Animal model refers to a non-human animal with a disease that is similar to a human condition. These test conditions are often termed as animal models of disease. The use of animal models allows researchers to investigate disease states in ways which would be inaccessible in a human patient. Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Placozoa (trichoplax) Subregnum Bilateria (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Orthonectida (parasitic to flatworms, echinoderms, etc. ... A disease is an abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. ...

In order to serve as a useful model, a modeled disease must be similar in etiology (mechanism of cause) and function to the human equivalent. Animal models are used to learn more about a disease, its diagnosis and its treatment. For instance, behavioral analogues of anxiety or pain in laboratory animals can be used to screen and test new drugs for the treatment of these conditions in humans. Etiology (alternately aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. ... Diagnosis (from the Greek words dia = by and gnosis = knowledge) is the process of identifying a disease by its signs, symptoms and results of various diagnostic procedures. ... Treatment may refer to: // Health Therapy - the act of remediation of a health problem. ... Anxiety refers to a complex combination of negative emotions that includes fear, apprehension and worry, and is often accompanied by physical sensations such as palpitations, chest pain and/or shortness of breath. ... Pain is an unpleasant sensation which may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage and which may have physical and emotional components. ... Oral medication A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ...

Animal models of disease can be spontaneous (naturally occurring in animals), or be induced by physical, chemical or biological means. For example,

• The use of metrazol (pentylenetetrazol) as an animal model of epilepsy
• Immunisation with an auto-antigen to induce an immune response to model autoimmune diseases such as EAE
• Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery as an animal model of ischemic stroke
• Infecting animals with pathogens to reproduce human infectious diseases
• Using ionizing radiation to cause tumors
• Genetically selected (such as in diabetic mice).
• Various Animal Models for Screening of Drugs for Glaucoma

The increase in knowledge of the genomes of non-human primates and other mammals that are genetically close to humans is allowing the production of genetically engineered animal tissues, organs and even animal species which express human diseases, providing a more robust model of human diseases in an animal model. Metrazol is the commercial trademark of pentamethylenetetrazol, or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant (another commercial name is Cardiazol). ... Immunization (AmE) or Immunisation (BE) has a number of meanings: In medicine immunization is the process by which an individual is exposed to a material that is designed to prime his or her immune system against that material. ... An antigen is a molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies. ... A request has been made on Wikipedia for this article to be deleted in accordance with the deletion policy. ... Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ... Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of brain inflammation. ... The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major arteries that supplies blood to the brain. ... // Animal models of ischemic stroke Introduction Animal models of ischemic stroke are procedures evoking focal cerebral ischemia - the experimental analogue of ischemic stroke – to study basic processes or potential therapeutic interventions in this disease. ... A pathogen (literally birth of pain from the Greek παθογένεια) is a biological agent that can cause disease to its host. ... In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent (e. ... Ionizing radiation is a type of particle radiation in which an individual particle (for example, a photon, electron, or helium nucleus) carries enough energy to ionize an atom or molecule (that is, to completely remove an electron from its orbit). ... Tumor (American English) or tumour (British English) originally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Binomial name Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Mus musculus is the common house mouse. ... For screening of drugs for activity against glaucoma, Animal models for the disease are produced i. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... For the ecclesiastical use of this term, see primate (religion) Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, and apes, including humans. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... An iconic image of genetic engineering; this 1986 autoluminograph of a glowing transgenic tobacco plant bearing the luciferase gene of the firefly strikingly demonstrates the power and potential of genetic manipulation. ...

Animal models observed in the sciences of psychology and sociology are often termed animal models of behavior. Auguste Rodins The Thinker, bronze cast by Alexis Rudier, Laeken Cemetery, Brussels, Belgium. ... Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ...

In quantitative genetics, the term animal model is used to refer to statistical models in which phenotypic variance is compartmentalised into environmental, genetic and sometimes maternal effects. Such animal models are also known as "mixed models". Quantitative genetics is the study of continuous traits (such as height or weight) and its underlying mechanisms. ... A graph of a bell curve in a normal distribution showing statistics used in educational assessment, comparing various grading methods. ... A maternal effect, in genetics, is the phenomena where the genotype of a mother is expressed in the phenotype of its offspring. ...

See also

• Animal testing
• Ensembl genome database
• In vivo
• Model organism

Filmed by PETA, Covance primate-testing lab, Vienna, Virginia, 2004-5. ... Ensembl is a bioinformatics research project aiming to develop a software system which produces and maintains automatic annotation on selected eukaryotic genomes. It is run in a collaboration between the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the European Bioinformatics Institute, an outstation of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. ... In vivo (Latin for (with)in the living). ... A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ...

External links

• Animal Models of Disease