Anglophobia is a hatred or fear of the English or English culture; its antonym is anglophilia.^[1] The English are an ethnic group or nation primarily associated with England and the English language. ... Antonyms, from the Greek anti (against) and onoma (name) are word pairs that are opposite in meaning, such as hot and cold, fat and thin, and up and down. ... An Anglophile is a non-English person who is fond of English culture and England in general. ...

[edit] USA

The word Anglophobia originates from the eighteenth century.^[2] Thomas Jefferson used the word in a letter to James Madison dated May 13th 1793.^[3] He wrote:

The Anglophobia has seized violently on three members of our council.....Anglophobia, secret anti-gallomany, a federalisme outré, and a present ease in his circumstances not usual, have decided the complexion of our dispositions, and our proceedings towards the conspirators against human liberty, and the asserters of it, which is unjustifiable in principle, in interest, and in respect to the wishes of our constituents.

During the period of alliance between Britain and the USA, anglophobia took another form. Fleet Admiral Ernest King had been noted for his anglophobic views which affected his decision making during the Second Battle of the Atlantic. ^[4] Ernest King Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King (November 23, 1878 – June 25, 1956) was Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations (COMINCH-CNO) during World War II. As CNO, he directed the United States Navys operations, planning, and administration and was a member of the... Combatants Royal Navy Royal Canadian Navy United States Navy Kriegsmarine Regia Marina Commanders Sir Percy Noble Sir Max K. Horton Ernest J. King Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Casualties 30,248 merchant sailors 3,500 merchant vessels 175 warships 28,000 sailors 783 submarines The Second Battle of the Atlantic...

[edit] United Kingdom

England has historically overshadowed the international standing of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and, at times, even the United Kingdom.^[5] Consequently, Anglophobia within the UK is sometimes linked to England’s position as the politically and culturally dominant member of the union.^[6] Motto: , traditionally rendered in Scots as Wha daur meddle wi me?[1] and in English as No one provokes me with impunity. ... Motto: (Welsh for Wales forever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) English, Welsh Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification    - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056  Area    - Total 20,779 km² (3rd in... Motto: [citation needed] (French for God and my right)2 Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official language(s) English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, NI Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair...

There is some evidence to suggest that Devolution in the UK has created a forum through which national and cultural differences are less polarised. Prof Bill Miller argued that 'Devolution has made the majority of Scots more relaxed, more receptive, more welcoming, as well as more proud of Scotland' ^[7]. A study by Hussain and Millar of the Department of Politics at the University of Glasgow examined the prevalence of Anglophobia in relation to Islamophobia in Scotland. One finding of the report suggested that national ‘phobias’ have common routes independent of the nations they are directed toward. The study states that: For the heavy metal band, see Devolved (band) Devolution or home rule is the granting of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... Photograph of a rally against Islamophobia in Londons Trafalgar Square on February 11, 2006, in the wake of the Muhammad cartoons controversy. ...

Scottish identity comes close to rivalling low levels of education as an influence towards Anglophobia. Beyond that, having an English friend reduces Anglophobia by about as much as having a Muslim friend reduces Islamophobia. And lack of knowledge about Islam probably indicates a broader rejection of the ‘other’, for it has as much impact on Anglophobia as on Islamophobia. ^[8]

Identifying Anglophobia has also been seen as beneficial to developing a more inclusive society in Scotland. Kenny MacAskill (Scottish National Party), Member of the Scottish Parliament for Lothians, stated his position in a debate on education in Scotland, saying that:

We must… address Scotland's current social problems, including sectarianism and Anglophobia, by giving people knowledge of who they are. One could call it the Braveheart effect… people in Scotland fail to understand the effect of the 1745 rebellion or do not even know who fought at the battle of Culloden. If we took a vox pop on the question, many people would probably think that the battle of Culloden was not part of a civil war but a doing-down of the flower of Scotland by English forces. In fact, more people died in that battle at the hands of the Black Watch than died at the hands of the Duke of Cumberland. ^[9] Braveheart is an epic American motion picture released in 1995 based on the life of William Wallace, a national hero in Scotland. ...

[edit] Former Colonies

The British Empire developed in several stages over hundreds of years, from piracy, acquisition of foreign land resources, colonization, involvement in slavery, and the actions of missionaries and NGOs. The latter two were significant agents of Anglicisation in Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. ^[10] The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... NGO is an abbreviation or code for: Non-governmental organization Nagoya Airport (IATA code) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Anglicisation (CwE) or Anglicization (NAE) is a process of making something English. ...

[edit] Ireland

Modern British rule as well as significant historical events are cited as being the basis for continued animosity toward the English/British state in Ireland.

• The Tudor re-conquest of Ireland. ^{[citation needed]}
• The Plantations of Ireland. ^{[citation needed]}
• The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, ^{[citation needed]}
• The Irish Famine (1845-1849) resulted in the death of over one million Irish people and the emmigration of up to another million (exact figures may never be known), often viewed as being a consequence of laissez-faire governmental policy. This included the continued exploitation of Irish-grown foodstuffs and raw materials when the majority of the population was starving to death.^[11]

The Tudor re-conquest of Ireland took place under the English Tudor dynasty during the 16th century. ... Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland involved the seizure of land owned by the native Irish and granting of it to colonists (planters) from Britain. ... Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ...

[edit] France

"Roastbeef" (or "rosbif") is a long standing anglophobe French slang term to designate the English or the United Kingdom inhabitants. Its origins lies in William Hogarth's francophobe painting "Calais Gate: O! The Roast Beef of Old England", which the roastbeef allegory is used as a mockery. Its popular use includes movies, TV shows and sketch comedies.

The historical rival of England, France, has had a structural animosity towards English people that reached its climax in the 19th and 20th centuries, which was an era of colonial rivalry. In the 18th century, the common use of the expression la perfide Albion to designate England, then Great Britain and later the whole United Kingdom is an illustration of the grudge against the English. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x1695, 237 KB) Description: Title: de: Vor dem Tor von Calais (Das Roastbeef von Alt-England) Technique: de: Öl auf Leinwand Dimensions: de: 78,5 × 94,5 cm Country of origin: de: Großbritanien Current location (city): de: London Current location... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x1695, 237 KB) Description: Title: de: Vor dem Tor von Calais (Das Roastbeef von Alt-England) Technique: de: Öl auf Leinwand Dimensions: de: 78,5 × 94,5 cm Country of origin: de: Großbritanien Current location (city): de: London Current location... Roast beef Sunday roast consisting of roast beef, roast potatoes, vegetables and yorkshire pudding Roast beef (also known as a roast) is a cut of beef which is roasted in an oven. ... William Hogarth, self-portrait, 1745 William Hogarth (November 10, 1697 – October 26, 1764) was a major English painter, engraver, pictorial satirist, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited as a pioneer in western sequential art. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Today this strong aversion has lost its anti-English specificity, because of the United Kingdom's loss of influence and the end of the ancient colonial rilvary, it is now merged in Anti-Americanism. However, the "perfidious Albion" expression is still used by the French journalists as a mockery of the English people and its representative tabloids in particular events such as the accusation of France to have cheated to win the World Cup 1998, or the accusation of the French beauty pageant Élodie Gossuin, challenging Miss Universe '01, to not be a real woman but a transsexual in disguise.^[12] Flag burning is widely used internationally as a symbolic form of protest against the U.S. Anti-Americanism, often Anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility toward the government, culture, or people of the United States. ... A tabloid is a newspaper — especially in the United Kingdom — that uses the tabloid format, which is roughly 23½ by 14¾ inches per spread. ... The 1998 Football World Cup was held in France. ... A beauty contest, or beauty pageant, is a competition between people, based largely, though not always entirely, on the beauty of their physical appearance. ... Élodie Gossuin Élodie Gossuin (born December 15, 1980 in Reims, Marne, France) is a former beauty pageant winner and municipal politician. ... Logo of the Miss Universe event. ... A transsexual (sometimes transexual) person establishes a permanent identity with the opposite gender to their assigned (usually at birth) sex. ...

Officially until the Entente Cordiale, England was referred in France as la perfide Albion, see separate article ("perfidious Albion"). The Entente Cordiale (French for friendly understanding) is a series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom and France. ... Perfidious Albion means treacherous Britain (Albion deriving from the pre-Roman name for Britain). ...

Historical military actions that are perceived as non-respectful of the contemporary practices such as chivalry code of honour and war code of conduct. The Virtues of a Knight (Knightly Virtues) included the following: Charity Chivalry Courage Courtesy Determination Selflessness Endurance Faithfulness Honour Humility Justice Kindness Loyalty Mercy Morality Nobility Patience Perseverance Prudence Sympathy Truthfulness Wisdom Categories: Warrior code ...

• In 1415, at Azincourt, the English assassinated fallen French knights who refused to surrender or to pay a ransom. A such practice absolutely forbidden by the medieval code of honour is regarded as cowardice.
• In 1755, without any declaration of war nor notice, the British captured 300 French trading ships and jailed their 6,000 mariners in what was the beginning of the Seven Years' War.
• In 1801, Commodore Hyde Parker attacked and destroyed, with the help of Nelson, the Danish fleet at Copenhague without any declaration of war.
• In 1908, Lord Fisher recommanded to King Edward VII "to Copenhague the German fleet". According to Admiral Bacon, Lord Fisher recommanded to reproduce the same infamous treachery done against the Danish fleet in 1801. Though the King answered Lord Fisher that this idea was against the principle of Rights.
• In 1940, the Nazi propaganda used the "perfide Albion" expression to designate the British attack of its allied French fleet at Mers el Kébir before the end of the conducted negotiations, to confuse the occupied French metropole people and to turn them against the British.
• In the 1960s, the British government was accused to be unfair with the Îlois (aka Chagossians), a mixed ethnic group made of populations from Madagascar, India, Mozambique and France living in the Chagos archipel since the 18th century, that was expulsed to Mauritius and the Seychelles.

Azincourt (sometimes: Agincourt) is a village and commune of northern France in the Pas-de-Calais département, 14 miles to the north-west of Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise by road, famous on account of the victory, on October 25, 1415, of Henry V of England over the French in... President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a declaration of war against the Empire of Japan on December 8, 1941, one day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. ... Combatants Prussia (led by Friedrick the Great) Great Britain (led by King George II and Duke of Cumberland) Hanover Ireland Portugal Brunswick (led by Prince Ferdinand) Hesse-Kassel Austria (led by Queen Maria Theresa) France (led by King Louis XV) Russia Sweden Spain Saxony Strength 160,000 120,000 Casualties... Three admirals of the Royal Navy, father, son, and grandson, were named Hyde Parker. ... Lord Nelson Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, KB (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an English admiral famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably in the Battle of Trafalgar, where he lost his life. ... Combatants United Kingdom of Great Britain Denmark-Norway Commanders Sir Hyde Parker Lord Nelson Olfert Fischer Steen Bille Strength Nelson: 12 ships of the line, 5 frigates, 7 bombs, 6 others Parker (reserve): 8 ships of the line Fischer: 7 ships of the line, 10 others Bille: 17 ships, 1... John Arbuthnot Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher (January 25, 1841 – July 10, 1920), commonly known as Jackie Fisher, was a British admiral known for his efforts at naval reform. ... Edward VII King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India His Majesty King Edward VII (9 November 1841–6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the Commonwealth realms, and the Emperor of India. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Combatants United Kingdom France Commanders James Somerville Marcel-Bruno Gensoul Strength 3 battleships, 1 carrier, 2 cruisers, 11 destroyers 4 battleships, 6 destroyers, 1 seaplane tender Casualties — 1 battleship sunk 2 battleships damaged 1,297 killed The Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir, French North Africa (now... An unnamed Ilois and his final coconut harvest, photographed at the time of the first US encampment (1971) Ilois or ÃŽlois (also known as Chagossians) are a group of Creole-speaking people, mostly of Indian descent (along with populations from Madagascar, Mauritius, and Mozambique). ... Ilois (also known as Chagossians) are a group of Indian descent (also notably from Madagascar, Mauritius, and Mozambique), which dwelled on the Chagos Archipelago for a certain period of time, most having arrived as fisherman, farmers, and coconut plantations workers during the 19th century (some claim that the very first... islands in the Indian Ocean, lying 500 km south of the Maldives. ...

[edit] Anglophobia in Literature

Charlotte Brontë’s first novel The Professor, which was published posthumously, uses the word: Charlotte Brontë (IPA: ) (April 21, 1816 – March 31, 1855) was an English novelist, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters whose novels have become enduring classics of English literature. ...

"Well, then, you shall have plenty of it; and first, I see you've not much more sense than some others of my acquaintance"(indicating me with his thumb), "or else you'd never turn rabid about that dirty little country called England; for rabid, I see you are; I read Anglophobia in your looks, and hear it in your words. ^[13]

George Orwell also used the word Anglophobia, this time in the context of the post war power struggle: It has been suggested that Eileen OShaughnessy be merged into this article or section. ...

Welsh, Irish and Scottish nationalism have points of difference but are alike in their anti-English orientation....But Celtic nationalism is not the same thing as anglophobia. ^[14]

[edit] Anglophobia and Sports

Competition between England and other nations in sporting events has brought to light Anglophobic feeling in supporters of opposing teams. Antipathy towards a particular nation in sport is not uniquely directed at England, and the historic relationship between nationhood and sporting loyalty shows that sport related Chauvinism may find expression in a variety of ways and serve varied causes, see Nationalism and sport. Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. ... Nationalism and sport are often intertwined, as sports provide a venue for symbolic competition between nations; sports competition often reflects national conflict, and in fact has often been a tool of diplomacy. ...

A recent debate was provoked by Scottish First Minister Jack McConnell, when he publicly stated that he would support any team that was playing England in the World Cup ^[15], leaving him open to the accusation that he was inappropriately encouraging anti-english sentiment. A world cup is a global sporting competition in which the participant entities - usually National Teams or individuals representing their nation - compete for the title of world champion. ...

[edit] References

1. ^ dictionary.com definition.
2. ^ Allwords.com definition of Anglophobia.
3. ^ Excerpts from the Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson.: School of Cooperative Individualism Website.
4. ^ Moser, John E. (1999): Twisting the Lion's Tail: American Anglophobia Between the World Wars, New York University Press.
5. ^ What is the UK? Is it the same as Britain, Great Britain or England? by Don Aitken (2002): The alt.usage.english Home Page. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
6. ^ Britain/Great Britain/United Kingdom &c: Some Common Confusions by John Davies (2004): The alt.usage.english Home Page. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
7. ^ [1]
8. ^ [2]
9. ^ [3]
10. ^ Ferguson, Niall (2003): Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, Penguin.
11. ^ Is southern Ireland a neo-colony? by Kieran Allen (2002): REDS – Die Roten website. Retrieved 30 May 2006
12. ^ Guiffan, Jean: Histoire de l'anglophobie en France, de Jeanne d'Arc à la vache folle, Editions Terre de Brumes, 2004.
13. ^ Brontë, Charlotte, (1847): The Professor
14. ^ Orwell, George (1945): Notes on Nationalism, Essays and Journalism, from Charles' George Orwell Links. Retrieved 28 May 2006
15. ^ [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,24392-2230624,00.html/

Professor John Davies is Waless a historian, and a television and radio broadcaster. ... Charlotte Brontë (IPA: ) (April 21, 1816 – March 31, 1855) was an English novelist, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters whose novels have become enduring classics of English literature. ... It has been suggested that Eileen OShaughnessy be merged into this article or section. ...

[edit] See also

• Perfidious Albion
• -phob-
• Anglophile
• Chauvinism