NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Animal Liberation Front

For other uses of the term 'ALF', see ALF (disambiguation). ALF or Alf can have several meanings: ALF is an acronym standing for Animal Liberation Front, an animal rights group Alf is an acronym for the Africa Leadership Forum. ...

The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is a name used internationally by animal liberation activists who engage in direct action on behalf of animals. This includes removing animals from laboratories and fur farms, and sabotaging facilities involved in animal testing and other animal-based industries. According to ALF statements, any act that furthers the cause of animal liberation, where all reasonable precautions are taken not to endanger life, may be claimed as an ALF action.^[2] This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... This article is about the dog breed. ... This article is about a former British company which has now merged to form Alliance Boots, as a result, information on this page may be out of date. ... Linda Louise Eastman McCartney (September 24, 1941 â€“ April 17, 1998) was an American photographer, musician, and animal rights activist. ... A man holds a monkey by a rope around her neck, a scene epitomizing the idea of animal ownership. ... For the Canadian urban guerrilla group Direct Action, see Squamish Five. ... For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ... Enos the space chimp before insertion into the Mercury-Atlas 5 capsule in 1961. ... A man holds a monkey by a rope around her neck, a scene epitomizing the idea of animal ownership. ...

The ALF is not a group with a membership, but an example of a leaderless resistance, a banner for activists to use. ALF volunteers see themselves as the modern equivalent of the Underground Railroad, the 19th-century anti-slavery network, with activists removing animals from laboratories and farms, arranging safe houses and veterinary care, and operating sanctuaries where the animals live out the rest of their lives.^[3] Covert cells, active in 38 countries, operate clandestinely and independently of one another, with activists working on a need-to-know basis.^[4]^[5] A cell might consist of just one person. Robin Webb, who runs the Animal Liberation Press Office in the UK, has said: "That is why the ALF cannot be smashed, it cannot be effectively infiltrated, it cannot be stopped. You, each and every one of you: you are the ALF."^[6] Leaderless resistance (or phantom cell structure) is a political resistance strategy in which small, independent groups (covert cells) challenge an established adversary such as a government. ... H. B. Lindsley, Harriet Tubman, c. ... A covert cell structure is a method for organizing undercover or unconventional fighters against a large and well-established organization. ... Look up clandestine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Government organizations, especially those related to defence and intelligence, often deal with information which is considered very sensitive. ... Robin Webb runs the Animal Liberation Press Office in the UK, which releases material to the media on behalf of animal rights activists operating as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), and the Justice Department. ... The Animal Liberation Press Office was set up in October 1991 to relay information to the media about direct action undertaken by the Animal Liberation Front, the Animal Rights Militia, the Justice Department, and other radical animal-rights groups. ...

Activists who speak on behalf of the ALF say the movement is non-violent. In Behind the Mask, a 2006 documentary, American activist Rod Coronado said: "One thing that I know that separates us from the people we are constantly accused of being — that is, terrorists, violent criminals — is the fact that we have harmed no one."^[7] There has nevertheless been widespread criticism that ALF spokespersons and activists have either failed to condemn acts of violence or have themselves engaged in it. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors U.S. domestic extremism, has noted the involvement of ALF activists in the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty campaign, which SPLC identifies as using "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists,"^[8] and in January 2005, the ALF was listed in a draft planning document as a domestic terrorist group by the United States Department of Homeland Security.^[9] Behind the Mask: The Story Of The People Who Risk Everything To Save Animals is a 2006 documentary film about the Animal Liberation Front. ... Rod Coronado Rodney Adam Coronado is an American eco-anarchist and animal rights activist who has been convicted of arson, conspiracy and other crimes in connection with his activism but now advocates non-violent action. ... The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ... A monkey inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the United States. ... The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ...

Origins

For the concept, see Animal rights The animal liberation movement or animal rights movement, sometimes called the animal personhood movement and animal advocacy movement, is the global movement of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals in research, as food, as clothing... The Brown Dog affair was a controversy and cause cÃ©lÃ¨bre for a brief period in Edwardian England, from 1903 to 1910, and revolving around vivisection and a statue erected in memory of a dog killed in the cause of medical research. ... For the Canadian urban guerrilla group Direct Action, see Squamish Five. ... A fox hunt Fox hunting is a form of hunting for foxes using a pack of scent hounds. ... The Hunt Saboteurs Association is an organisation that uses direct action to stop the hunting of animals. ... Ronnie Lee is a British animal rights activist, and founder of the Animal Liberation Front. ...

Band of Mercy

Noel Molland writes that the ideas behind the ALF can be traced to 19th century England and a small group of activists from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).^[10] RSPCA official charity logo The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) is a charity in England and Wales that promotes animal welfare. ...

In 1824, Catherine Smithies, an anti-slavery activist, set up an RSPCA youth wing called the Bands of Mercy, a children's club modeled on the Temperance Society's Bands of Hope, which were aimed at getting children to campaign against drinking. The Bands of Mercy were intended to encourage children to love animals, although some of its members reportedly responded with more enthusiasm than the RSPCA intended, and became known for engaging in direct action against hunters by sabotaging their rifles.^[11] Slave redirects here. ... A cartoon from Australia ca. ... For the Canadian urban guerrilla group Direct Action, see Squamish Five. ...

In December 1963, John Prestige, a journalist from Brixham, Devon, revived the idea of organized direct action against hunts after he was assigned to cover a Devon and Somerset Staghounds event, where he watched hunters chase and kill a pregnant deer.^[12]^[13] Prestige decided to form the Hunt Saboteurs Association (HSA) — with the support of the League Against Cruel Sports, according to The Guardian — which evolved into groups of trained volunteers all over England who would thwart hunts by blowing horns and laying false scents to confuse the hounds.^[14] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 563 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (677 Ã— 721 pixel, file size: 206 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Ronnie Lee, founder of the Animal Liberation Front Uploaded to enwiki by SlimVirgin Source: [1] License: ALF images are all released into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 563 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (677 Ã— 721 pixel, file size: 206 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Ronnie Lee, founder of the Animal Liberation Front Uploaded to enwiki by SlimVirgin Source: [1] License: ALF images are all released into the public domain. ... Ronnie Lee is a British animal rights activist, and founder of the Animal Liberation Front. ... Brixham (IPA: ) is a small town in the county of Devon, in the south-west of England. ... For other uses, see Devon (disambiguation). ... The Hunt Saboteurs Association is an organisation that uses direct action to stop the hunting of animals. ... The League Against Cruel Sports is an animal welfare organisation registered as a limited company (prohibited by law from acting as a charity because its aims are political) campaigning against blood sports, in particular fox hunting and hare coursing. ...

Molland writes that one of these HSA groups was led by a law student, Ronnie Lee, who formed his group in Luton in 1971. In 1972, Lee and a fellow activist, Cliff Goodman, decided more militant tactics were needed to stop hunts from ever starting, rather than simply diverting the dogs. They revived the name of the 19th-century RSPCA youth group, and set up the Band of Mercy, which attacked hunters' vehicles by slashing tires and breaking windows. The group called their form of activism "active compassion." Volunteers left notes on the vehicles explaining why they had been attacked, assuring the hunters that the attacks were not personal.^[10] Ronnie Lee is a British animal rights activist, and founder of the Animal Liberation Front. ... For other uses, see Luton (disambiguation). ...

First acts of arson

In 1973, the Band of Mercy learned that Hoechst Pharmaceuticals was building a new research laboratory near Milton Keynes, not far from the Band's Luton base. It decided to expand its activities and destroy the lab before it could be completed. On November 10, 1973, two activists set fire to the building, causing £26,000 worth of damage, and returning six days later to set fire to what was left of it. It was the animal liberation movement's first known act of arson. The Band claimed responsibility in a message to the press, identifying itself as a "nonviolent guerilla organization dedicated to the liberation of animals from all forms of cruelty and persecution at the hands of mankind."^[15] , Milton Keynes ( ; IPA ) is a large town in South East England, about 45 miles (75 km) north-west of London. ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ...

In June 1974, two Band of Mercy activists set fire to boats licensed by the Home Office to take part in the annual seal cull off the Norfolk coast, which Molland writes was the last time the cull took place. Between June and August 1974, it launched eight raids against animal-testing laboratories, and others against chicken breeders and gun shops, either damaging buildings or vehicles. Its first act of "animal liberation" took place during the same period, when activists removed half a dozen guinea pigs from a guinea pig farm in Wiltshire, which resulted in the owner closing her business, fearing further attacks.^[15] ... Not to be confused with Wilshire. ...

Then as now, the use of arson caused a split within the fledgling animal liberation movement. In July 1974, the Hunt Saboteurs Association offered a £250 reward for information leading to the identification of the Band of Mercy, telling the press, "We approve of their ideals, but are opposed to their methods."^[15]

ALF formed

In August 1974, Lee and Goodman were arrested for taking part in a raid on Oxford Laboratory Animal Colonies in Bicester, earning them the moniker, the "Bicester Two." Daily demonstrations took place outside the court during their trial, and included Lee's local Labour MP, Ivor Clemitson. Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Anarchist redirects here. ... , Bicester ( ; IPA ) is a town in the Cherwell district of north-eastern Oxfordshire in England, with a population of 28,672 (2001 census). ...

They were sentenced to three years in prison, during which Lee went on the movement's first hunger strike in order to obtain vegan food and clothing. They were paroled after 12 months, with Lee emerging more militant than ever. In 1976, he organized the remaining Band of Mercy activists and gathered two dozen new recruits, 30 activists in all.^[17] A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. ... Hens kept in cramped conditions â€” the avoidance of animal suffering is the primary motivation of people who become vegans A vegan is a person who avoids the ingestion or use of animal products. ...

Molland writes that the Band of Mercy name sounded wrong as a description of what Lee saw as a revolutionary movement. Lee wanted a name that would, Molland writes, "haunt" those who used animals. Thus, the Animal Liberation Front was born.^[15]

Structure and aims

ALF cells are active in 38 countries, including North and South America, most European and Scandinavian countries, Australia, Israel, Malta, Malaysia, Russia, and Turkey.^[4] The movement is entirely decentralized, with no formal membership or hierarchy, the absence of which acts as a firebreak when it comes to legal responsibility. "There is no office, there is no structure," one activist told Behind the Mask. "That's why the FBI is so frustrated, because they can't get their hands on it."^[19]^[5] Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Rod Coronado Rodney Adam Coronado is an American eco-anarchist and animal rights activist who has been convicted of arson, conspiracy and other crimes in connection with his activism but now advocates non-violent action. ... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... Fur farming is the agricultural practice of breeding or raising certain types of animals for their fur. ... The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ...

Robin Webb, who runs the British Animal Liberation Press Office, writes that activists come from all walks of life, all ages, and "all beliefs and none."^[20] Steven Best, professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso and a press officer for the North American Animal Liberation Press Office (NAALPO), describes ALF activism: Robin Webb runs the Animal Liberation Press Office in the UK, which releases material to the media on behalf of animal rights activists operating as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), and the Justice Department. ... The Animal Liberation Press Office was set up in October 1991 to relay information to the media about direct action undertaken by the Animal Liberation Front, the Animal Rights Militia, the Justice Department, and other radical animal-rights groups. ... Image:Steven best. ... The University of Texas at El Paso, popularly known as UTEP, is a public, coeducational university, and it is a member of the University of Texas System. ...

Volunteers are expected to stick to the ALF's stated aims when using its banner. Any direct action that contradicts these aims — and in particular the provision not to harm human or non-human life — may not be claimed as an ALF act: This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Mixed reconnaissance patrol of the Polish Home Army and the Soviet Red Army during Operation Tempest, 1944 Reconnaissance is the military term for the active gathering of information about an enemy, or other conditions, by physical observation. ... For other uses, see Mink (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Coyote (disambiguation). ... The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ...

The provision against physical violence has triggered allegations of hypocrisy from the ALF's critics, and bitter divisions within the movement about its meaning and importance. Steven Best and Jerry Vlasak, a California trauma surgeon who also volunteers for the North American press office, have both been banned from entering the UK after making statements that appeared to support violence.^[21] Vlasak told an animal rights conferences in 2003: "I don't think you'd have to kill — assassinate — too many vivisectors before you would see a marked decrease in the amount of vivisection going on. And I think for 5 lives, 10 lives, 15 human lives, we could save a million, 2 million, 10 million non-human animals."^[22] Image File history File links JerryVlasak. ... Image File history File links JerryVlasak. ... Jerry Vlasak is a U.S. physician and prominent member of several controversial nonprofit organizations, including Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. ... The Animal Liberation Press Office was set up in October 1991 to relay information to the media about direct action undertaken by the Animal Liberation Front, the Animal Rights Militia, the Justice Department, and other radical animal-rights groups. ... Jerry Vlasak is a U.S. physician and prominent member of several controversial nonprofit organizations, including Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. ...

The nature of the ALF as a leaderless resistance means there is no way to gauge how much support Vlasak's position has with activists. An anonymous volunteer interviewed in 2005 for 60 Minutes told Ed Bradley: "[H]e doesn't operate with our endorsement or our support or our appreciation, the support of the ALF. We have a strict code of non-violence ... I don’t know who put Dr. Vlasak in the position he's in. It wasn't us, the ALF."^[23] This article is about the CBS news magazine. ... Edward Rudolph Bradley, Jr. ...

Above-ground supporters and publications

Although the ALF has no formal existence, a number of "above ground" groups exist to support volunteers and to publicize the direct action. The Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group (ALFSG) is an organization that provides moral and financial support to people imprisoned for breaking the law in the name of animal rights, in particular Animal Liberation Front activists. ... The Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group (ALFSG) is an organization that provides moral and financial support to people imprisoned for breaking the law in the name of animal rights, in particular Animal Liberation Front activists. ... The Animal Liberation Press Office was set up in October 1991 to relay information to the media about direct action undertaken by the Animal Liberation Front, the Animal Rights Militia, the Justice Department, and other radical animal-rights groups. ... Arkangel is a British-based bi-annual animal liberation magazine, first published in the winter of 1989. ... Bite Back is a website that promotes the cause of the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). ... No Compromise is a San Francisco-based bi-annual animal liberation magazine, first published in the winter of 1989. ... The Vegan Prisoners Support Group (VPSG) is a British group formed in April 1994 to give assistance to vegan prisoners. ...

The Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group (ALF SG) adopts volunteers in jail as "prisoners of conscience," writing to them or sending supplies. Anyone can join the ALF SG, which is based in London, for £2 a month.^[24] Another group, the Vegan Prisoners Support Group, created in 1994 when Keith Mann was first jailed, works with prison authorities in the UK to ensure that jailed activists have access to vegan food and toiletries.^[25]^[26] The Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group (ALFSG) is an organization that provides moral and financial support to people imprisoned for breaking the law in the name of animal rights, in particular Animal Liberation Front activists. ... Prisoner of conscience (POC) is a term coined by the human rights pressure group Amnesty International in the early 1960s. ... The Vegan Prisoners Support Group (VPSG) is a British group formed in April 1994 to give assistance to vegan prisoners. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Hens kept in cramped conditions â€” the avoidance of animal suffering is the primary motivation of people who become vegans A vegan is a person who avoids the ingestion or use of animal products. ...

The Animal Liberation Press Office receives and publicizes anonymous communiqués, including claims of responsibility.^[27] It operates as an independent organization funded by public donations, although a High Court judge in England ruled in 2006 that it was "not a neutral reporting exercise or even simply a vehicle for apologists for the ALF, but a vital part of the ALF's strategy."^[28] Her Majestys High Court of Justice (usually known more simply as the High Court) is, together with the Crown Court and the Court of Appeal, part of the Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales (which under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, is to be known as the...

There are three publications associated with the ALF. Arkangel is a British-based bi-annual magazine founded by Ronnie Lee and sold internationally. Bite Back is both a magazine and a website, where activists leave claims of responsibility.^[29] No Compromise is a San Francisco-based website that also reports on ALF actions. Arkangel is a British-based bi-annual animal liberation magazine, first published in the winter of 1989. ... Bite Back is a website that promotes the cause of the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). ... No Compromise is a San Francisco-based bi-annual animal liberation magazine, first published in the winter of 1989. ...

Philosophy of direct action

ALF activists believe that animals should not be regarded as property, and that scientists and industry have no right to assume ownership of living beings who are each, in the words of philosopher Tom Regan, the "subject-of-a-life."^[30] In the view of the ALF, to fail to recognize this is speciesism — the ascription of different values to beings on the basis of their species membership alone — which they argue is as ethically flawed as racism or sexism. They reject the animal welfarist position that more humane treatment is needed for animals; they say their aim is empty cages, not bigger ones. Activists argue that the animals they remove from laboratories or farms are "liberated," not "stolen," because they were never rightfully owned in the first place.^[31] A man holds a monkey by a rope around her neck, a scene epitomizing the idea of animal ownership. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Tom Regan (born November 28, 1938 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American philosopher and animal-rights activist. ... Subject (philosophy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The relevance of particular information in (or previously in) this article or section is disputed. ... Animal welfare is the viewpoint that animals, especially those under human care, should not suffer. ...

Although the ALF rejects physical violence, many activists deny that attacks on property count as violent action, comparing the destruction of animal laboratories and other facilities to resistance fighters blowing up gas chambers in Nazi Germany.^[32] Their argument for sabotage is that the removal of animals from a laboratory simply means they will be quickly replaced, but if the laboratory itself is destroyed, it not only slows down the restocking process, but increases costs, possibly to the point of making animal research prohibitively expensive. This, they argue, will encourage the search for alternatives. An ALF activist involved in an arson attack on the University of Arizona told No Compromise in 1996: "[I]t is much the same thing as the abolitionists who fought against slavery going in and burning down the quarters or tearing down the auction block ... Sometimes when you just take animals and do nothing else, perhaps that is not as strong a message."^[33] For other uses, see Gas chamber (disambiguation). ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Enos the space chimp before insertion into the Mercury-Atlas 5 capsule in 1961. ... The University of Arizona (UA or U of A) is a land-grant and space-grant public institution of higher education and research located in Tucson, Arizona, United States. ...

Peter Singer, professor of bioethics at Princeton University, has argued that ALF direct action can only be regarded as a just cause if non-violent, and that the ALF is at its most effective when uncovering evidence of animal abuse that other tactics probably could not expose.^[34] He cites as an example the ALF raid on the University of Pennsylvania head-injury research clinic in 1984, during which footage shot by the researchers was removed, showing them laughing at conscious baboons as severe brain damage was inflicted on them. The university responded that the treatment of the animals conformed to National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines,^[35] but as a result of the publicity, the lab was closed down, the chief veterinarian fired, and the university placed on probation.^[36] Barbara Orlans, a former animal researcher with the NIH, now with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, writes that the case stunned the biomedical community, and is today considered one of the most significant cases in the ethics of using animals in research.^[35] Singer argues that if the ALF would focus on this kind of direct action, instead of sabotage, it would appeal to the "minds of reasonable people." Against this, Steven Best writes that industries and governments have too much institutional and financial bias for reason to prevail.^[37] For other persons named Peter Singer, see Peter Singer (disambiguation). ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ... Unnecessary Fuss is the name of a film produced by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), showing footage shot inside the University of Pennsylvanias Head Injury Clinic in Philadelphia, described by the university as the longest standing and most respected center... For other uses, see Baboon (disambiguation). ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ... Image:Steven best. ...

Peter Hughes of the University of Sunderland cites a 1988 raid led by Barry Horne as an example of positive ALF direct action. Horne and four other activists decided to free Rocky the dolphin, who had lived in a small concrete pool in Marineland in Brighton for 20 years, by moving him 200 yards from his pool to the sea, using a ladder, a home-made stretcher, and a hired Mini Metro.^[39]^[40] They were spotted by police with the dolphin stretcher for which, as one of the activists put it, "we had no legitimate explanation."^[38] They were convicted of conspiracy to steal, but continued to campaign for Rocky's release. Marineland eventually agreed to sell him for £120,000, money that was raised with the help of the Born Free Foundation and the Mail on Sunday, and in 1991, Rocky was transferred to an 80-acre lagoon reserve in the Turks and Caicos Islands, then released.^[41]^[42] Hughes writes that the ALF action helped to create a paradigm shift in the UK toward seeing dolphins as "individual actors," as a result of which, he writes, there are now no captive dolphins in the UK.^[43] Barry Horne Barry Horne was a British animal rights activist who died of kidney failure in Ronkswood Hospital, Worcester on November 5, 2001, following a series of four hunger strikes while serving an 18-year sentence for planting incendiary devices. ... For other uses, see Dolphin (disambiguation). ... St Peters Campus The University of Sunderland is located in the City of Sunderland in North East England. ... Barry Horne Barry Horne was a British animal rights activist who died of kidney failure in Ronkswood Hospital, Worcester on November 5, 2001, following a series of four hunger strikes while serving an 18-year sentence for planting incendiary devices. ... For other places with the same name, see Brighton (disambiguation). ... The Born Free Foundation originated in 1984 as the Zoo Check Campaign in Great Britain by actors Virginia McKenna her husband Bill Travers along with their son Will Travers and four associates. ... Paradigm shift is the term first used by Thomas Kuhn in his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions to describe a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. ...

Tactics and ideology, 1976–1996

Early tactics and public response

Rachel Monaghan of the University of Ulster writes that, in their first year of operation alone, ALF actions accounted for £250,000 worth of damage, targeting butchers shops, furriers, circuses, slaughterhouses, breeders, and fast-food restaurants. She writes that the ALF philosophy was that "violence" can only take place against sentient life forms, and therefore focusing on property destruction and the removal of animals from laboratories and farms was consistent with a philosophy of non-violence, despite the damage they were causing.^[17] Writing in 1974, Ronnie Lee was insistent that direct action be "limited only by reverence of life and hatred of violence,"^[44] and in 1979, he wrote that many ALF raids had been called off because of the risk to life.^[45] The University of Ulster (UU) is a multi-centre university located in Northern Ireland and is the largest single university on the island of Ireland, discounting the federal National University of Ireland. ... Not to be confused with sapience. ...

Kim Stallwood writes that the public's response to early ALF raids that removed animals was very positive, in large measure because of the non-violence policy. When Mike Huskisson removed three beagles from a tobacco study at ICI in June 1975, the media portrayed him as something of a hero.^[46]^[47] Robin Webb writes that ALF volunteers were viewed as the "Robin Hoods of the animal welfare world."^[48] ICI can refer to: Imperial Chemical Industries PLC. The ICI programming language. ... For other uses, see Robin Hood (disambiguation). ...

This glamorization of the movement attracted a new breed of activist, Stallwood writes. They were younger, often unemployed, and more interested in anarchism than in animal liberation per se, seeing it as part of their opposition to the state, rather than as an end in itself. According to Stallwood, these new activists did not want to adhere to non-violence.^[46] Anarchist redirects here. ...

ALF SG and its relationship with the BUAV

In the early 1980s, the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, a respected anti-vivisection group founded by Frances Power Cobbe in 1898, was a strong supporter of the ALF. Kim Stallwood was BUAV's national organizer from 1981-1986. He writes that the BUAV donated part of its office space rent-free to the ALF Supporters Group, which included Ronnie Lee, and gave ALF actions uncritical publicity in its newspaper, The Liberator. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection is a pressure group based near Highbury Corner in North London, United Kingdom that campaigns peacefully against vivisection. ... Cover of 2005 biography by Lori Williamson Frances Power Cobbe (1822â€“1904), was a British writer who is known today primarily as a pioneer animal rights activist. ...

Despite the support, it became clear that the ALF SG, with its new anarchist membership, was attempting to take over the board of the BUAV. Stallwood writes that, as anarchists, they believed all political action to be a waste of time, and wanted the BUAV to devote its resources exclusively to direct action. Whereas the earliest activists had been committed to rescuing animals and destroying property only where the latter contributed to the former, by the mid-1980s, he believed the ALF had lost its ethical foundation, and had become "an opportunity for misfits and misanthropes" to "seek personal revenge for some perceived social injustice."^[49] He writes: "Where was the intelligent debate about tactics and strategies that went beyond the mindless rhetoric and emotional elitism pervading much of the self-produced direct action literature? In short, what had happened to the animals' interests?"^[49]

In 1984, the BUAV board reluctantly voted to expel the ALF SG from its premises and withdraw its political support, after which, Stallwood writes, the ALF became increasingly isolated.^[49]

The emergence of a violent faction

Monaghan writes that, around 1982, there was a noticeable shift in the non-violent position, and not one approved by everyone in the movement. Some activists began to make personal threats against individuals, followed by letter bombs and threats to contaminate food, the latter representing yet another shift to threatening the general public, rather than specific targets.^[17]

In 1982, letter bombs were sent to all four major party leaders, including the prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. In November 1984, the first major food scare was carried out, with the ALF claiming in phone calls and letters to the media that it had contaminated Mars Bars — part of a campaign to force the Mars company to stop conducting tooth decay tests on monkeys.^[50] On November 17, the Sunday Mirror received a call from the ALF saying it had injected Mars Bars in stores throughout the country with rat poison. The call was followed by a letter containing a Mars Bar, presumed to be contaminated, and the claim that these were on sale in London, Leeds, York, Southampton, and Coventry. Millions of bars were removed from shelves and Mars halted production, at a cost to the company of $4.5 million.^[51]^[52] The ALF admitted the claims had been a hoax. Similar contamination claims were later made against L'Oreal and Lucozade.^[53] Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... Mars bar (UK style) The Mars Bar is a chocolate bar manufactured by Mars Incorporated. ... Mars, Incorporated is a world-wide manufacturer of confectionery, pet food and other food products with US$21 billion in annual sales in 2006. ... Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ... A rat in urban environment Rat poisons are a category of pest control chemicals intended to kill rats. ... The LOréal Group ( PAR: 120321), headquartered in Clichy, France, is the worlds leading company in cosmetics and beauty. ... Lucozade logo Lucozade is an umbrella name for a series of Energy and Sports drinks. ...

Animal Rights Militia

The letter bombs to politicians were claimed by the Animal Rights Militia (ARM).^[55] The Mars Bar hoax is now also attributed by newspapers to the ARM, although the initial report by David Mellor, then a Home Office minister, to the House of Commons on November 19, 1984 was clear that it was the Animal Liberation Front who had claimed responsibility.^[51] This is an early example of the shifting of responsibility from one banner to another, depending on the nature of the act, with the ARM and another nom de guerre, the Justice Department — the latter first used in 1993 — emerging as names that activists used for direct action that failed the ALF's "no harm to living beings" principle. Ronnie Lee, who had earlier insisted on the importance of the ALF's non-violence policy, seemed to support the idea. An article signed by RL — presumed to be Ronnie Lee — in the October 1984 ALF Supporters Group newsletter, suggested that activists set up "fresh groups ... under new names whose policies do not preclude the use of violence toward animal abusers."^[56] The Animal Rights Militia (ARM) is a name used by animal-rights activists who are prepared to carry out acts of violence against human beings. ... The Justice Department is a militant animal-rights organization, set up in Britain in 1993, and active there and in the United States. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Animal Rights Militia (ARM) is a name used by animal-rights activists who are prepared to carry out acts of violence against human beings. ... The Right Honourable David Mellor (born 12 March 1949) is a British Conservative politician and barrister. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... A pseudonym or allonym is a name (sometimes legally adopted, sometimes purely fictitious) used by an individual as an alternative to their birth name. ... The Justice Department is a militant animal-rights organization, set up in Britain in 1993, and active there and in the United States. ...

No activist is known to have conducted operations under both the ALF and ARM banners, but overlap is nevertheless assumed. Paul Wilkinson, a terrorism expert, has written that the ALF, the Justice Department, and the ARM are essentially the same,^[57] and Robert Garner of the University of Leicester writes that it would be pointless to argue otherwise, given the nature of the movement as a leaderless resistance. Robin Webb of the British Animal Liberation Press Office has acknowledged that the activists may be the same people: "If someone wishes to act as the Animal Rights Militia or the Justice Department, simply put, the ... policy of the Animal Liberation Front, to take all reasonable precautions not to endanger life, no longer applies."^[54] University of Leicester seen from Victoria Park - Left to right: the Department of Engineering, the Attenborough tower, the Charles Wilson building. ... In law, endangerment comprises several types of crimes involving conduct that is wrongful and reckless or wanton, and likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm to another person. ...

From 1983 onwards, a series of fire bombs exploded in department stores that sold fur, with the intention of triggering the sprinkler systems in order to cause damage, although several stores were partly or completely destroyed.^[58] In September 1985, incendiary devices were placed under the cars of Dr. Sharat Gangoli and Dr. Stuart Walker, both animal researchers with the British Industrial Biological Research Association (BIBRA), wrecking both vehicles but with no injuries, and with the ARM claiming responsibility. In January 1986, the ARM said it had placed devices under the cars of four employees of Huntingdon Life Sciences, timed to explode an hour apart from each other. A further device was placed under the car of Dr. Andor Sebesteny, a researcher for the Imperial Cancer Research Fund which he spotted before it was able to explode.^[55] Sprinkler A sprinkler is a device used for the distribution of water from plumbing pipes, by spraying it into the air. ... hey hey you no i rock at soccer cuz no i made the school team!! yay me aka katelyn â™¥ Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are bombs designed to start fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as napalm, thermite, chlorine trifluoride, or white phosphorus. ... Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) is a contract animal-testing company founded in 1952 in England, now with facilities in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire and Eye, Suffolk in the UK; New Jersey in the U.S.; and in Japan. ... The Imperial Cancer Research Fund was a cancer research organization in the United Kingdom. ...

Leaderless resistance and the danger of false flags

In February 1989, an explosion damaged the Senate House bar at Bristol University, an attack claimed by the unknown "Animal Abused Society." In June 1990, two days apart, bombs exploded in the cars of Margaret Baskerville, a veterinary surgeon working at Porton Down, a chemical research defence establishment, and Patrick Max Headley, a psychologist at Bristol University. Baskerville escaped without injury on June 9 by jumping through the window of her mini-jeep when a bomb using a mercury-tilt device exploded next to the fuel tank. During the attack on Headley on Sunday, June 10, which New Scientist writes involved the use of plastic explosives, a 13-month-old baby passing by in a stroller was seriously injured with reported flash burns, a partially severed finger, and shrapnel wounds to his back.^[59]^[60]^[61] Leaderless resistance (or phantom cell structure) is a political resistance strategy in which small, independent groups (covert cells) challenge an established adversary such as a government. ... False colors redirects here. ... Plausible deniability also Deniability is the term given to the creation of loose and informal chains of command in government, which allow controversial instructions given by high-ranking officials to be denied if they become public. ... The University of Bristol was founded in 1876 as the University College, Bristol. ... Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, or often known more simply as Porton Down, is a United Kingdom government facility for military research, including CBRN defence. ... A Single-Pole, Single-Throw (SPST) mercury switch A mercury switch is a switch whose purpose is to allow or interrupt the flow of electric current in an electrical circuit in a manner that is dependent on the switchs physical position or alignment relative to the direction of the... A C-4 plastic explosive. ... It has been suggested that Fragmentation (weaponry) be merged into this article or section. ...

No known name claimed responsibility for the attacks on Baskerville and Headley, which were condemned within the animal rights movement and by ALF activists. Keith Mann writes that it didn't seem plausible that activists known for making simple incendiary devices from household components would suddenly switch to mercury-tilt switches and plastic explosives, then never be heard from again.^[62] hey hey you no i rock at soccer cuz no i made the school team!! yay me aka katelyn â™¥ Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are bombs designed to start fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as napalm, thermite, chlorine trifluoride, or white phosphorus. ...

A few days after the bombings, the unknown "British Animal Rights Society" claimed responsibility for having attached a nail bomb to a huntsman's Land Rover in Somerset. Forensic evidence led police to arrest the owner of the vehicle, who admitted he had bombed his own car to discredit the animal rights movement, and asked for two similar offences to be taken into consideration. He was jailed for nine months. The Baskerville and Headley bombers were never apprehended, and although many in the movement believe they were false flag operations — operations conducted by agents provocateur to discredit the ALF — no evidence of that ever emerged.^[62] False colors redirects here. ... An agent provocateur (plural: agents provocateurs) is a person assigned to provoke unrest, violence, debate, or argument by or within a group while acting as a member of the group but covertly representing the interests of another. ...

The incidents underline the risk and uncertainty of working as a leaderless resistance, which sees the ALF name exposed to actions carried out by activists not fully committed to the ALF's non-violent platform, and possibly by opponents intent on making the ALF look as violent as possible. That same uncertainty also provides genuine ALF activists with plausible deniability should an operation go wrong, by denying that the act was "authentically ALF."^[63] Plausible deniability also Deniability is the term given to the creation of loose and informal chains of command in government, which allow controversial instructions given by high-ranking officials to be denied if they become public. ...

Development of the ALF in the U.S.

There are conflicting accounts of when the ALF first emerged in the United States. Britches after being removed from the laboratory by the Animal Liberation Front Britches was the name given by researchers to a stumptail macaque monkey who was born into a breeding colony at the University of California, Riverside in March 1985. ... Domitian, one of the Silver Spring monkeys, in a restraint chair. ... Unnecessary Fuss is the name of a film produced by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), showing footage shot inside the University of Pennsylvanias Head Injury Clinic in Philadelphia, described by the university as the longest standing and most respected center... Domitian, one of the Silver Spring monkeys, in a restraint chair. ...

The FBI writes that animal rights activists had a history of committing "low-level criminal activity" in the U.S. dating back to the 1970s.^[66] Freeman Wicklund and Kim Stallwood say the first ALF action there was on May 29, 1977, when researchers Ken LeVasseur and Steve Sipman released two dolphins, Puka and Kea, into the ocean at Yokohama Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, from captivity in the University of Hawaii's Marine Mammal Laboratory.^[67]^[68]^[69] is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... OÊ»ahu (usually Oahu outside Hawaiian and Hawaiian English), the Gathering Place, is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands and most populous island in the State of HawaiÊ»i. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the University of Hawaii system. ...

The North American Animal Liberation Press Office attributes the dolphin release to a group called Undersea Railroad, and says the first ALF action was, in fact, a raid on the New York University Medical Center on March 14, 1979, when activists removed one cat, two dogs, and two guinea pigs.^[70]^[71] is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...

Kathy Snow Guillermo writes in Monkey Business that the first ALF action was the removal on September 22, 1981 of the so-called Silver Spring monkeys, seventeen lab monkeys being cared for by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), after a researcher who had been working on them was arrested for alleged violations of cruelty legislation. When the court ruled that the monkeys be returned to the researcher, they mysteriously disappeared, only to reappear five days later, when activists learned that, without the monkeys, legal action against the researcher could not proceed.^[65] is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Domitian, one of the Silver Spring monkeys, in a restraint chair. ... People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals logo People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is an animal rights organization based in the United States. ...

Ingrid Newkirk, the president of PETA, writes that the first ALF cell was set up in late 1982, after a police officer she calls "Valerie" responded to the publicity triggered by the Silver Spring monkeys case, and flew to England to ask to be trained by the ALF. Posing as a reporter, she was put in touch with Ronnie Lee by Kim Stallwood, who at that time was working for the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). Lee reportedly directed her to a training camp, where she was taught how to break into laboratories. Newkirk writes that Valerie returned to Maryland, and set up an ALF cell, with the first raid taking place on December 24, 1982 against Howard University, where 24 cats were removed, some of whose back legs had been crippled.^[72]^[67]^[73]^[74] Image File history File links Eyesewn. ... Britches after being removed from the laboratory by the Animal Liberation Front Britches was the name given by researchers to a stumptail macaque monkey who was born into a breeding colony at the University of California, Riverside in March 1985. ... For other uses, see Macaca. ... The University of California, Riverside, commonly known as UCR or UC Riverside, is a public research university and one of 10 campuses of the University of California system. ... PETAs president and co-founder Ingrid Newkirk Ingrid Newkirk (born July 11, 1949) is a British-born animal rights activist, author, and president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the worlds largest animal rights organization. ... The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection is a pressure group based near Highbury Corner in North London, United Kingdom that campaigns peacefully against vivisection. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 42nd - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 kmÂ²) - Width 101 miles (145 km) - Length 249 miles (400 km) - % water 21 - Latitude 37Â° 53â€² N to 39Â° 43â€² N... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Howard University (HU) is a private, coeducational, nonsectarian university located in Washington, D.C., United States. ...

Two early ALF raids led to the closure of several university studies. A raid on May 28, 1984 on the University of Pennsylvania's head injury clinic caused $60,000 worth of damage and saw the removal of 60 hours of tapes, which showed the researchers laughing and joking as they used a hydraulic device to cause brain damage to baboons.^[75]^[35] The tapes were turned over to PETA, who produced a 26-minute video called Unnecessary Fuss. As a result of the publicity, the head injury clinic was closed, the university's chief veterinarian was fired, the university was put on probation, the administration of the program was reorganized, and new training programs for staff were instituted.^[76] is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... This article is about the private Ivy League university in Philadelphia. ... For other uses, see Baboon (disambiguation). ... Unnecessary Fuss is the name of a film produced by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), showing footage shot inside the University of Pennsylvanias Head Injury Clinic in Philadelphia, described by the university as the longest standing and most respected center...

On April 20, 1985, acting on a tip-off from a student, the ALF raided a University of California, Riverside laboratory, causing nearly $700,000 worth of damage, and removing 468 animals.^[77]^[78]^[79] These included Britches, a five-week old macaque monkey, who had been separated from his mother at birth and left alone with his eyes sewn shut, and a sonar device on his head, as part of a study into blindness. As a result of the raid, which was recorded by the ALF (video), eight of the 17 research projects active at the laboratory at the time of the raid were shut down.^[75] University officials said that "years of medical research were lost."^[80] The raid prompted Dr. James Wyngaarden, the head of the National Institutes of Health to argue that raids on laboratories should be regarded as acts of terrorism.^[81] is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The University of California, Riverside, commonly known as UCR or UC Riverside, is a public research university and one of 10 campuses of the University of California system. ... Britches after being removed from the laboratory by the Animal Liberation Front Britches was the name given by researchers to a stumptail macaque monkey who was born into a breeding colony at the University of California, Riverside in March 1985. ... For other uses, see Macaca. ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ...

In 1993, ALF was listed as an organization that has "claimed to have perpetrated acts of extremism in the United States" in the Report to Congress on the Extent and Effects of Domestic and International Terrorism on Animal Enterprises. A quote from ALF opened the report, and statements of ALF activity were repeatedly used as examples. ^[82] Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common standards of ethics and reciprocity. ...

The "second wave": 1996 to the present

Violence against property began to increase substantially after several high-profile campaigns managed to close down a number of facilities perceived to be abusive to animals — Consort Kennels, a facility breeding beagles for animal testing; Hillgrove Farm, which bred cats, and Newchurch Farm, which bred guinea pigs, were all closed after being targeted by animal rights campaigns that appeared to involve the ALF. In the UK, the financial year 1991-1992 saw around 100 refrigerated meat trucks destroyed by incendiary devices at a cost of around £5 million. Butchers' locks were superglued, shrink-wrapped meats were pierced in supermarkets, slaughterhouses and refrigerated meat trucks were set on fire.^[83] Consort was a commercial breeder of beagles for vivisection, based in Herefordshire, UK. The company closed after a 10-month campaign by animal rights activists in 1997. ... A monkey inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the United States. ... A dying guinea pig. ... Consort Kennels was a commercial breeder of beagles for animal testing, based in Hereford, UK. It closed in September 1997 after a 10-month campaign by animal rights activists. ... Hillgrove Farm is located near Witney in Oxfordshire, UK. It was the last commercial breeder of cats for animal experiments in the UK and closed down in 1999 after an intense two-year campaign by animal rights activists under the banner of Save The Hillgrove Cats. ... A dying guinea pig. ...

In 1999, ALF activists became involved in the international Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) campaign to close Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), Europe's largest animal-testing laboratory. Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... A monkey inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the United States. ... Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) is a contract animal-testing company founded in 1952 in England, now with facilities in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire and Eye, Suffolk in the UK; New Jersey in the U.S.; and in Japan. ...

The Southern Poverty Law Center, which monitors U.S. domestic extremism, has described SHAC's modus operandi as "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists."^[8] ALF activist Donald Currie, for example, was jailed for 12 years and placed on probation for life in December 2006 after being found guilty of planting homemade bombs on the doorsteps of businessmen with links to HLS.^[85] HLS director Brian Cass was attacked by men wielding pick-axe handles in February 2001, an attack so serious that Detective Chief Inspector Tom Hobbs of Cambridgeshire police said it was only by sheer luck that they were not starting a murder inquiry.^[86] David Blenkinsop was one of those convicted of the attack, someone who in the past had conducted actions in the name of the ALF.^[87] In its public statements, the ALF makes no secret of its commitment to the SHAC campaign, which it made clear in May 2005, issuing a warning on behalf of SHAC: The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ... Brian Cass Brian Cass is the managing director of Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), an animal-testing research company based in Huntingdon, England, and New Jersey in the U.S.. HLS has been the target since 1999 of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), a campaign run by British and American animal...

In June 2006, the ALF claimed responsibility for a firebomb attack on UCLA researcher Lynn Fairbanks. The Animal Liberation Press Office issued a statement saying that Fairbanks was conducting "painful addiction experiments" on monkeys,^[89]. Fairbanks stated that she studies primate behavior and does not do invasive research.^[90] A firebomb was placed on the doorstep of a house occupied by Fairbanks' 70 year-old neighbor and a tenant; according to the FBI, the device was lit, and was powerful enough to have killed the occupants, but it failed to ignite. The attack was credited by the acting chancellor of UCLA as helping to shape the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, a bill before the U.S. Congress to give law enforcement officials more power when dealing with animal rights activism.^[91] ALF spokesman Jerry Vlasak said of the attack on Fairbanks: "force is a poor second choice, but if that's the only thing that will work ... there's certainly moral justification for that."^[92] Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) is a contract animal-testing company founded in 1952 in England, now with facilities in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire and Eye, Suffolk in the UK; New Jersey in the U.S.; and in Japan. ... Binomial name Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 The largemouth triplefin, Ucla xenogrammus, is a fish of the family Tripterygiidae and only member of the genus Ucla, found in the Pacific Ocean from Viet Nam, the Philippines, Palau and the Caroline Islands to Papua New Guinea, Australia (including Christmas Island), and the... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Jerry Vlasak is a U.S. physician and prominent member of several controversial nonprofit organizations, including Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. ...

Extensional self-defense

Steven Best has coined the term "extensional self-defense" to describe actions carried out in defense of animals by human beings acting as "proxy agents."^[93] He argues that, in carrying out acts of extensional self-defense, activists have the moral right to engage in acts of sabotage or even violence.^[93] Extensional self-defense is justified, he writes, because animals are "so vulnerable and oppressed they cannot fight back to attack or kill their oppressors."^[94] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 565 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (672 Ã— 713 pixel, file size: 129 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Animal Liberation Front Steven Best Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 565 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (672 Ã— 713 pixel, file size: 129 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Animal Liberation Front Steven Best Metadata... Image:Steven best. ...

Best argues that the principle of extensional self defense mirrors the penal code statues known as the "necessity defense," which can be invoked when a defendant believes that the illegal act was necessary to avoid imminent and great harm.^[94] In testimony to the Senate in 2005, Jerry Vlasak stated that he regarded violence against Huntingdon Life Sciences as an example of extensional self-defense.^[95] In criminal law, necessity may be either a possible excuse or an exculpation for breaking the law. ... Jerry Vlasak is a U.S. physician and prominent member of several controversial nonprofit organizations, including Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. ...

Listing as a domestic terrorist group

The ALF was named as a terrorist threat by the United States Department of Homeland Security in January 2005.^[96] In hearings held on May 18, 2005 before a Senate panel, officials of the FBI and ATF stated that "violent animal rights extremists and eco-terrorists now pose one of the most serious terrorism threats to the nation," adding that "of particular concern are the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF)."^[97]^[98] In the UK in 1998, Paul Wilkinson, former director of the University of St Andrews Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, said that the ALF and its splinter groups were the "most serious domestic terrorist threat within the United Kingdom," and that the ALF is "very close" to killing someone.^[99] The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Eco-terrorism or ecoterrorism is the concept of terrorism conducted for the sake of ecological or environmental causes. ... The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that, according to the now defunct Earth Liberation Front Press Office, use economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment. ... St Marys College Bute Medical School St Leonards College[5][6] Affiliations 1994 Group Website http://www. ...

The Southern Poverty Law Center has criticized the Department of Homeland Security for concentrating on the Animal and Earth Liberation Fronts rather than on white supremacists, writing that "for all the property damage they have wreaked, eco-radicals have killed no one — something that cannot be said of the white supremacists and others who people the American radical right."^[100] Senator James Jeffords said that the "ELF and ALF may threaten dozens of people each year, but an incident at a chemical, nuclear or wastewater facility would threaten tens of thousands."^[97] The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ... James Merrill Jim Jeffords (born May 11, 1934) is currently the junior U.S. Senator from Vermont and the only Independent in the United States Senate. ...

Operation Backfire

On January 20, 2006, as part of Operation Backfire, the U.S. Department of Justice announced charges against nine American and two Canadian activists supposedly calling themselves the "family", who are alleged to have engaged in direct action in the name of the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front. The Department of Justice called the acts examples of "domestic terrorism." Environmental and animal rights activists have referred to the legal action as the Green Scare. Operation Backfire is an ongoing multi-agency criminal investigation, led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), into destructive acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes in the United States. ... The term Green Scare, alluding to the Red Scares, periods of fear over communist infiltration of U.S. society, is a term popularized by environmental activists to refer to legal action by the U.S. government against the radical environmentalist movement. ... The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that, according to the now defunct Earth Liberation Front Press Office, use economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Operation Backfire is an ongoing multi-agency criminal investigation, led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), into destructive acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes in the United States. ... The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that, according to the now defunct Earth Liberation Front Press Office, use economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment. ... The term Green Scare, alluding to the Red Scares, periods of fear over communist infiltration of U.S. society, is a term popularized by environmental activists to refer to legal action by the U.S. government against the radical environmentalist movement. ...

The incidents included arson attacks against meat-processing plants, lumber companies, a high-tension power line, and a ski center, in Oregon, Wyoming, Washington, California, and Colorado between 1996 and 2001.^[101]

See also

Arkangel is a British-based bi-annual animal liberation magazine, first published in the winter of 1989. ... Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological philosophy (ecosophy) that considers humankind as an integral part of its environment. ... The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that, according to the now defunct Earth Liberation Front Press Office, use economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment. ... GANDALF was an acronym (Green Anarchist aND ALF) for the 1997 UK trial of the editors of Green Anarchist magazine, as well as two prominent British supporters of the Animal Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group, on charges of Conspiracy to Incite Criminal Damage. Starting in 1995, the... Theory and practice Issues History Culture By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Politics Portal Â· Green anarchism is a school of thought within anarchism which puts an emphasis on the environment. ...

Notes

^ Vogue Magazine, October 23, 2003.
^ ^a ^b Best, Steven & Nocella, Anthony J. (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 8.
^ *Coronado, Rod. "Reflections on Prison and the Needs of Our Movement", No Compromise, Issue 13.
- History of the Animal Liberation Movement, Animal Liberation Press Office.
- Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal Topic Suggestions, Center on Animal Liberation Affairs.
^ ^a ^b ALF cells are known to be active in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Canary Islands, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. See "Diary of Actions", Bite Back, March 10, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ALF in Malta was founded in 1983; Mann, Keith. From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement,, Summary of Dates, Puppy Pincher Press, 2007.
^ "Staying on Target and Going the Distance: An Interview with U.K. A.L.F. Press Officer Robin Webb", No Compromise, Issue 22, undated
^ Behind the Mask: The Story Of The People Who Risk Everything To Save Animals, a film by Shannon Keith, 2006.
^ ^a ^b "From Push to Shove", Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report, Fall 2002.
^ Rood, Justin. "Animal Rights Groups and Ecology Militants Make DHS Terrorist List, Right-Wing Vigilantes Omitted", Congressional Quarterly, March 25, 2005.
^ ^a ^b Molland, Neil. "Thirty Years of Direct Action" in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 68.
^ Molland, Neil. "Thirty Years of Direct Action" in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 68. Kim Stallwood of the Animal Rights Network writes he has often heard these stories but has never been able to find solid evidence to support them (Stallwood, Kim. "A Personal Overview of Direct Action" in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 82).
^ Best, Steven in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 19.
^ Ryder, Richard. Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. Berg, 2000, p. 167.
^ "The History of the Hunt Saboteurs Association (Part 1)", American Hunt Saboteurs Association, accessed March 1, 2008. See also "Losing the Scent", Letters to the Editor, The Guardian, July 29, 2004.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Molland, Neil. "Thirty Years of Direct Action" in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, pp. 70-74.
^ Mann, Keith. From Dusk Till Dawn. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, p. 55.
^ ^a ^b ^c Monaghan, Rachael. "Terrorism in the Name of Animal Rights," in Taylor, Maxwell and Horgan, John. The Future of Terrorism. Routledge 2000, pp. 160-161.
^ Laville, Sandra. "ALF extremist stands by call to flames", The Guardian, June 25, 2005.
^ ^a ^b Keith, Shannon. Behind the Mask, Uncaged Films, 2006.
^ Webb, Robin. "Animal Liberation — By "Whatever Means Necessary," in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 75.
^ MacLeod, Donald. "Britain uses hate law to ban animal rights campaigner", The Guardian, August 31, 2005; Blackstock, Colin. Blunkett bars US animal rights activist from Britain, The Guardian, August 26, 2004.
^ >Best, Steven. "Who's Afraid of Jerry Vlasak?" Animal Liberation Press Office, undated, retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ Bradley, Ed. "Interview With ALF Cell Member", 60 Minutes, CBS News, November 13, 2005.
^ Animal Liberation Supporters Group website
^ Vegan Prisoners Support Group
^ "On the Case", Prisons and Probation Ombudsman, p. 5.
^ Animal Liberation Press Office.
^ "Oxford wins protest injunction case", Ananova, originally in The Guardian, October 13, 2006, retrieved March 13, 2008.
^ "Bite Back". In 2005, it published a "Direct Action Report," stating that, in 2004, ALF activists removed 17,262 animals from facilities, and claimed 554 acts of sabotage, vandalism, and arson (see "Radical animal rights magazine issues 2004 'Direct Action' report", Law Enforcement Agency Resource Network, January 25, 2005).
^ Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press, 1983.
^ >Best, Steven. "Introduction," in Best and Nocella. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?. Lantern Books, 2004, pp. 24-26.
^ Bernstein, Mark. "Legitimizing Liberation," in Best and Nocella. Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?. Lantern Books, 2004, p. 91.
^ McClain, Carla. "ALF: A Secret Interview with a Compassionate Companion," No Compromise, March-April 1996, p. 12, cited in Schnurer, Maxwell. "At the Gates of Hell," in Best and Nocella, Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?, 2004, pp. 115-116.
^ Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation, cited in >Best, Steven. "Introduction," in Best and Nocella. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?. Lantern Books, 2004, p. 28.
^ ^a ^b ^c F. Barbara Orlans. The Human Use of Animals: Case Studies in Ethical Choice. Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 71-76.
^ Carbone, Larry. What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 90. The footage can be viewed at:
- Part 1 *Part 2 *Part 3 *Part 4 *Part 5
^ >Best, Steven. "Introduction," in Best and Nocella. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?. Lantern Books, 2004, p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Mann, Keith. From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement, Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, pp. 163-165.
^ "Animal rights man dies on hunger strike", Lancashire Evening Telegraph, November 8, 2001.
^ "Barry's life", Arkangel, undated.
^ "No Dolphinaria in the UK", Born Free Foundation. The Bellerive Foundation (Switzerland) and the World Society for the Protection of Animals were also involved in the campaign.
^ Mann, Keith. From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement, Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, p. 167.
^ Hughes, Peter. "Animals, values and tourism — structural shifts in UK dolphin tourism provision," Tourism Management, Volume 22, Issue 4, August 2001, pp. 321-329.
^ Lee, Ronnie. Peace News 1974, cited in Stallwood, Kim. "A Personal Overview of Direct Action" in Best and Nocella. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Lantern Books, 2004, p. 83.
^ Lee, Ronnie and Treadwell, Gary in Freedom 1979, cited in Stallwood, Kim. "A Personal Overview of Direct Action" in Best and Nocella (eds.). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Lantern Books, 2004, p. 83.
^ ^a ^b Stallwood, Kim. "A Personal Overview of Direct Action" in Best and Nocella (eds.). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Lantern Books, 2004, p. 83.
^ "The man who hounds the huntsmen", St Neots Advertiser, December 24, 1975.
^ Webb, Robin. "Animal Liberation — By 'Whatever Means Necessary'," in Best and Nocella. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 77.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stallwood, Kim. "A Personal Overview of Direct Action" in Best and Nocella (eds.). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Lantern Books, 2004, pp. 85-87.
^ Website of PETA's campaign against Mars, accessed March 5, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Confectionery (Poisoning)", Hansard, November 19, 1984.
^ Schweitzer, Glenn E. and Dorsch Schweitzer, Carole. A Faceless Enemy: The Origins of Modern Terrorism. De Capo Press, 2002, p. 90.
^ The Guardian, April 14, 1990 and November 14, 1991, cited in Garner, Robert. Animals, Politics and Morality. Manchester University Press, 2004, p. 235.
^ ^a ^b "Staying on Target and Going the Distance: An Interview with U.K. A.L.F. Press Officer Robin Webb", No Compromise, May 23, 2006, retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Mann, Keith. From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement,. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, p. 497.
^ Stallwood, Kim. "A Personal Overview of Direct Action" in Best and Nocella (eds.). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Lantern Books, 2004, p. 84.
^ Hansard, December 14, 1992, column 223.
^ The Times, December 21, 1988 and February 24, 1989, and Henshaw, David. Animal warfare: The story of the Animal Liberation Front. HarperCollins, 1989, pp. 102-113, cited in Garner, Robert. Animals, Politics and Morality. Manchester University Press, 2004, p. 235.
^ Garner, Robert. Animals, Politics and Morality. Manchester University Press, 2004, p. 235.
^ Baker, Steve. Picturing the Beast: Animals, Identity, and Representation. University of Illinois Press, 2001, p. 201 ff.
^ Vines, Gail. "Vets targeted in bombing attacks", New Scientist, June 16, 1990.
^ ^a ^b Mann, Keith. From Dusk Till Dawn. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, pp. 157-158.
^ >Best, Steven. "Introduction," in Best & Nocella. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 25.
^ Carbone, Larry. '"What Animal Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 76, see figure 4.2.
^ ^a ^b Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business, National Press Books, pp. 69-72.
^ Trends in Animal Rights and Environmental Extremism", Terrorism 2000/2001", Federal Bureau of Investigation.
^ ^a ^b Best, Steven in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 21.
^ Vorsino, Mary. Biography of Ken LeVasseur", Whales on the Net.
^ "Last dolphin dies at marine laboratory", Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 26, 20404.
^ "History of the Animal Liberation Movement", North American Animal Liberation Press Office.
^ "Monumental Animal Liberation Front Actions - United States", Animal Liberation Front website.
^ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals: The Amazing True Story of the Animal Liberation Front, 2000.
^ Lowe, Brian M. Emerging Moral Vocabularies. Lexington Books, 2006, p. 92.
^ Rudacille, Deborah. The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict Between Animal Research and Animal Protection. University of California Press, 2001, p. 136: Rudacille quotes Jo Shoesmith, an attorney and long-time animal rights activist in the U.S., who says that Newkirk's account of "Valerie" is not only fictionalized, as Newkirk acknowledges, but "totally fictitious."
^ ^a ^b Best, Steven in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 22.
^ McCarthy, Charles R. "Reflections on the Organizational Locus of the Office for Protection from Research Risks", Online Ethics Centre for Engineering and Science, October 28, 2004; accessed October 2, 2006: On the basis of Unnecessary Fuss, PETA petitioned the Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) to have the University of Pennsylvania's head injury lab closed down. The OPRR initially refused to act on the basis of edited material and after more than a year of refusing to turn over the original tapes, PETA eventually did so. The edited tape was found to have "grossly overstated the deficiencies in the Head Injury Clinic", but OPRR also found serious violations of accepted procedure.
^ "NIH Reauthorization and Protection of Health Facilities: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce," Washington 1991.
^ Franklin, Ben A. " Going to Extremes for 'Animal Rights'", The New York Times, August 30, 1987.
^ "Pro-Animal ALF Flouts Law in Name of Compassion," Sacramento Bee, February 15, 1998.
^ Group raids labs, takes animals, Associated Press, in the Philadelphia Inquirer, April 22, 1985.
^ "Crackdown urged in animal thefts, Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1985.
^ United Stated Department of Justice, Report to Congress on the Extent and Effects of Domestic and International Terrorism on Animal Enterprises, Appendix 1
^ Webb, Robin. "Animal Liberation — By "Whatever Means Necessary," in Best & Nocella (eds), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 78.
^ "It Could Happen to You, Part 1", Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, True Spies, BBC Two, November 10, 2002.
^ Addley, Esther. "Animal Liberation Front bomber jailed for 12 years", The Guardian, December 8, 2006.
^ Goodwin, Jo-Ann. "The Animals of Hatred", The Daily Mail, October 15, 2003.
^ "From Push to Shove", Southern Poverty Law Center, undated, retrieved 2 October 2006.
^ Laville, Sandra & Campbell, Duncan. "Animal rights extremists in arson spree", The Guardian, June 25, 2005.
^ UCLA Vivisector Lynn Fairbanks Targeted by Animal Liberation Front, The Animal Liberation Press Office, June 12, 2006. Accessed May 11, 2007
^ Chancellor taking steps to protect UCLA Seattle Times, Rebecca Trounson and Joe Mozingo. August 27, 2006. Accessed May 11, 2007
^ Trounson, Rebecca & Mozingo, Joe. "UCLA to Protect Animal Research", LA Times, August 26, 2006.
^ "Terror at UCLA", Critical Mass, August 22, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Best, Steven. "Gaps in Logic, Lapses in Politics: Rights and Abolitionism in Joan Dunayer's Speciesism", drstevebest.org.
^ ^a ^b Best, Steven. "Who's Afraid of Jerry Vlasak?", Animal Liberation Press Office.
^ Miller, John J. "In the name of the animals: America faces a new kind of terrorism", National Review, July 3, 2006.
^ Rood, Justin. "Animal Rights Groups and Ecology Militants Make DHS Terrorist List, Right-Wing Vigilantes Omitted", Congressional Quarterly, March 25, 2005.
^ ^a ^b FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism CNN.com, Terry Frieden, May 19, 2005.
^ The FBI defines "domestic terrorism" as "activities that involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States." (18 U.S.C. § 2331(5)) [1]
^ "Inside the ALF", Dispatches, Channel 4 television, 1998.
^ "Decade of domestic terror documented by Center", Southern Poverty Law Center, September 2005. Retrieved October 2, 2006.
^ Eleven Defendants Indicted on Domestic Terrorism Charges US Department of Justice, January 20, 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006

Image:Steven best. ... Lantern Books is an American book publisher. ... Rod Coronado Rodney Adam Coronado is an American eco-anarchist and animal rights activist who has been convicted of arson, conspiracy and other crimes in connection with his activism but now advocates non-violent action. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Behind the Mask: The Story Of The People Who Risk Everything To Save Animals is a 2006 documentary film about the Animal Liberation Front. ... Shannon Keith is an American animal-rights lawyer, activist, and documentary director/producer. ... The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ... Image:Steven best. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Shannon Keith is an American animal-rights lawyer, activist, and documentary director/producer. ... Robin Webb runs the Animal Liberation Press Office in the UK, which releases material to the media on behalf of animal rights activists operating as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), and the Justice Department. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image:Steven best. ... Image:Steven best. ... Image:Steven best. ... Image:Steven best. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... The World Society for the Protection of Animals (commonly WSPA) is an international non-profit animal welfare organisation and also a federation of such organisations and active in over 130 countries with some 600 member groups. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Ronnie Lee is a British animal rights activist, and founder of the Animal Liberation Front. ... Ronnie Lee is a British animal rights activist, and founder of the Animal Liberation Front. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Image:Steven best. ... Image:Steven best. ... PETAs president and co-founder Ingrid Newkirk Ingrid Newkirk (born July 11, 1949) is a British-born animal rights activist, author, and president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the worlds largest animal rights organization. ... Image:Steven best. ... Unnecessary Fuss is the name of a film produced by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), showing footage shot inside the University of Pennsylvanias Head Injury Clinic in Philadelphia, described by the university as the longest standing and most respected center... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The Sacramento Bee is a daily newspaper published in Sacramento, California. ... Robin Webb runs the Animal Liberation Press Office in the UK, which releases material to the media on behalf of animal rights activists operating as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), and the Justice Department. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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The Animal Liberation Press Office was set up in October 1991 to relay information to the media about direct action undertaken by the Animal Liberation Front, the Animal Rights Militia, the Justice Department, and other radical animal-rights groups. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

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