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Filmed by PETA, Covance primate-testing lab, Vienna, Virginia, 2004-5. [1]

Animal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in experiments. These may be for the purpose of testing pharmacological substances to determine their effect on humans, or to test other medical or psychological hypotheses. The topic is mired in controversy with supporters and opponents arguing over both ethical concerns and the effectiveness of the practice. Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... In physics and mathematics, peta (symbol: P) is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 1015, or 1 000 000 000 000 000. ... Jump to: navigation, search A monkey in a restraint tube filmed by PETA in Covance, Vienna, Virginia, 2004-5 [1] Covance (NYSE: CVD), with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey, is one of the worlds largest and most comprehensive drug development services companies, according to its own website, with annual... Vienna is a town located in Fairfax County, Virginia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens For other uses, see Human (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria Placozoa Subregnum Bilateria  Acoelomorpha  Orthonectida  Rhombozoa  Myxozoa  Superphylum Deuterostomia     Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... Jump to: navigation, search From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ... Medicine on the Web NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Categories: Medicine | Health ... Jump to: navigation, search Psychology (Classical Greek: psyche = soul or mind, logos = study of) is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior, mind and thought and the neurological bases of behavior. ... Look up Controversy on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A controversy is a contentious dispute, a disagreement in opinions over which parties are actively arguing. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ethics is the branch of axiology – one of the four major branches of philosophy, alongside metaphysics, epistemology, and logic – which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to define that which is right from that which is wrong. ...

The term "vivisection" is often used to describe all animal experiments, although it originally only referred to those that involved dissection of, or surgery on, live animals. Many dictionaries and encyclopaedias now use the term "vivisection" to mean any kind of animal experiment that causes suffering, whether it entails surgery or not, although those who experiment on animals dislike this trend as they feel that "vivisection" is an emotive term (Croce 1991). Jump to: navigation, search Anaesthetised rat in a stereotaxic restraining device about to undergo brain surgery. ... Dissected rat showing major organs. ... A typical modern surgery operation For other meanings of the word, see Surgery (disambiguation) Surgery (from the Greek cheirourgia - lit. ...

Controversy

The debate regarding the moral and practical implications of animal testing is ongoing. See also: Vivisection and experimentation debate A moral in basically me doing your mom. ... Jump to: navigation, search Vivisection and animal experimentation has been controversial since the 19th century with physiologists expressing reservations much earlier. ...

Advocates of Animal Testing

Testing advocates, some of whom work in medicine and industry, argue that: Medicine on the Web NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Categories: Medicine | Health ...

• Humans in some parts of the world maintain a higher standard of living, in terms of their health, in large part due to advances in health and manufacturing knowledge derived from animal testing
• Animals receive more sophisticated medical care due to animal tests that have led to advances in vetrinary medicine
• Animal models are the best option for exploring new medical treatments because:
  1. Scientists can control for their genetic makeup
  2. Scientists can control for environmental conditions
  3. Animals breed quickly enough to provide a reasonable sample size

Advocates of Animal Rights

Animal rights advocates argue that:

• Whatever benefits are reaped by animal testing are irrelevant in light of the suffering caused to the animals
• No amount of benefits could justify infringing on the rights of animals
• Animal testing, especially in commercial, non-medical substances, is excessive and unnecessary
• The tests are not valid because:
  1. Animals are not effective models in all cases
  2. Results from animals can be misleading
  3. Many drugs have dangerous side-effects that were not predicted by animal models

Abuse

Undercover investigations have documented and filmed rare examples of animal abuse and sadism in laboratories that are legally obligated to adhere to animal-welfare regulations. For example, punching puppies in their faces ("It's a Dog's Life", 1997), simulating sex acts whilst taking blood samples from animals ("It's a Dog's Life", 1997), making monkeys "dance" and screaming at them in order to invalidate blood-pressure tests ("Covance Uncovered", 2004). Flogging demonstration at Folsom Street Fair 2004. ...

In February 2005, the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), while applying for a judicial review of laboratory practices in the United Kingdom, told a British court that internal documents from the University of Cambridge, an animal-testing site where primates are used, showed that monkeys had the tops of their heads sawn off to induce a stroke, and were then left alone after the procedure for 15 hours overnight, with their brains exposed and no veterinary care, because staff only worked from nine to five. Some of the monkeys were found dead in the morning. The BUAV judicial challenge followed a 10-month undercover investigation by BUAV into three research programmes at Cambridge in 1998. [2] The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection is a pressure group based near Highbury Corner in North London, United Kingdom that campaigns peacefully against vivisection. ... Judicial review is the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent for constitutionality or for the violation of basic principles of justice. ... The University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with one of the most selective sets of entry requirements in the United Kingdom. ... Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cynomolgus Monkey at Batu Caves, Malaysia Monkeys, Mori Sosen (1749-1821) A monkey is any member of two of the three groupings of simian primates. ... A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted by occlusion (an ischemic stroke- approximately 90% of strokes), by hemorrhage (a hemorrhagic stroke - less than 10% of strokes) or other causes. ... In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the higher, supervisory center of the nervous system. ... Look up veterinarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...

Utility

Animal testing has been used to help treat rabies, smallpox, anthrax, congenital heart diseases, rickets, diabetes, tetanus, rheumatoid arthritis, diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, mood disorders, rubella, measles and leprosy. The models have been used to make surgeries safer by testing anesthestics and anti-rejection drugs as well as developing techniques in cardiac bypass and laproscopic surgery. Animal models have the most scientific background and the highest likelihood of assisting in new treatments for cancer, HIV, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, Lou Gehrig's Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and other terminal illnesses that are currently without any cure.

Testing of drugs

Animals from rats to primates are regularly used in the following drug tests: Jump to: navigation, search Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans. ...

Metabolic studies are performed to find out how drugs are absorbed, metabolized and excreted by the body when introduced orally, intravenously, intraperitoneally or intramuscularly. Jump to: navigation, search Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos), the Greek word for change, or overthrow (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. ... --212. ... Oral (Russian: Уральск, Uralsk, also spelled Uralsk) is a city in western Kazakhstan, along the Ural (Zhayyq) River. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Intramuscular injection is an injection of a substance directly into a muscle. ...

Safety studies gauge acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity. Acute toxicity is studied by using a rising dose until signs of toxicity become apparent. Sub-acute toxicity is where the drug is given to the animals for four to six weeks in doses below the level at which it becomes toxic, in order to discover such effects as the build up of toxic metabolites. Testing for chronic toxicity can last up to two years in two different species. The data gained from this period can be used to calculate the maximum tolerable dose; that is, the dose where signs of toxicity begin to occur. Acute Toxicity is a property of a substance that has toxic effects on a living organism, when that organism is exposed to a lethal dose of a substance once. ... Chronic toxicity is a property of a substance that has toxic effects on a living organism, when that organism is exposed to the substance continuously or repeatedly. ...

Efficacy studies test whether experimental drugs works by inducing the appropriate illness in animals using an animal model of the disease. The drug is then administered in a double-blind controlled trial. This is intended to allow scientists to determine the effect of the drug and the dose-response curve. An animal model usually refers to a non-human animal with a disease or altered health state that is similar to a human condition, these test subjects are often termed as animal models of disease. ... A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a form of clinical trial, or scientific procedure used in the testing of the efficacy of medicines or medical procedures. ... Dose response is the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure to a substance. ...

Cosmetic testing on animals

Products in Europe not tested on animals carry this symbol

There is a great deal of controversy over animal testing to determine the safety of cosmetic products to human consumers. Many people feel it is immoral to cause harm or death to animals for the sake of human vanity, while others think humans should not risk dangerous reactions to the chemicals in cosmetics without prior testing on animals. Image File history File links NoAnimalTesting. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Cosmetic refers to beauty or appearance, especially concerning the human body. ... Morality is a complex of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. ... Look up vanity and vain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Cosmetic testing on animals includes all of these practices:

• Testing a finished cosmetic product (e.g. lipstick) on animals (see below for examples of toxicity tests);
• Testing individual ingredients of cosmetic products on animals;
• Testing any combination of ingredients on animals;
• Contracting a third-party company to perform any of the above tests;
• Using a subsidiary or third-party company to perform any of the above tests in countries where animal testing is not banned.

Some cosmetics companies claim that their products are not tested on animals, despite using one or more of the aforementioned practices. Lipstick is a cosmetic substance for the lips that is heavier than lip gloss and has the primary purpose of applying color to the lips. ...

Re-using existing test data gleaned from previous animal testing is generally not considered to be cosmetic testing on animals; however, the acceptability of this is inversely proportional to how recent the data is. Creating cosmetics with ingredients last tested on animals in 1985 is more acceptable than using novel ingredients last tested in 2003.

The animal tests themselves are mostly irritancy and toxicity tests. For example, the Draize test involves placing the substance under test into the eyes of rabbits, whose eyes are approximately as sensitive as a human being's. To test for skin irritation, rabbits and guinea pigs have their backs shaved of fur and "grazed" to make the skin more sensitive. The substance under test is then applied to the skin and the skin is observed for signs of redness, inflammation, weeping, or scabs. In many countries, federal regulations require that precautions are taken to reduce discomfort to animals by administering analgesics and the lowest useful dosage of the test solution. During this procedure, the animal may be prevented from moving, by use of a metal harness only slightly bigger than the animal itself. The word irritant may refer to: Something that causes irritation, often a chemical substance. ... The Draize Test (named after FDA toxicologist John Draize), along with the LD50, are two of the most common animal tests. ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus The bane of Australian farmers - the wild rabbit An old rabbit trap Rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world. ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus The bane of Australian farmers - the wild rabbit An old rabbit trap Rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae, found in many parts of the world. ... Jump to: navigation, search Species Cavia porcellus Cavia aperea Cavia tschudii Cavia guianae Cavia anolaimae Cavia nana Cavia fulgida Cavia magna Guinea pigs (also called cavies) are rodents belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. ...

Products not tested on animals in the UK carry this British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection logo

Due to the strong public backlash against cosmetic testing on animals, most cosmetic manufacturers claim their products are not tested on animals. However, they are still required by trading standards and consumer protection laws in most countries to show their products are not toxic and dangerous to public health, and that the ingredients are not dangerous in large quantities, such as when in transport or in the manufacturing plant. In some countries, it is possible to meet these requirements without any further tests on animals. In other countries, it may require animal testing to meet legal requirements. The United States and Japan are frequently criticised for their insistence on stringent safety measures that often requires further animal testing, although the US has also been a leader in developing cell culture alternatives. Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection is a pressure group based near Highbury Corner in North London, United Kingdom that campaigns peacefully against vivisection. ... Consumer protection is government regulation to protect the interests of consumers, for example by requiring businesses to disclose detailed information about products, particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food. ...

Some retailers distinguish themselves in the marketplace by their moral stance, and thus provide the consumer with information about the ethical nature of their products. For example, see the British Co-op's cosmetic testing site, [3] which includes statements from all their suppliers about the extent of their animal testing. See also the Body Shop's campaign against animal testing. [4] Jump to: navigation, search Morality, in the strictest sense of the word, deals with that which is innately regarded as right or wrong. ... A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is an association of persons who join together to carry on an economic activity of mutual benefit, in an egalitarian fashion. ... The Body Shop International, a British based international retailer of body, bath, skin care and make-up products aimed primarily at women, was founded from a single storefront in 1976 by Anita Roddick and grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. ...

The United Kingdom banned all animal testing for cosmetics in 1998. Cosmetics manufacturers may rely on existing toxicity data gleaned from past animal tests, but they may not conduct new tests. See the "Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations" for further details. [5] (pdf) One exception to this rule is the use of LD50 tests for botox, which comes from a toxin so potent that .000000000004 g is lethal to a grown human being. Because botox treatments are used for non-cosmetic purposes in the treatment of certain muscle disorders, it is not bound by the regulations specific to cosmetic testing. [6] Botulin toxin or botox is the toxic compound produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ...

Cosmetic testing on animals is also banned in the Netherlands and Belgium. In 2002, after 13 years of negotiations, the European Union agreed to ban cosmetic testing on animals in 2009, with a ban on products still tested on animals being introduced by 2014. News reports allege France is the main reason behind the delays, owing to the huge French cosmetics industry exerting lobbying pressure on the government. [7]

While some cosmetics manufacturers have genuinely stopped all animal testing of their products, others continue to test. Companies that continue to perform cosmetic testing on animals may falsely claim that they do not do this in their advertising and on their products — or choose not to state either way.

For those cosmetics manufacturers that genuinely do not test on animals, they generally use the following for safety testing of their products:

• Reliance on existing natural or synthetic ingredients, compounds and substances. These have already been extensively tested on animals in the past, and thus do not need to be tested again.
• Avoiding novel ingredients or combinations of ingredients that have not fully been tested and may not be safe.
• Testing on human volunteers.

This presumes that cosmetics companies are already using computer modeling and cell cultures to simulate human tissue, two techniques that have had ambiguous utility in discovering problems early. It has been demonstrated by those who wish animal experiments to continue that neither can yet fully replace live human or non-human animal tests. Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) Cell culture is the term applied when growing cells in a synthetic environment. ...

Alternatives to animal testing

Animal liberation
Activists
Greg Avery  · David Barbarash Steven Best  · Rod Coronado Barry Horne  · Ronnie Lee Keith Mann Ingrid Newkirk  · Alex Pacheco Robin Webb
Organizations
Animal Aid Animal Liberation Front BUAV Great Ape Project Justice Department PETA  · SPEAK SHAC
Issues
Animal rights · Animal testing Covance Declaration on Great Apes Factory farming  · Fur farming Huntingdon Life Sciences Speciesism  · Vivisection
Writers
Steven Best Jeremy Bentham Stephen Clark  · Tom Regan Richard D. Ryder Peter Singer
Category
Animal liberation movement

Animal-rights and animal-welfare supporters, scientists, doctors, and governments generally claim to agree that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and animal tests should only be performed where necessary. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Monekyincage. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Great Ape Project is campaigning for a Declaration on Great Apes. ... Greg Avery is a British animal rights activist and co-founder in November 1999 of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), an international campaign to force the closure of Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), a controversial animal-testing company with bases in Huntingdon, England, and New Jersey in the United States. ... David Barbarash is the North American press officer for the Animal Liberation Front. ... Dr. Steven Best Steven Best (born December 1955) is an American animal rights activist, author, talk-show host, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso. ... Jump to: navigation, search Rod Coronado Rodney Adam Coronado is an eco-anarchist, animal rights activist, convicted arsonist, and the editor of the environmentalist Earth First! Journal. ... Barry Horne was an animal rights activist who died in Worcester hospital in the UK on 5 Nov 2001 following a series of hunger strikes made in protest. ... Ronnie Lee is a British animal rights activist, and founder of the Animal Liberation Front. ... Keith Mann is a British animal-rights campaigner, believed to be a senior Animal Liberation Front activist. ... Ingrid Newkirk (born July 11, 1949) is a British-born animal rights activist, author, and the president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the worlds largest animal rights organization. ... Alex Pacheco is an animal rights activist and co-founder (and former chairman) of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). ... Robin Webb appearing on Channel 4s Dispatches Robin Webb is the press officer for the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) in the UK. He was previously a member of the ruling council of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), and a director of Animal Aid. ... Alternative meaning: Organisation (band). ... Animal Aid is the United Kingdoms largest animal rights group and one of the longest established in the world, having been founded in 1977. ... For other uses of the abbreviation ALF, see ALF (disambiguation) ALF logo Beagles removed by British ALF activists from a testing laboratory owned by Boots the Chemists. ... The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection is a pressure group based near Highbury Corner in North London, United Kingdom that campaigns peacefully against vivisection. ... Founded in 1993, the Great Ape Project (GAP), calls for an extension of moral equality to encompass all great apes (both species of chimpanzee, gorillas, and orangutans), not just human beings. ... The Justice Department is a militant animal-rights organization, set up in Britain in 1993, and active there and in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is the largest animal rights organization in the world. ... SPEAK is a British animal rights campaign that aims to end animal experimentation and vivisection in the UK. The campaign was born out of Stop Primate Experimentation at Cambridge (SPEAC), [1] a campaign set up to oppose the construction at the University of Cambridge of a new primate testing facility... A primate in Huntingdon Life Sciences, covertly photographed by SHAC Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) is an international animal rights campaign against Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), the UKs largest animal-testing laboratory, which is based in Huntingdon, England and in New Jersey in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Great Ape Project is campaigning for a Declaration on Great Apes. ... Jump to: navigation, search A monkey in a restraint tube filmed by PETA in Covance, Vienna, Virginia, 2004-5 [1] Covance (NYSE: CVD), with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey, is one of the worlds largest and most comprehensive drug development services companies, according to its own website, with annual... Jump to: navigation, search The Great Ape Project, founded by Australian philosopher Peter Singer, is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on Great Apes. ... Female pigs used for breeding are confined most of their lives in gestation crates, which are too small to enable them to turn around. ... Fur farming is the agricultural practice of breeding or raising certain types of animals for their fur. ... Overview Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) is a commercial animal testing laboratory in Huntingdon, England. ... Speciesism involves assigning different values or rights to beings on the basis of their species. ... Jump to: navigation, search Anaesthetised rat in a stereotaxic restraining device about to undergo brain surgery. ... Dr. Steven Best Steven Best (born December 1955) is an American animal rights activist, author, talk-show host, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso. ... Jeremy Bentham (IPA: ) (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English gentleman, jurist, philosopher, eccentric, and legal and social reformer. ... Stephen Richard Lyster Clark (born October 30, 1945) is a British philosopher and international authority on animal rights, currently professor of philosophy and Leverhulme Research Fellow at the University of Liverpool. ... Dr. Tom Regan Tom Regan (born November 28, 1938 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American philosopher and animal-rights activist. ... Richard D. Ryder (born 1940) is a British psychologist who, after performing psychology experiments on animals, began to speak out against the practice, and became one of the pioneers of the modern animal liberation and animal rights movements. ... Prof. ...

The "three Rs" are principles that legally govern the use of animals in research in many countries:

• Reduce: The minimum number of animals to complete the study effectively must be used.
• Replace: The alternatives to animal testing that have been proposed so far must be explored and developed.
• Refine: The procedures performed on animals must cause the least amount of harm possible while still maximizing their efficacy so that they will not need to be repeated.

Adherence to these rules is strictly monitored by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in the US. Permission and funding to complete research are both contingent on adherence to these rules. In countries where these are not mandated by law, many research institutions ascribe voluntarily.

There are a number of scientific studies and institutes that are researching complete alternatives to specific animal tests, and improvements to existing tests in order to reduce the pain inflicted on animals or to reduce the number of animals killed. If the benefits of these alternatives can be fully realized, it will resolve the ethical problems and improve the accuracy, pace, and cost of research.

However, those who argue that animal experiments are inherently unscientific say that these facilities are simply there to perpetuate the myth that animal experiments are necessary for human health, and to reassure the public that steps are being taken to find "alternatives" to what seems to many people to be an abhorrent practice. [8][9] They claim that these institutes are set up and funded with what they say are trivial amounts of money by businesses with a vested interest in the continuation of animal experiments. [10][11] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mythology. ...

They also claim that the idea of "alternatives to animal experiments" is meaningless. It is impossible to find a technique that produces the same results as animal experiments, they argue, because, as one ex-animal tester put it, "it is hard to find anything in biomedical research that is...more deceptive and misleading than vivisection" (Croce 1991, p. 21).

The two major alternatives to animal testing that are currently in development are computer simulations and cell culture techniques. Computer simulations at present are limited by the information that has been gathered by animal models and have yet to be designed in such a way that they can be used in the laboratory setting to make predictions about drug reactions. Cell culture techniques, on the other hand, have shown a great deal of promise already. Hepatocytes have been cultured into strains that, in the proper medium, can function almost 50% as well as in vivo hepatocytes. Myocardial cells will beat in vitro. Keratinocytes function at up to 80% capacity in some in vitro conditions. A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. ... Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) Cell culture is the term applied when growing cells in a synthetic environment. ... Hepatocytes make up 60-80% of the cytoplasmic mass of the liver. ... Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart. ... The keratinocyte is the major cell type of the epidermis, making up about 90% of epidermal cells. ...

Institutes researching alternatives to animal testing are:

• The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
• The University of California Center for Animal Alternatives
• Dr Hadwen Trust
• Foundation for Biomedical Research
• 3R Research Foundation

The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (JHCAAT or CAAT) declares on its website: See also: The University of California Center for Animal Alternatives Dr Hadwen Trust External links CAAT Home Page - official site. ... The UC Center for Animal Alternatives works in two ways: (1)disseminating up to date information on alternatives to animal experiments and (2)providing animal experimenters with information on the most current methods for improving all aspects of animal care. ... The Dr Hadwen Trust is a registered medical research charity which has been developing alternatives to replace animal experiments for 30 years. ...

References

• Professor Croce M.D., (1991) Pietro, Vivisection or Science - a choice to make BETA Tipografica s. r. l.:Rome
• "It's a Dog's Life" (1997) Countryside Undercover, Channel Four
• "Covance Uncovered", 2004
• Ruesch, Hans (1989) 1000 Doctors (and many more) Against Vivisection Civis: London
• "Lab monkeys 'scream with fear' in tests" by Sandra Laville, The Guardian, February 8, 2005
• [12]
• [13].
• Americans For Medical Advancement is one group dedicated to ending animal testing.
• Americans for Medical Progress: http://www.amprogress.org/index.cfm is one group dedicated to the pursuit of scientific research.

Americans for Medical Advancement (AFMA) is a charity that aims to promote human health by exposing the risks of animal models. ...

See also

• Animal rights
• Experimental animal
• Vivisection and experimentation debate

Jump to: navigation, search The Great Ape Project is campaigning for a Declaration on Great Apes. ... Jump to: navigation, search Research on genetically modified organisms are an important use of experimental animals. ... Jump to: navigation, search Vivisection and animal experimentation has been controversial since the 19th century with physiologists expressing reservations much earlier. ...

External links

• "Research Defence Society", a website that argues that animal experiments are humane and essential to human health
• Foundation for Biomedical Research, information about the essential need for animals in research
• "Vivisection - Absurd", a website that argues that animal experiments are cruel and unscientific
• LookSmart - Animal Research and Testing directory category
• Open Directory Project - Animal Experiments directory category
• Yahoo! - Animal Experimentation directory category