active and mobile.^[37] Although he was often more present in France than in England as Ralph of Diss, Dean of St Paul's, ironised on:^[38]

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The situation in 1154.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1241x1755, 552 KB) Изработено от User:Lotroo File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): France in the Middle Ages Maps of France ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1241x1755, 552 KB) Изработено от User:Lotroo File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): France in the Middle Ages Maps of France ...

Castles and strongholds in France

Henry II bought Vernon and Neufmarché back in 1154. From now on this new strategy regulated the Plantagenets-Capetians relationship. Louis VII couldn't deny his own unsuccessful attempt at breaking Henry II down. Because of the Angevin control of England in 1154 it was pointless to object to the superiority of cumulated Angevine forces over the Capetian ones. Yet, Henry II wouldn't stop claiming the land until the Norman Vexin was entirely recovered. Thomas Beckett was sent as embassador to Paris in 1158 for leading negotiations and he displayed all the wealth the Angevins could boast of to the Capetians. Louis VII's daughter, Margaret who was still a baby was promised to Henry the "future young king" (King Henry II's son). Although a baby Margaret was old enough to be given a dowry at her wedding. This dowry happened to be the Norman Vexin. Henry II was given back the castles of Moulins-la-Marche and Bonmoulins. Theobald the Good handled Amboise back to him. Vernon is a commune in the département of Eure and the Haute-Normandie reégion of France. ... Saint Thomas à Becket (or Thomas Becket) (ca. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Marguerite of France (1158 - 1197) was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France by his second wife Constance of Castile. ... Henry, the Young King Henry the Young King (February 28, 1155–June 11, 1183) was the second of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. ... A dowry (also known as trousseau) is a gift of money or valuables given to the family of the bridegroom by the family of the bride at the time of their marriage. ... Theobald V of Blois (d. ...

Flanders

Although Thierry of Alsace had taken part in the assaults against Henry II along with Louis VII the wool trade between England and Flanders favoured a cordial relationship between the two men up to the point that the Count appointed Henry II guardian of his lands so that he undertake on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem without concerns. In 1159, William of Blois died without an inheritance, he was Stephen's last son, leaving the titles of Count of Boulogne and Count of Mortain vacant. Henry II absorbed the County of Mortain but wanted to grant Boulogne to Thierry's son, Matthew, who married Marie of Boulogne. The title of Count of Boulogne was accompanied with important manors in London and Colchester. William of Blois (c. ... Boulogne-sur-Mer became the centre of the County of Boulogne in the 9th century. ... The County of Mortain was a medieval county in France centered on the town of Mortain. ... Marie of Boulogne was the Countess of Boulogne from 1159 to 1170. ... Boulogne-sur-Mer became the centre of the County of Boulogne in the 9th century. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The town of Colchester is the main settlement in the East of England borough of Colchester, Essex. ...

England received much of its wool from Flanders via the port of Boulogne. An alliance with these two counties was then logically sealed by this wedding and the concessions of manors. Henry II had to get Marie out of her convent first, which had been a common practice in England since the Normans. In 1163, the few official remaining documents showed Henry II and Thierry renewed the treaty signed by William the Conqueror. Flanders would provide Henry II with knights in exchange of an annual tribute in money.

Brittany

In Brittany, the duke Conan III declared his son Hoël a bastard and disinherited him. It was his sister Bertha who became Duchess of Brittany making her husband of the time, Eudes, nominally Duke. Hoël was co-ruler with his brother in law then, and had to be satisfied as Count of Nantes. Bertha was the widow of Alan de Bretagne with whom she already had a son, Conan. Conan who had become Earl of Richmond in 1148 was Henry II's perfect candidate to become the new Duke of Brittany as any Duke with possessions of importance in England could be easier to control. Conan III of Cornwall (1070-1148) was duke of Brittany, from 1112 to his death. ... Hoel III of Cornwall (died 1156) was duke of Brittany, from 1148 to his death. ... Eudes, viscount of Porhoet (died 1170) was co-ruler of the duchy of Brittany, between 1148 and 1156, with his brother-in-law Hoel III, Duke of Brittany. ... Alan de Bretagne (c. ... Conan IV (1138 – February 20, 1171) was duke of Brittany, from 1156 to his death. ... The title of Earl of Richmond was created many times in the Peerage of England. ...

In 1156, the Duchy of Brittany was hit by civil unrest which led to Conan IV's accession while in Nantes the population called for Henry II's help against Hoël. Geoffrey (Henry II's brother again) was made new Count of Nantes by Henry II, but he did not hold the position for long, as he died in 1158 at only 24 years of age. In 1158, Conan IV briefly ruled as Count of Nantes however, Henry II took the title that same year by mustering an army in Avranches to threaten Conan. In 1160 Henry II married his cousin Margaret of Scotland to Conan in an arranged wedding. He then appointed the archbishop of Dol. Without a tradition of a strong rule in Brittany, nobles grew discontent. This led to a revolt that Henry II answered in 1166. He betrothed his own 7 year-old son -Geoffrey- to Conan's daughter and later forced Conan to abdicate for his future son in law, making of Henry II the ruler of Brittany yet not the Duke. Breton nobles strongly opposed that and more attacks on Brittany followed first in 1167 then in 1168 and finally in 1173. Each of these invasions were followed by confiscations and Henry II installed his men in the place, William Fitzhamo and Rolland of Dinan. Although it was not formally part of the Plantagenet fiefdom Brittany was under firm control. Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Pays de la Loire Department Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault  (PS) (since 1989) City Statistics Land area¹ 65. ... Conan IV (1138 – February 20, 1171) was duke of Brittany, from 1156 to his death. ... Avranches is a commune of Normandy, France, in the Manche département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Margaret, Maid of Norway (1283—1290), was Queen of Scotland (1286-1290). ... Dol-de-Bretagne is a commune of the Ille-et-Vilaine département in Brittany, France. ... Geoffrey Plantagenet (September 23, 1158 – August 19, 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186, through his marriage with the heiress Constance. ... The Bretons are a distinct celtic ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. ...

Scotland

William the Lion, King of Scotland

Henry II met Malcolm IV in 1157 about Cumberland, Westmorland and Northumberland previously seized by his grandfather -Saint David-. In 1149, before Henry II became powerful, he made an oath to Saint David that the lands north of Newcastle should belong to the King of Scotland forever. Malcolm reminded him of this oath but Henry II did not compel. There is no evidence that Henry II got a dispensation from the pope this time, as William of Newburgh put it. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 346 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (428 × 742 pixel, file size: 94 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 346 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (428 × 742 pixel, file size: 94 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... William I the Lion ( known in Gaelic as Uilliam Garm1 or William the Rough), (1142/1143 - December 4, 1214) reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. ... Malcolm IV (or Máel Coluim mac Eanric) (c. ... Cumberland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ... Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. ... Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. ... King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I the Saint) (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). ... This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen-in-Parliament) legislative power. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin...

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Malcolm IV gave up and paid homage in return of Huntingdon which he inherited from his father.^[39] Huntingdon is a town in the county of Cambridgeshire in East Anglia, England. ...

William the Lion, the next King of Scotland held grief toward Henry II since he was given Northumberland by Saint David in 1152 and therefore lost it to Henry II when Malcolm IV handed it back in 1157. William I the Lion ( known in Gaelic as Uilliam Garm1 or William the Rough), (1142/1143 - December 4, 1214) reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. ...

As a part of the coalition set by Louis VII, William the Lion first invaded Northumberland in 1173 and then again in 1174, as a result he was captured near Alnwick and had to sign the tough Treaty of Falaise. Garrisons were to be set in the castles of Edinburgh, Roxburgh, Jedburgh and Berwick.^[23] Southern Scotland was from then under firm control just like Brittany was. Richard I of England would end the Treaty of Falaise in exchange of money to fund his crusade setting a context for cordial relationships between the two lion kings. For the parish in New Brunswick, see Alnwick, New Brunswick Alnwick (pronounced anick ) is a small market town in north Northumberland, in the north-east of England. ... The Treaty of Falais was an agreement made in December 1174 by the captive William 1 King of Scots, and the English King Henry II. Having been captured in Battle at Alnwick, William was being held in Falaise in Normandy, while Henry sent and army north and took several Scottish... Edinburgh (() pronounced ; Scottish Gaelic: ) is the capital of Scotland and its second largest city. ... Historically, the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh (Gaelic: Rosbrog), in the Scottish Borders, was an important trading burgh in the economy of Scotland. ... Jedburgh (Referred to locally Jeddart or Jethart) is a town and former royal burgh in the Scottish Borders. ... Map sources for Berwick-upon-Tweed at grid reference NT9952 Berwick-upon-Tweed from across the river Berwick-upon-Tweed, (pronounced Berrick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, situated on the east coast on the mouth of the river Tweed. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ...

Wales

Rhys of Deheubarth, also called Lord Rhys, and Owain of Gwynedd were closed to negotiations. Henry II had to attack Wales three times, in 1157, 1158 and 1163 to have them answering his summons to the court. But the terms were too harsh and the Welsh largely revolted against him, he then undertook a fourth invasion in 1164 but this time with a massive army, the Chronicle of the Prince described it that way: Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–28 April 1197) was the ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth (South Wales) from 1155 until his death. ... Owain Gwynedd (in English, Owen) (c. ... Brut y Tywysogion (Chronicle of the Princes) is a monastic record of mainly Welsh events, started in 682. ...

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Bad weather, rains and floods slowed the Angevin army and prevented the capture of Wales; furious Henry II had Welsh hostages mutilated. Wales would remain safe for a while, but the invasion of Ireland in 1171 pressured Henry II to end the issue through negotiations with Lord Rhys.^[25]

Ireland

See also: Norman Ireland

King John's castle built on the Shannon River.

Further plans of expansion were considered as Henry II's last brother didn't have a fiefdom. The Holy See was most likely to support a campaign in Ireland which would bring its church into the Christian Latin world of Rome. Henry II was given Rome's blessing in 1155 under the form of a Papal bull^[40] but had to postpone the invasion of Ireland because of all the issues in his domains and around them. Here are the terms of the Bull Laudabiliter: A tower house near Quin. ... Photo of King Johns Castle in Limerick City, Ireland. ... Photo of King Johns Castle in Limerick City, Ireland. ... This article is about the King of England. ... The River Shannon (Irish: Sionainn), Irelands longest river, divides the West of Ireland (mostly the province of Connacht) from the east and south (Leinster and most of Munster). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ...

.

William of Poitou died in 1164 without being installed in Ireland, but Henry II didn't gave up on the conquest of Ireland. In 1167 -Dermot of Leinster- an Irish King, was recognised as "prince of Leinster" by Henry II and was allowed to recruit soldiers in England and Wales to use in Ireland against the other Kings. The knights first met great success in carving themselves lands in Ireland, so much it worried Henry II enough to land himself in Ireland in October 1171 near Waterford and confronted to such demonstration of power most native kings of Ireland recognised him as their lord. Even Rory O' Connor, the king of Connacht who claimed to be High King of Ireland paid homage to Henry II. Henry II installed some of his men in strongholds like Dublin and Leinster (as Dermot was dead). He also gave unconquered kingdoms such as Cork, Limerick and Ulster to his men and left the Normans carving their lands in Ireland. In 1177 he made John, his son, the first Lord of Ireland, though John was too young and landed in Ireland only in 1185. He failed to install his authority on the land and had to return to Henry II. Only 25 years later John would return to Ireland while others built castles and installed their interests. William, Count of Poitou, also vicomte de Dieppe (22 July 1136 at Argentan, Normandy,[1][2] - 30 July 1164 at Rouen, Normandy[3][4]) was the youngest of the three sons of Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, known as Geoffrey le bel (the fair), and Empress Matilda, daughter of King... Diarmait Mac Murchada (also known as Diarmait na nGall, Dermot of the Foreigners, Daimait MacMorchada), anglicized as Dermot MacMurrough (died 1 January 1171) was the King of Leinster, and is often considered to have been the most notorious traitor in Irish history. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (d. ... Statistics Area: 17,713. ... The High Kingship of Ireland was a pseudohistorical construct of the eighth century AD, a projection into the distant past of a political entity that did not become reality until the ninth century. ... The Spire at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: 01, +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... Statistics Province: Munster County Town: Cork Code: C (CK proposed) Area: 7,457 km² Population (2006) 480,909 (including City of Cork); 361,766 (without Cork City) Website: www. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Irish Grid Reference R574572 Statistics Province: Munster County: Area: 20. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... This article is about the King of England. ... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Norman French, Irish, Welsh, English Government Monarchy Lord of Ireland  - 1171-1189 Henry II  - 1509-1541 Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant  - 1528-1529 Piers Butler  - 1540–1548 Anthony St Leger Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House... The year 1185 saw John of Englands first expedition to Ireland and there has been much debate in historical scholarship as to its success as an expedition. ...

Toulouse

Carcassonne was a fortified city of the County of Toulouse

Much less tenable was the claim over Toulouse. Eleanor's ancestors claimed the huge County of Toulouse as it used to be the central power of the ancient Duchy of Aquitaine back in the times of Eudes the Great.^[14] Henry II and maybe even Eleanor were probably totally unrelated to this ancient line of Duke (Eleanor was a Ramnulfid while Henry II was an Angevin). Toulouse was a very large city, heavily fortified and much richer than many cities of the time. It was of strategical importance as it is between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The County of Toulouse was the largest state of the Kingdom of France with its large access to the Mediterranean Sea itself, and included significant cities like Narbonne, Cahors, Albi, Nimes and Carcassonne. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (903x516, 150 KB) Carcassonne, France, view of the medieval town, vineyards. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (903x516, 150 KB) Carcassonne, France, view of the medieval town, vineyards. ... Carcassonne (Carcassona in Occitan) is a fortified French town, in the Aude département of which it is the préfecture, in the former province of Languedoc. ... New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Midi-Pyrénées Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc  (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics Land... After the Visigothic Kings of Aquitaine (409–508), the Merovingian were kings and dukes in Aquitaine and dukes of Toulouse. ... Odo of Aquitaine (a. ... The Ramnulfids, or the House of Poitiers, were a French dynasty ruling the County of Poitou and Duchy of Aquitaine in the ninth through twelfth centuries. ... Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Narbonne (Narbona in Catalan and in Occitan, commonly Narbo especially when referring to the Ancient Rome era) is a town and commune of southwestern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon région. ... Cahors is a town in Western France in the Lot département. ... Albi is a town and commune in southern France. ... Nîmes is a city and commune of southern France, préfecture (capital) of the Gard département. ... Carcassonne (Carcassona in Occitan) is a fortified French town, in the Aude département of which it is the préfecture, in the former province of Languedoc. ...

Toulouse wasn't easy prey though. The city was incredibly large and fortified for a medieval city.^[41] Not to mention the least, Raymond V was married to Louis VII's sister therefore attacking Toulouse would have endangered the policy of peace with the King of France. The County of Toulouse had also many heavily fortified areas like Carcassonne and its five sons: Queribus, Aguila, Termes, Peyrepertuse and Puylaurens and many more castles and fortified cities.^[42] Raymond V (1134-1194) was count of Toulouse from 1148 until his death in 1194. ... Coat of arms of the province of Languedoc, now being used as an official flag by the Midi-Pyrénees region as well as by the city of Toulouse Languedoc (pronounced ) (Lengadòc (pronounced ) in Occitan) is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day régions... Queribus is a ruined castle in the South of France. ... Peyrepertuse Castle Peyrepertuse is a ruined fortress located high in the French Pyrénées in the Aude département, and has been associated with the Counts of Narbonne and Barcelona. ... Puylaurens is a town and commune located in the Tarn département in southwestern France. ...

In June 1159 Henry II gathered in Poitiers what probably was the biggest army he had ever set, formed by troops from all of his fiefdom (from Gascony to England), that army also included reinforcements sent by Thierry and Malcolm IV. Henry II attacked from the north while other of his allies, namely the Trencavels and Ramon Berenguer opened a different front. Henry II couldn't capture Toulouse proper and the recurrent conflicts with Toulouse would be called the Forty Years War with Toulouse by William of Newburgh. Henry II captured Cahors though as well as various castles in the Garonne valley (in the Quercy region), he came back in 1161 and then too busy with conflicts elsewhere in his fiefdom he left his allies fighting against Toulouse. Alfonso II the King of Aragon himself having interests there joined the war. In 1171 Henry II set an alliance with Humbert of Maurienne adding one more enemy of Raymond V to his alliance. In 1173, in Limoges, Raymond finally gave up after over a decade of constant fights. He paid homage to Henry II, to his son also called Henry and to his other son Richard the Lionheart newly appointed new Duke of Aquitaine.^[43] Location within France Poitiers (population 85,000) is a small city located in west central France. ... The Trencavel were an important noble family in Languedoc (in the southwest of modern-day France) during the 10th through 13th centuries. ... Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona the Saint (c. ... William of Newburgh (1136?-1198?), also known as Nubrigensis, was a 12th century English historian, and monk, from Yorkshire. ... Cahors is a town in Western France in the Lot département. ... The Garonne (Occitan: Garona) is a river in southwest France, with a length of 575 km (357 miles). ... Coat of arms of the lordship of Quercy Quercy (pronounced in French;  ) (Occitan: Carcin, pronounced , locally ) is a former province of France located in the southwest of France, bounded on the north by Limousin, on the west by Périgord and Agenais, on the south by Gascony and Languedoc, and... Alfonso II of Aragon Template:House of Aragón Alfonso II (Aragon) or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona) (1152 – 1196), called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona from 1162 until his death. ... Here is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. ... Humbert III (b. ... This article is about the French commune. ... Raymond V (1134-1194) was count of Toulouse from 1148 until his death in 1194. ... Henry, the Young King Henry the Young King (February 28, 1155–June 11, 1183) was the second of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. ...

The highest moments of power (1160 - 1199)

Louis VII was known by his contemporaries for his piety and love of peace. This is what Stephen of Paris wrote about King Louis VII:^[44]

Even Walter Map, a contemporary English satirical chronicler, had been kind toward Louis VII and praised him marking a contrast with the harsh critiques he did toward other kings.^[45]. Walter Map (fl. ...

King Louis VII was a man of peace who hated violence and war^[46] but the attacks on Toulouse made clear that peace with Henry II wasn't peace at all but just the opportunity to make war elsewhere. Louis VII himself was in an awkward position, his subject was more powerful than him and not just a little and worse of all he had no male heir. Constance, his second wife, died in childbirth in 1160 and Louis VII announced he would remarry at once, in the urgent need of a male heir, with Adèle of Champagne. The young Henry was finally married to Margaret aged only 2, under the pressure of Henry II, and as declared in 1158 the Norman Vexin went to him as the dowry. Had Louis VII died without male heir, Henry the Young would have been in a comfortable position to become the next King of France himself. Constance of Castile, (1141-4 October 1160), was a daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Berenguela of Barcelona. ... Adèle de Champagne (c. ...

In 1164 King Louis found a rather turbulent ally in Archbishop Thomas Beckett.^[47] King Louis and Thomas Beckett had met previously in 1158, but now the circumstances were very different. Louis had got already a few clerical refugees in his land, and was then called Rex Christianisimus (most Christian king) by John of Salisbury.^[48] John of Salisbury (c. ...

Thomas Beckett, archbishop and martyr.

Indeed there were growing conflicts between the king of England and the archbishop and Henry II provoqued Thomas Beckett's murder by pronouncing words comparable to these:^[49] Image File history File links Thomas_Becket_Murder. ... Image File history File links Thomas_Becket_Murder. ...

Thomas Beckett was murdered in 1170, and the Christian world blamed Henry for this. Louis, who had protected Thomas Beckett, gained general approval against Henry. Although his secular power was still much weaker than Henry's, Louis now had the moral advantage.

In 1165, the idea of a possible succession of Henry the Young to the throne of France was all gone away as Philip was given birth by Adèle. With the birth of the next King of France it was clear peace was over, Henry II claimed Auvergne in and marched on it in 1167 while he also claimed Bourges and attacked it in 1170. Louis VII answered by raiding the Norman Vexin forcing Henry II to relocate his troops to the north and Louis VII then marched south and freed Bourges. At that point, not just Louis VII was wondering if Henry II's expansionism would ever end. Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe II Auguste) (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... Auvergne coat of arms Auvergne (Occitan: Auvèrnha) was the name of an historically independent county in the center of France, as well as later a province of France. ... Bourges is a town and commune in central France that is located on the Yèvre river. ...

Henry II never treated his land as a coherent sovereign but much more as private possessions he planned to distribute his children. Henry the young was crowned King of England in 1170 but never actually ruled, in 1172 Richard the Lionheart became Duke of Aquitaine, in 1181 Geoffrey became Duke of Brittany, John became Lord of Ireland in 1185 while Leonora (born in 1161) was promised to Alfonso VII with Gascony as dowry during the campaign against Toulouse in 1170. This partition of the lands between his children made it much harder for him to control them, as several of them would then turn against him. Queen Leonora (October 13, 1162 – October 31, 1214), was born as Princess Eleanor of England (and Aquitaine) and became Leonora, Queen of Castile as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile. ...

Following his coronation Henry the Young King asked part of his inheritance, at least England or Normandy or Anjou and Henry II the Old King refused to hand down anything. Henry the Young then joined Louis VII at his court, Eleanor of Aquitaine herself joined the conflict and both Richard the Lionheart and Geoffrey of Brittany joined their brother at the court of the King. From then, states that Henry II had pressured joined the conflict against him. Another King to join Louis VII was William the Lion, King of Scotland. Philip, the Count of Flanders also joined the conflict, as well as the Count of Boulogne and Theobald the Count of Blois. Henry II emerged victorious of that conflict, because of his wealth he could recruit very large amount of mercenaries, he had captured and imprisoned Eleanor early on as well as captured William the Lion and forced him into the Treaty of Falaise. Henry II bought the County of Marche, then he asserted the French Vexin and Bourges should be given at once, but this time there was no invasion to back the claim. Henry, the Young King Henry the Young King (February 28, 1155–June 11, 1183) was the second of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. ... Philip of Alsace was count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191. ... The counts of Flanders ruled over the county of Flanders from the 9th century. ... Boulogne-sur-Mer became the centre of the County of Boulogne in the 9th century. ... Theobald V of Blois (d. ... The County of Blois was centred on Blois, south of Paris. ... The Treaty of Falais was an agreement made in December 1174 by the captive William 1 King of Scots, and the English King Henry II. Having been captured in Battle at Alnwick, William was being held in Falaise in Normandy, while Henry sent and army north and took several Scottish... The County of Marche was a medieval French county. ...

Philip II Augustus and Richard I the Lionheart

Richard Cœur de lion.

Philip II Augustus.

Louis VII died and was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica in 1180. His son, aged only 15, ascended of France and in 1183. Philip II of France's policy was to use Henry II's sons against him. Richard the Lionheart was administrating Aquitaine since 1175 but his policy of centralisation of the Aquitanian government has grown unpopular in the eastern part of the Duchy, notably Perigord and Limousin. Richard the Lionheart was accused of many crimes there like murders and rapes.^[50] If Richard was not so popular in Aquitaine Philip II was not really liked either by contemporaries^[51] with comments describing him as: astute, manipulative, calculating, penurious and ungallant ruler. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... Image File history File links Sceau_Philippe_Auguste. ... Image File history File links Sceau_Philippe_Auguste. ... Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe II Auguste) (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... West façade of Saint Denis Depiction of the Trinity over the main entrance The Basilica of Saint Denis (French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the famous burial site of the French monarchs, comparable to Westminster Abbey in England. ... Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe II Auguste) (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... Périgord is a former province of France, corresponding to the current Dordogne département, now forming the northern part of the Aquitaine région. ... Coat of arms of Limousin Limousin (Occitan: Lemosin) is a former province of France around the city of Limoges in central France. ...

In 1183, Henry the Young joined a revolt led by Limoges and Geoffrey of Lusignan against Richard in order to take Richard's place. They were joined by Philip II, Raymond V and by Duke Hugh III of Burgundy. Henry the Young died suddenly of a fatal illness in 1183, saving Richard's position. Henry the Young King was buried in Notre Dame de Rouen. This article is about the French commune. ... Hugh III of Burgundy (1142 – August 25, 1192, in Acre) was duke of Burgundy between 1162 and 1192. ... Rouen Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rouen) is a Gothic cathedral in Rouen, in northwestern France. ...

Richard was then Henry II's oldest son and inherited of Henry the Young's status. Henry II ordered him to hand down Aquitaine to John Lackland but Richard refused to comply. Henry II had too much to cope with at the time to take care of this, Welsh princes were now contesting his authority, William the Lion was asking for his castles to be given back and as Henry the Young was dead Philip II asked for the Norman Vexin to be given back. Henry II finally asked Richard I to surrender Aquitaine to Eleanor while Richard retained the control. Still in 1183, Raymond V had taken Cahors back and Henry II asked Richard to mount an expedition against Toulouse. Geoffrey of Brittany was quarrelling violently with his brother Richard and it was obvious Geoffrey could be used by the Capetians but his sudden death in 1186 in a tournament killed the plot. In 1187, Philip II and Richard were more that strong allies as Roger of Hodeven reported:^[52]

In 1188 Raymond V attacked again joined by the Lusignans, it was rumoured that Henry II himself financed the revolts. By this time Philip II attacked Henry II in Normandy and captured strongholds in Berry. In 1188, Philip II and Henry II met to discuss peace again, Henry II refused to make Richard his heir, the story affirms Richard said: Now at last, I must believe what I had always thought impossible.^[53] Berry was a province of France until the provinces were replaced by départements on March 4, 1790. ...

This was the final collapse of all Henry's strategy, first Richard paid homage to the King of France for all the lands his father held. As Richard and Philip II attacked Henry II no one in Aquitaine stood for him and the Bretons seized the opportunity to attack him too. Even Henry's birthplace, Le Mans, was captured and Tours also soon fell. He was simply encircled in his castle of Chinon. Henry was finally compelled to surrender, he handed down a large tribute in money to Philip II and swore all his subjects in France and England would recognise Richard as their lord. Henry II died two days later, learning John had joined Richard and Philip, and the old king was buried in Fontevraud Abbey. Fontevraud Abbey Chapel. ...

Eleanor, who was Henry's hostage, was then freed while Lord Rhys raised and began to reconquer the southern parts of Wales that Henry had annexed. Richard I was crowned King in Westminster Abbey in November 1189, while he was already installed Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and Duke of Aquitaine. Philip II asked for the Norman Vexin to be given back but the issue was settled when Richard I announced he would marry Alys, Philip II's sister. Richard I also recognised Auvergne was meant to belong to the crown of France and not to the Duke of Aquitaine ending Henry's claim on the place. In Britain King William of Scotland opened negotiations with King Richard of England (the two lion kings) to revocate the Treaty of Falaise and an agreement was reached.^[54] The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Alys, Countess of the Vexin (4 October 1160 – c. ...

The Third Crusade

See also: Third Crusade

The next priority was the crusade, it had been delayed way enough and Richard I considered it was time to do his religious duty. Beyond purely religious matter, his ancestor Fulk V had been King of Jerusalem and Guy de Lusignan was a Poitevin noble while his wife -Sybilla- was no less than Richard's cousin. The crusade as well as French issues would be the reason of Richard's absence in England, the Lion Heart would spend less than six months of his reign in England.^[55] The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Guy of Lusignan (died 1194) was a French knight who became king of Jerusalem and led the Kingdom to disaster at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. ... Top: Baldwin IV betrothes Sibylla to Guy; Bottom: Sibylla and Guy are married. ...

"Saladin, king of Egypt"

Before leaving, Richard I had to make sure nothing went wrong while he was in the Holy Land. There was little doubt Raymond V would catch the opportunity to expand his lands in Aquitaine, to counter that threat he built an alliance with Sancho VI the Wise the King of Navarre. On the way to the Holy Land, Richard I married Berengaria the princess of Navarre therefore repudiating Alys in 1191. To calm down Philip II he accepted that if he had two sons the youngest should take Normandy or Aquitaine or Anjou and rule it for the King of France.^[56] Download high resolution version (461x700, 108 KB)Saladin rex Aegypti from a 15th century manuscript The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Download high resolution version (461x700, 108 KB)Saladin rex Aegypti from a 15th century manuscript The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... The statue of Saladin at the entrance of the citadel in Damascus. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Holy Land (Biblical). ... Sancho VI Garces, (c. ... Coat of Arms of the Kings of Navarre since 1212. ... Berengaria of Navarre Berengaria (Spanish: Berenguela, French: Bérengère) (c. ... The Kingdom of Navarre (Basque: Nafarroako Erresuma) was a European state which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean. ...

The administration left behind worked rather well as an attack from the Count of Toulouse was repelled with the help of Sancho VI. The Siege of Acre was merely over that struck by dysentery Philip II of France had to take the way back to his Kingdom, still upset at the way his sister Alys had been treated. Richard I had also upset Leopold V the Virtuous by removing his banner from Acre. Much has been said about the reasons Philip II went back to France, it is often considered his dysentery was the principal reason. Other causes could have been the way his sister had been treated by Richard I or that he couldn't stand his subject showed more power and wealth than him or even that following the Count of Flanders's death - Philip- he came back to ask for his share of the land of Artois. Leopold V (1157 – December 31, 1194), the Virtuous, was a Babenberg duke of Austria from 1177 to 1194 and Styria from 1192 to 1194. ... Artois is a former province of northern France. ...

Richard I left Palestine in October 1192 and would have retrieved his lands intact had he reached home in time. But Leopold V arrested him near Vienna, accusing him of the murder of his cousin Conrad, and then handed him down to Emperor Henry VI. John Lackland was summoned to Philip II's court and accepted to marry Alys with no less than Artois has a dowry in return of what the entireNorman Vexin would be given to the King of France. After all, no one was sure if Richard I would be ever released. Yet, all of the forces John could gather were a bunch of mercenaries as even William the Lion didn't join his revolt and worse, sent money for Richard's ransom. Another revolt in Aquitaine was suppressed by Elias de la Celle, but in Normandy Philip II himself was leading the operations. By April 1193 he had reached Rouen and although the Ducal Capital couldn't be taken, he and his allies were then controlling all the ports from the Rhine to Dieppe. Confronted to the situation Richard's regents conceded the Treaty of Mantes in July 1193, confirming Philip II's control on all the land he had taken including the entire Norman Vexin, the castles of Drincourt and Arques in Normandy and the castles of Loches and Châtillon in Tourraine as well as adding a substantial payment once Richard is back. The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi... Leopold V (1157 – December 31, 1194), the Virtuous, was a Babenberg duke of Austria from 1177 to 1194 and Styria from 1192 to 1194. ... “Wien” redirects here. ... Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197. ... Rouen Cathedral The entrance to Rouen Cathedral The Church of Jean dArc Abbey church of Saint-Ouen, (chevet) in Rouen Rouen, medieval house Rue St-Romain on a rainy day in Rouen Rouen (pronounced in French, sometimes also ) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on... It has been suggested that River Rhine Pollution: November 1986 be merged into this article or section. ... Dieppe is a town and commune in the Seine-Maritime département of Haute-Normandie (eastern Normandy), France. ... The Treaty of Mantes was affirmed between Charles II of Navarre and John II of France on 22 February 1354. ... Arques is a commune and the chief town of a canton of northern France, in the Pas-de-Calais département, arrondissement of Saint-Omer. ... Loches is a town in France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Indre-et-Loire, 29 miles southeast of Tours by railway, on the left bank of the Indre River. ...

In a new treaty in 1194, concessions to the King of France went much further when Tours with all the castles of Tourraine and all of Eastern Normandy except for Rouen were surrendered. The County of Angoulême was declared independent of Aquitaine, Vendôme was given to Louis of Blois and Rotrou III of Perche acquired Moulins and Bonmoulins. Emperor Henry VI finally released Richard I in 1194 in exchange of the ransom. Angoulême is a town and commune in southwestern France, préfecture (capital city) of the Charente département. ... Facade of the abbey-church Castle ruins Vendôme is a commune of north-central France. ... Louis I of Blois (1172 – April 14, 1205) was count of Blois from 1191 to 1205. ... The County of Perche was a medieval county lying between Normandy and Maine. ... Moulins or Moulin (French for mill) is the name or part of the name of several communes in France. ...

Richard freed, recovering his lands, and finally dying

Richard I was in a difficult position, Philip II had taken over large parts of his lands and had inherited of Amiens and Artois. England was Richard's most secured possessions, Hubert Walter who had been to the crusade with the King of England was appointed his justiciar. King Richard took over John's lordship over Ireland and rejected William the Lion's claim over the northern territories. Amiens is a city and commune in the north of France, 120 km north of Paris. ... Hubert Walter (died July 13, 1205), chief justiciar of England and archbishop of Canterbury, was a relative of Ranulf de Glanvill, the great justiciar of Henry II, and rose under the eye of his kinsman to an important position in the Curia Regis. ...

The construction of Château-Gaillard began under Richard's rule, but he died before it could be seen finished.

Richard I had merely crossed the English Channel to claim back his territories that John Lackland betrayed Philip II by murdering the garrison of Evreux and handing the town down to Richard I. "He had first betrayed his father, then his brother and now our King" said William the Breton. Sancho the Strong, the future King of Navarre, joined the conflict and attacked Aquitaine, capturing Angoulème and Tours. Richard himself was known to be a great military commander.^[57] The first part of this war was difficult for Richard who suffered several setbacks, indeed Philip II was also a great commander and politician. But by October the new Count of Toulouse, Raymond VI, left the Capetian side and joined Richard's. He was followed by Balwin IV of Flanders, the future Latin Emperor, as this one was contesting Artois to Philip II. In 1197, Henry VI died and was replaced by Otton IV, Richard I's own nephew. Renaud de Dammartin, the Count of Boulogne and a skilled commander, also deserted Philip II. Balwin IV was invading Artois and captured Saint Omer while Richard I was campaigning in Berry and inflicted a severe defeat to Philip II at Gisors, close to Paris. A truce was accepted and Richard I had almost recovered all Normandy and now held more territories in Aquitaine than he had before. Richard I had to deal with a revolt once again, but this time from Limousin. He was struck by a bolt in April 1199 at Châlus-Chabrol and died of a subsequent infection. He body was buried at Fontevraud like his father. Download high resolution version (4589x1584, 933 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (4589x1584, 933 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Château-Gaillard Château-Gaillard is a ruined medieval castle, located above the town of Les Andelys, in the Eure département of Normandy, France. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: (IPA: ), the sleeve) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... Évreux is a commune of Normandy, France, in the Eure département, of which it is the préfecture (capital). ... Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154–1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe II Auguste) (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... William the Breton (c. ... Sancho in stained glass in the church at Roncesvalles. ... Raymond VI of Toulouse (October 27, 1156 – August 2, 1222) was count of Toulouse and marquis of Provence from 1194 to 1222. ... Baldwin I (July 1172 – 1205, Bulgaria), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders and as Baldwin VI Count of Hainaut, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Constantinople, the conquest of the... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... Otto IV of Brunswick (died 1218) was King of Germany (1208-1215) and Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 - 1215. ... Renaud de Dammartin (Reginald of Boulogne) (c. ... The main square and Hôtel de Ville in St Omer. ... Gisors is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Coat of arms of Limousin Limousin (Occitan: Lemosin) is a former province of France around the city of Limoges in central France. ... Châlus is a small village and ruined castle (now named Chalus-Cabrol) in the Haute-Vienne departement of France, in the Limousin region. ... Fontevraud Abbey Chapel. ...

John's reign and the collapse (1199 - 1217)

John wasn't king yet that he had to fight to keep his lands. Following the news of Richard's death, Philip II captured Evreux in a rush. John tried to take the Angevin treasure and the castle of Chinon to install his power. But in the local custom^[58] the son of an older brother was preferred to a claimant. Henceforth they recognised Arthur as their ruler, son of Geoffrey of Brittany, depriving John of the Angevins' ancestral land. Only in Normandy and England he could install his rule. In Normandy he was made Duke in Rouen in April 1199 and he was crowned King of England in May at Westminster Abbey. As for Aquitaine he left his mother, Eleanor, controlling the place. Évreux is a commune of Normandy, France, in the Eure département, of which it is the préfecture (capital). ... Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (1187 – 1203), was the posthumous son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and designated heir to the throne of England, originally intended to succeed Richard I. While Richard was away on crusade, Constance took more independence for Brittany, and in 1194 had the... Geoffrey Plantagenet (September 23, 1158 – August 19, 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186, through his marriage with the heiress Constance. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

His allies, Aimeri of Thouars and three Lusignan nobles led an attack on Tours in an attempt to capture Arthur and install John as count. Aimeri of Thouars was promised the title of seneschal had he captured Arthur. By this time John went to Normandy to negocy a truce with Philip II. He took profit of this truce to gather Richard's former allies, especially the Count of Boulogne, the Count of Flanders and the Holy Roman Emperor. In the end no less that 15 French counts swore allegiance to John which was now definitely in a way much stronger position than Philip II. A strong supporter of the King -William des Roches- even switched side in front of so much power and handed down Arthur, whom he was supposed to protect, to John. Arthur managed to espace and join Philip II's court very soon though. It was also the moment the Count of Flanders and a lot of knights decided to join the crusade in 1199 and deserted John's court. John's dominant position was short-lived and then he had to accept the Treaty of Le Goulet in 1200. Philip II was confirmed over the lands he had taken in Normandy joined by further concessions in Auvergne and Berry. John was recognised at the head of Anjou in return of what he swore he wouldn't interfere if Baldwin IV or Otto IV attacked Philip II. William des Roches or Guillaume des Roches (1165-1222), seneschal of Anjou, was a knight in the service of the Angevin Kings of England, and King Philip II of France after 1202. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... The Treaty of Le Goulet was signed by the kings John of England and Philip II of France in May 1200. ...

The Lusignans' case and decisive defeats

Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry show the Château de Lusignan.

Hugh IX of Lusignan took Eleanor in hostage, John then recognised him as Count of Marche thus expanding Lusignan power in the region. In August 1200 John had his first marriage annulled and married Isabella who was already betrothed to Hugh X and then John confiscated La Marche. The Lusignans themselves called for Philip II's intervention who summoned John to his court. John refused to meet his King causing Philip II to use his power of suzerainty to confiscate all the lands John held in France and to accept Arthur's homage for Poitou, Anjou, Maine and Tours in 1202. Raymond VI, the Count of Toulouse joined Philip II as well as Renaud de Dammartin while most of John's allies were either in the Holy Land or had left him. Only Sancho VII the Strong was remaining and he was more in need of help than in the situation to supply any. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1144x1847, 395 KB) Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, Mars the Musée Condé, Chantilly. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1144x1847, 395 KB) Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, Mars the Musée Condé, Chantilly. ... An illuminated page from the Très Riches Heures showing the day for exchanging gifts from the month of January The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (or simply the Très Riches Heures) is probably the most important illuminated manuscript of the 15th century, le roi des... Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, March: the Château de Lusignan The Château de Lusignan (in Lusignan, Vienne département, France) remains, even in its present ruined state, the largest of the châteaux-forts of France [citation needed]. It was the seat of the... Hugh IX of Lusignan was the grandson of Hugh VIII. His father, Hugh, married Orengarde about 1167 and died in 1169 leaving a one-year-old son. ... The County of Marche was a medieval French county. ... Isabella of Angoulême (c. ... Hugh X of Lusignan (c. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... Raymond VI of Toulouse (October 27, 1156 – August 2, 1222) was count of Toulouse and marquis of Provence from 1194 to 1222. ...

Arthur launched an attack in Poitou with his Lusignan allies, while Philip II attacked Normandy and captured many castles on the frontier. John was in Le Mans when the attacks were launched and decided to move southward. He captured no less than Arthur with Hugh X and 200 knights; this success was quickly followed by the capture of the Viscount of Limoges and his imprisonment in Chinon. 1202 was a year of triumph for John who had defeated many of his enemies like never Richard I nor Henry II did.

John had a major sin, "he could not resist the temptation to kick a man when he was down"^[59] and he took pleasure in humiliating the knights he had captured. Arthur was murdered in jail, most certainly at John's request. A lot of his knights who had relatives on the other side were angered at this behaviour and deserted him.

John's allies handed down Alençon in Normandy to Philip II, while many of them were now fighting him. Vaudreuil was handed down to King of France without a fight and while John was trying to take Alençon back he had to withdraw when Philip II arrived. Château-Gaillard itself had fallen in 1204 after a 6 months siege, this was a very symbolic loss for the Angevins. Philip II kept campaigning in Normandy and captured Argentan, Falaise, Caen, Bayeux and Lisieux in merely 3 weeks while by the meantime a force of Breton knights captured the Mont Saint-Michel and Avranches. Tours fell in 1204, Loches and even Chinon followed in 1205, only Rouen and Arques were still resisting and Rouen opened its gates to the King. The Ducal castle was destroyed and a bigger one was commissioned. Alençon is a town in Normandy, France, préfecture (capital) of the Orne département. ... Vaudreuil can refer to: Vaudreuil-Dorion, Quebec, a Quebec city located west of Montreal Terrasse-Vaudreuil, Quebec, a small Quebec municipality located near Montreal. ... Château-Gaillard Château-Gaillard is a ruined medieval castle, located above the town of Les Andelys, in the Eure département of Normandy, France. ... Argentan is a commune, and the chief town of two cantons and of an arrondissement of the Orne département, in France. ... Falaise is the name of several communes in France: Falaise, in the Ardennes département Falaise, in the Calvados département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Caen (pronounced /kɑ̃/) is a commune of northwestern France. ... Bayeux (pronounced ) is a small town and commune in the Calvados département, in Normandy, northwestern France. ... Lisieux is a commune of the Calvados département, in the Lower Normandy région, in France. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Avranches is a commune of Normandy, France, in the Manche département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ...

Eleanor died in 1204 and then most of the Poitevin nobles joined Philip II as they were loyal to Eleanor but not to John. Eleanor's death saw then Alfonso VIII at last asking for Gascony, which was part of the dowry Henry II had given his daughter, and he entered Gascony. Gascony was one of the only French part of the once powerful "Angevin Empire" that remained loyal to the Angevins as it resisted Alfonso and remained in John's hands.

Finally the two Kings agreed on a truce in 1206. The once mighty "Angevin Empire" was left with Gascony, Ireland and England.

Campaigns in the British Isles and return to France

John had to make his rule on the isles undisputed following the loss of Normandy and Anjou. He campaigned in South Wales in 1208, the Scottish border in 1209, Ireland in 1210 and North Wales in 1211 and these campaigns often met their successes. John used all resources he could muster to finance an upcoming campaign in France. Taxation of the Jews generated additional incomes while all land property of the church were seized, this had led to John's excommunication.

Philip II victorious at Bouvines.

In 1212, John was ready to land and invade France, but a revolt in Wales forced him to delay his plans and then a baronnal revolt in England made it worse. Philip II was then also preparation an invasion of England but his fleet was destroyed while anchored at Damme by the Earl of Salisbury, William de Longespee. Hearing of the news, John ordered all the forces he had set to defend England to sail for Poitou. He landed in La Rochelle in 1214 and was then allied with Renaud de Dammartin, Count Ferdinand of Flanders and of course with Otto IV. His allies would attack in the north-east of France while he would attack from the south west. John went to Gascony and tried to install his garrison in Agens but it was expelled. Unlike Normandy, Philip II had never invaded Poitou, it just switched allegiance. In order to invade Paris it was much shorter to go through Normandy from England than the South west thus King Philip II concentrated his efforts there. The sword swung two ways as for Philip II it was easier to launch and invasion of England from Normandy. As a consequence Poitou was left without strong royal presence. John betrothed his daughter -Joan- to Hugh IX of Lusignan's son Hugh X, in return of what the Lusignans would be granted Saintonge and the Island of Oleron as well as possibilities of further concessions in Touraine and Anjou. These were huge gains for the Lusignans, yet John called that bringing them to submit.^[60] Image File history File links Battle-bouvines. ... Image File history File links Battle-bouvines. ... Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe II Auguste) (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... Bouvines is a commune of the Nord département, in northern France. ... Damme church Damme is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. ... The title Marquess of Salisbury is a British title of Peerage, created in 1789 for James Cecil, 7th Earl of Salisbury. ... William de Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (William Longsword in English) (ca. ... Fernando of Portugal, pron. ... Hugh IX of Lusignan was the grandson of Hugh VIII. His father, Hugh, married Orengarde about 1167 and died in 1169 leaving a one-year-old son. ... Hugh X of Lusignan (c. ... ÃŽle dOléron (English: Island of Oleron) is an island off the Atlantic coast of France (due west of Rochefort), on the southern side of the Pertuis dAntioche strait. ...

Peter was the Duke of Brittany of the time, he was loyal to the King of France but his claim to the rule of Brittany was fairly loose. If anything Eleanor of Brittany had a stronger claim as she was the sister of the defunct Arthur. John had her captured and used her as blackmail against Peter with one hand while temptating him by offering Richmond with the other hand, Peter refused to change allegiance in the end and not even after capture of his brother Robert III of Dreux near Nantes made him change his stance. Coat of Arms of Peter I, Duke of Brittany and his successors. ... Eleanor the Fair Maid of Brittany ( 1184–1241) was the daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. ... The town of Richmond as seen from the top of the keep of Richmond Castle Richmond is a market town on the River Swale in North Yorkshire, UK and is the administrative centre of the district of Richmondshire. ... Arms of the Counts of Dreux Robert III of Dreux (1185–1234), Count of Dreux and Braine, was the son of Robert II, Count of Dreux, and Yolanda de Coucy. ...

John entered Angers and captured a newly built castle at Roche-au-Moine but Prince Louis rushed from Chinon with an army and took it back by pushing John back to retreat. Even though this was a setback John had at least made the job of his allies easier by dividing the Capetian army. Then happened the disastrous Battle of Bouvines in which all his allies were defeated by King Philip II. Maison dAdam, House of Adam, the oldest house of Angers. ... Louis VIII the Lion (5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226. ... The Battle of Bouvines, July 27, 1214, was the first great international conflict of alliances among national forces in Europe. ...

• Ferdinand was captured and jailed.
• Otto IV was close to be captured. His position in Germany collapsed when he was overthrown by Frederick II who was ironically the man Philip II had supported against Richard I's candidate.
• Renaud de Dammartin languished in jail for the rest of his life, until his suicide.
• William de Longespee who had led the English forces was himself captured and exchanged for Robert III, whose father -Robert II- had fought in the battle.

John was beaten, the economy of the Kingdom of England was bankrupted and he was then seen as a failed plunderer.^[61] All the money he could gather and all the power he used brought nothing and his allies were all down or captured. Fernando of Portugal, pron. ... Otto IV of Brunswick (died 1218) was King of Germany (1208-1215) and Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 - 1215. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... Renaud de Dammartin (Reginald of Boulogne) (c. ... William de Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (William Longsword in English) (ca. ... Arms of the Counts of Dreux Robert III of Dreux (1185–1234), Count of Dreux and Braine, was the son of Robert II, Count of Dreux, and Yolanda de Coucy. ... Arms of the Counts of Dreux Robert II of Dreux (1154–28 December 1218), Count of Dreux and Braine, was the eldest surviving son of Robert I, Count of Dreux, and Agnes de Baudemont, countess of Braine, and a grandson of King Louis VI of France. ...

Capetians in England

Main article: First Barons' War

In 1215 English barons were convinced that John would not respect the convention of the charter he had just signed and they sent a letter to the French court in which they offered the crown of England to Prince Louis. By November a Capetian garrison was sent in no less than London to support the rebels and on 22 May 1216 Capetians forces had landed at Sandwich led by Prince Louis himself. John fled henceforth allowing Louis to capture London and Winchester.^[62][63] By August most of eastern England was controlled apart Dover, Lincoln and Windsor. King Alexander II of Scotland travelled to Canterbury and paid homage to Prince Louis as King of England for the Northern Territories.^[64] The First Barons War (1215–1217) was a civil war in England between the forces of a number of rebellious barons and King John. ... Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English charter originally issued in 1215. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in the First Barons War Henry III becomes King of England. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Arms of Dover Borough Council This article is about the English port/town. ... Lincoln (pronounced //) is a cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. ... Windsor castle, a thousand-year-old fortress transformed into a royal palace. ... Alexander II (August 24, 1198 – July 6, 1249), king of Scotland, son of William I, the Lion, and of Ermengarde of Beaumont, was born at Haddington, East Lothian, in 1198, and succeeded to the kingdom on the death of his father on 4 December 1214. ... Canterbury is a cathedral city in east Kent in South East England and is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Primate of All England, head of the Church of England and of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ...

John died 2 months later, defeated even in England. The following regency installed the Magna Carta in law, that charter signed by John and was not applied until then, since Henry III was too young to do it himself. From then Louis support was all gone, he was defeated nearly a year later at Lincoln and Sandwich. Thus ended his claim on England that he conceded in the Treaty of Lambeth in September 1217. Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English charter originally issued in 1215. ... Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was crowned King of England in 1216, despite being less than ten years of age. ... The Second Battle of Lincoln occurred at Lincoln Castle on 20 May 1217, during the First Barons War, between the forces of the future Louis VIII of France and those of King Henry III of England. ... The Treaty of Lambeth was signed in 1217 by Louis VIII of France, ending his campaign in the First Barons War, and his claim to the throne of England. ...

This quote taken from Capetian France 987 - 1328 summarises the reasons of the Angevin collapse well enough:^[65]

Cultural Influence

The hypothetical continuation and expansion of the Angevin Empire over several centuries has been the subject of several tales of alternate history. Historically both English and French historians had viewed the juxtaposition of England and French lands under Angevin control as something of an aberration and an offence to national identity. To English historians the lands in France were an encumbrance, while French historians considered the union to be an English empire.^[66] Alternate history (fiction) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Aberration (Latin ab, from or away + errare, to wander), a deviation or wandering, especially used in the figurative sense as: In ethics, a deviation from the truth. ...

This is what Whig historian Macaulay, in 1849, wrote in his History of England about the union of the two lands.^[67] Whig historiography perceives the past as a teleological progression toward the present. ... Thomas Macaulay Thomas Babington (or Babbington) Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, PC (October 25, 1800 - December 28, 1859) was a nineteenth-century British poet, historian and Whig politician. ...

The Plantagenet kings had adopted wine as main drink, replacing beer and cider used by the Norman kings. The ruling class of the Angevin Empire was also French speaking,^[68] while the church retained Ecclesiastical Latin. A glass of red wine This article is about the alcoholic beverage. ... Leffe, a Belgian beer, served in branded glasses Schlenkerla Rauchbier straight from the cask Beer is the worlds oldest[1] and most popular[2] alcoholic beverage. ... Cider in a pint glass Cider (or cyder) is an alcoholic beverage made primarily from the juices of specially grown varieties of apples. ... The geographical spread of the Oïl languages (except French) can be seen in shades of green and yellow in this map Langues doïl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages which originated in the northern territories of Roman Gaul now occupied by northern... The term Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) refers to the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. ...

The 12th century is also the century of the Gothic architecture, first known as "Opus Francigenum", from the work of the Abbot Suger^[69] at Saint Denis in 1140. The Early English Period began around 1180 or 1190, in the times of the Angevin Empire,^[70] but this religious architecture was totally independent of the Angevin Empire, it was just born at the same moment and spread at those times in England. The strongest influence on architecture directly associated to the Plantagenets is about kitchens. Interior of Cologne Cathedral Gothic architecture is a style of architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. ... Suger of Saint-Denis on a medieval window Suger (c. ... West façade of Saint Denis Depiction of the Trinity over the main entrance The Basilica of Saint Denis (French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the famous burial site of the French monarchs, comparable to Westminster Abbey in England. ... Salisbury Cathedral, built c. ...

The British royal motto is said to come from these times: "Dieu et mon droit" were Richard's alleged words. While these kings had also adopted three crawling lions for symbol. If these symbols did not represent England at first (they were Plantagenet's personal coat of arms and did not represent a political structure) they are today often associated to England. Normandy and Aquitaine also retained leopards on their flags though, the Norman symbol being probably the oldest one here. Dieu et mon droit (French for God and my [birth] right) has generally been used as the motto of the British monarch since it was adopted by Henry V (1413-22). ... The Coat of Arms of England The Coat of Arms of England is gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or armed & langued azure The Coat of Arms was introduced by King Richard I of England in the 1190s, apparently as a version of the arms of the Duchy of...

From a political point of view the continental issues were given more attention from the monarchs of England than the British ones already under the Normans.^[71] Under Angevin lordship things became even more clear as the balance of power was dramatically set in France and the Angevin kings often spent more times in France than England.^[72] With the loss of Normandy and Anjou the fiefdom was cut in two and then the descendants of the Plantagenets can be regarded as English kings accounting Gascony in their domain.^[73] This article treats the generic title monarch. ... Languages English Religions Christianity (Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism and other minority denominations), and other faiths. ...

Further reading

Due to the nature of the Angevin Empire there is a good number of sources in French. Requiring a good knowledge of both English and French to enjoy the largest array of sources.

• "The Angevin Empire" by John Gillingham, editions Arnold. This book as been largely used as English source for this article.
• "L'Empire des Plantagenet" by Martin Aurell, editions Tempus, in French.
• "Noblesse de l'espace Plantagenêt (1154-1224)", editions Civilisations Medievales; it's a collection of essays by various French and English historians on the Angevin ruling class. It's a bilingual sourcebook which articles in French or English (but not both at a time).

Appendixes, notes and references.