Squirrel monkey "Baker" rode a Jupiter missile (modeled above) into space in 1959

Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight before manned space missions were attempted. Later, animals were flown to investigate various biological processes and the effects microgravity and space flight might have on them. Five national space programs have flown animals into space: the United States, the Soviet Union, France, Japan and China. Squirrel monkey Baker rode a Jupiter IRBM into space and back in 1959. ... Squirrel monkey Baker rode a Jupiter IRBM into space and back in 1959. ... ISS in earth orbit. ... Human spaceflight is space exploration with a human crew, and possibly passengers (in contrast to unmanned space missions, which are remotely-controlled or robotic space probes). ... Astronauts on the International Space Station display an example of weightlessness Weightlessness is the experience (by people and objects) during freefall, of having no weight. ...

1940s

The first animals intentionally sent into space were fruit flies, accompanied by corn seeds aboard a U.S.-launched V2 rocket in 1947.^[1][2] The purpose of the experiment was to explore the effects of radiation exposure at high altitudes. Some further V2 missions carried biological samples, including moss. Fruit fly may refer to: Tephritidae, the family of large fruit flies. ... This article is about the maize plant. ... German test launch. ... For other uses, see Moss (disambiguation). ...

Albert II, a Rhesus Monkey, became the first monkey in space on June 14, 1949, in a U.S.-launched V2, (after the failure of the original Albert's mission). Albert II died on impact after a parachute failure. Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were under anesthesia during launch. Binomial name Macaca mulatta Zimmermann, 1780 The Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), often called the Rhesus monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. ... Sam the rhesus monkey flew to an apogee of 88 km in 1959. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1950s

On August 31, 1950, the U.S. launched a mouse into space (137 km) aboard a V2 (the Albert V flight, which, unlike the Albert I-IV flights, did not have a monkey). The U.S. launched several other mice in the 1950s, but the first mouse was the only one which survived. is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the rodent. ...

On January 29, 1951, the Soviet Union launched the R-1 IIIA-1 flight, carrying the dogs Tsygan (Russian: Цыган, "Gypsy") and Dezik (Russian: Дезик) into space (but not into orbit). Both space dogs survived the flight; although, one would die on a subsequent flight. The U.S. launched mice aboard spacecraft later that year; however, they failed to reach the altitude for true spaceflight. is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ...

The first animal in orbit was the dog Laika, launched aboard the Soviet Sputnik 2 spacecraft on November 3, 1957. Laika died during the flight. At least 10 other dogs were launched into orbit and numerous others on sub-orbital flights before the historic date of April 12, 1961, when Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space. For other uses, see Laika (disambiguation). ... Sputnik 2 (Russian: , Satellite 2) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on November 3, 1957, and the first to carry a living animal - a dog named Laika. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Strelka (pictured left) and Belka (right) orbited the Earth and returned safely on Korabl-Sputnik-5 During the 1950s and 1960s the USSR used a number of dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights to determine whether human spaceflight was feasible. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Gagarin” redirects here. ...

On December 13, 1958, a Jupiter IRBM, AM-13, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, with a United States Navy-trained South American squirrel monkey named "Gordo" onboard. The nosecone recovery parachute failed to operate and Gordo was lost. Telemetry data sent back during the flight showed that the monkey survived the 10G of launch, 8 minutes of weightlessness and 40G of reentry at 10,000 miles per hour. The nosecone sank 1,302 nautical miles (2,411 km) downrange from Cape Canaveral and was not recovered. is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... Jupiter IRBM mobile missile The Jupiter Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile, first tested in 1957, was the United States second Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). ... This article is about the area of Florida. ... USN redirects here. ... Type species Simia sciurea Linnaeus, 1758 Species Saimiri oerstedii Saimiri sciureus Saimiri ustus Saimiri boliviensis Saimiri vanzolini The squirrel monkeys are the New World monkeys of the genus Saimiri. ... Gordo was the first monkey to travel in outside Earths orbit. ... According to the law of universal gravitation, the attractive force between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. ...

Monkeys "Able" and "Baker" became the first monkeys to survive spaceflight after their 1959 flight. On May 28, 1959, aboard Jupiter IRBM AM-18, were a 7-pound (3.18 kg) American-born rhesus monkey, "Able", and an 11 ounce (310 g) squirrel monkey from Peru, "Baker". The monkeys rode in the nosecone of the missile to an altitude of 360 miles (579 km) and a distance of 1,700 miles (2,735 km) down the Atlantic Missile Range from Cape Canaveral, Florida. They withstood forces 38 times the normal pull of gravity and were weightless for about 9 minutes. A top speed of 10,000 mph (16,000 km/h) was reached during their 16 minute flight. The monkeys survived the flight in good condition. "Able" died four days after the flight from a reaction to anesthesia, while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode. "Baker" lived until November 29, 1984, at the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Approximate worldwide distribution of monkeys. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jupiter IRBM mobile missile The Jupiter Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile, first tested in 1957, was the United States second Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). ... Binomial name Macaca mulatta Zimmermann, 1780 The Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), often called the Rhesus monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The US Space and Rocket Center is a museum located in Huntsville, Alabama which caters solely to manned and unmanned space exploration. ... Huntsville, Alabama (top center), near the Tennessee border, is north of Birmingham and northeast of Decatur, across the Tennessee River flowing northwest. ...

1960s

On August 12, 1960, Sputnik 5 (also known as Korabl-Sputnik 2) carried the dogs Belka and Strelka. It was the first spacecraft to carry mammalian organisms into orbit and return them alive. One of Strelka's pups, Pushinka, bred and born after her mission, was given as a present to Caroline Kennedy by Nikita Khruschev in 1961, and many descendants are known to exist. is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sputnik 5 was a USSR artificial Earth satellite from the Sputnik space program, launched on August 19, 1960. ... Caroline Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg (born November 27, 1957) is the daughter and only surviving child of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline. ... Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

On January 31, 1961, Ham the Chimp was launched in a Mercury capsule aboard a Redstone rocket. His mission was Mercury-Redstone 2. The chimp had been trained to pull levers to receive rewards of banana pellets and avoid electric shocks.^[3] His flight demonstrated the ability to perform tasks during spaceflight. A little over 3 months later the United States sent Alan Shepard into space. Enos the chimp became the first non-human primate in orbit on November 29, 1961, in another Mercury capsule, an Atlas rocket, Mercury-Atlas 5. is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ham fitted into a special biopack couch prior to flight. ... Description Role: Orbital spaceflight Crew: one, pilot Dimensions Height: 11. ... First launched in 1953, the American Redstone rocket was a direct descendant of the German V-2. ... Mercury-Redstone 2 (MR-2) was launched at 16:55 UTC on January 31, 1961 from LC-5 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. ... For other persons named Alan Shepard, see Alan Shepard (disambiguation). ... Enos being prepared for insertion into the Mercury-Atlas 5 capsule in 1961. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mercury Atlas 9 rocket and capsule on pad The Atlas is a venerable line of space launch vehicles built by Lockheed Martin. ... Mercury-Atlas 5 was an American unmanned spaceflight of the Mercury program. ...

The Soviet Union in the Vostok 3A flights of March 1961 launched mice and, for the first time, guinea pigs^[4] and frogs. Vostok 3 was a mission in the Soviet space program. ... For other uses, see Guinea pig (disambiguation). ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frogness babe is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ...

France flew the first rat into space on February 22, 1961. Two more rats were flown in October 1962. Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

France launched Felix the cat into space on October 18, 1963. The cat had electrodes implanted into its head to measure neural impulses. Felix was recovered alive, but the next cat in space was not. The final French animal launches were of two monkeys in March 1967. Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ...

China launched mice and rats in 1964 and 1965, and two dogs in 1966.

Two Russian space dogs, Veterok (Ветерок, "Little Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember"), were launched on February 22, 1966, on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on March 16. This spaceflight of record-breaking duration was not surpassed by humans until Skylab 2 in 1974 and still stands as the longest space flight by dogs. is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Skylab 2 or SL-2 was the first human spaceflight mission to Skylab, the first U.S. orbital space station. ...

The United States launched Biosatellite I in 1966 and Biosatellite I/II in 1967 with fruit flies, parasitic wasps, flour beetles and frog eggs, along with bacteria, amoebae, plants and fungi. The term parasitic wasp refers to a large, artificial assemblage of Hymenopteran superfamilies which are primarily parasitoids of other animals, mostly other arthropods. ... The flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a small species of darkling beetle, pest of cereal silos and a much-used laboratory animal, since it is easy to keep. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Amoeba (Chaos diffluens) Foraminiferan shells Heliozoan (Actinophrys sol) Amoeboids are cells that move or feed by means of temporary projections, called pseudopods (false feet). ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...

The first tortoise in space (and the first animal of any kind in deep space) was launched September 14, 1968 by the Soviet Union. The Horsfield's tortoise was sent on a circumlunar voyage along with wine flies, meal worms and other biological specimens. The capsule was recovered at sea on September 21. For other uses, see Tortoise (disambiguation). ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Agrionemys horsfieldi aka the Russian Tortoise Agrionemys horsfieldi is the scientific name for the Russian Tortoise. ... Mealworms nestled in a bedding of bran within a plastic container. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The United States launched the monkey Bonny, a macacque, in 1969 on the first multi-day primate mission; it was one of four U.S. monkey missions in the 1960s.

In total in the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union launched missions with passenger slots for at least 57 dogs. The actual number of dogs in space is smaller, because some dogs flew more than once.

1970s

First spider web built in space

Two bullfrogs were launched on a one-way mission on the Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite on November 9, 1970, to better understand space motion sickness. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... An experiment into spider webs in space was conducted in 1973 aboard Skylab involving two spiders called Arabella and Anita, two females of the cross variety. ... A bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana), the species which travelled on the OFO-A flight The Orbiting Frog Otolith (OFO) was a NASA space program which resulted in the successful launch in 1970 of the Orbiting Frog Otolith spacecraft (OFO-A mission), sending two bullfrogs into orbit for the study of weightlessness. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Apollo 16 on April 16, 1972 carried nematodes, and Apollo 17, launched on December 7, 1972 carried five pocket mice, although one died on the circumlunar trip. Skylab 3 carried pocket mice and the first fish in space (a mummichog), and the first spiders in space (cross spiders named Arabella and Anita). The U.S. also flew mummichog on the Apollo-Soyuz mission. Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fifth mission to land on the Moon. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria    Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 80,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Species Perognathus alticola Perognathus amplus Perognathus fasciatus Perognathus flavescens Perognathus flavus Perognathus inornatus Perognathus longimembris Perognathus merriami Perognathus parvus Perognathus is a genus of pocket mouse. ... Skylab 3 or SL-3 was the second manned mission to Skylab. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Trinomial name Fundulus heteroclitus heteroclitus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus heteroclitus) is a small killifish found in the eastern United States. ... For other uses, see Spider (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 The European garden spider (Araneus diadematus, cross spider) is a very common and well-known orb-weaver spider in Western Europe. ... An experiment into spider webs in space was conducted in 1973 aboard Skylab involving two spiders called Arabella and Anita, two females of the cross variety. ... The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ...

The Soviets flew several Bion program missions which consisted of satellites with biological cargoes. On these launches they flew tortoises, rats, and mummichog. On Soyuz 20, launched November 17, 1975, tortoises set the duration record for an animal in space when they spent 90.5 days in space. Salyut 5 on June 22, 1976, carried tortoises and a fish (a zebra danio). The Bion space flights, also named Biocosmos, were a series of Soviet (later CIS) space flights. ... Crew None Mission Parameters Mass: 6570 kg Perigee: 177 km Apogee: 251 km Inclination: 51. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Salyut 5 was launched on June 22, 1976 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard a Proton 8K82K rocket. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Binomial name Danio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) The Zebra Danio or Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio or Danio rerio) is a tropical fish, commonly kept in aquaria and used for scientific research, belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae). ...

1980s

The Soviet Union sent 8 monkeys into space in the 1980s on Bion flights, while the U.S. sent two aboard Spacelab 3 on the space shuttle along with 24 rats and stick insect eggs. Bion flights also flew zebra danio, fruit flies, rats, stick insect eggs and the first newts in space. This article is about the space vehicle. ... Ctenomorpha Chronus Ctenomorpha Chronus Medauroidea Extradentata Stick insects are members of the one of the two insect families Phasmatidae and Phylliidae. ... Binomial name Pleurodeles waltl Distribution in the Iberian penisula (Morocco not shown) The Iberian Ribbed Newt (Pleurodeles waltl) is a newt endemic to the Spanish Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. ...

Bion 7 (1985) had 10 newts (Pleurodeles waltl) onboard. The newts had part of their front limbs amputated to study the rate of regeneration in space, knowledge to understand human recovery from space injuries. Bion 7 (Cosmos 1667) was a biomedical research mission involving scientists from nine countries. ... In biology, regeneration is an organisms ability to replace body parts. ...

After an experiment was lost in the Challenger disaster, chicken embryos (fertilized eggs) were sent into space in an experiment on STS-29 in 1989. The experiment was designed for a student contest. STS-51-L was the 25th launch of a Space Shuttle and the tenth launch of the Challenger. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Crew Michael L. Coats (2), Commander John E. Blaha (1), Pilot James P. Bagian (1), Mission Specialist 1 James F. Buchli (3), Mission Specialist 2 Robert C. Springer (1), Mission Specialist 3 Mission Parameters Mass: Orbiter Liftoff: 116,281 kg Orbiter Landing: 88,353 kg Payload: 17,280 kg Perigee...

1990s

Four monkeys flew aboard the last Bion flights of the Soviet Union as well as frogs and fruit flies. The Foton program flights carried dormant brine shrimp, newts, fruit flies, and desert beetles. Kozlov Foton 6 on display at the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon Foton (or Photon) is the project name of two series of Russian science satellite programs. ... For non-zoological information on this animal as a pet, see Sea-Monkey. ...

Astronaut Donald Thomas examines a newt on the Space Shuttle

China launched guinea pigs in 1990.^[5] Astronaut Donald A. Thomas examines a newt on the Space Shuttle; Mission STS-65 From NASA Date Taken: 1994-07-23 Photo ID:STS065-273-018 File links The following pages link to this file: Animals in space Donald A. Thomas Categories: NASA images ... Astronaut Donald A. Thomas examines a newt on the Space Shuttle; Mission STS-65 From NASA Date Taken: 1994-07-23 Photo ID:STS065-273-018 File links The following pages link to this file: Animals in space Donald A. Thomas Categories: NASA images ... This article is about the space vehicle. ...

Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese journalist carried Japanese tree frogs with him during his trip to the Mir space station in December 1990. Other biological experiments aboard Mir involved quail eggs. Toyohiro Akiyama (秋山豊寛 Akiyama Toyohiro) (born July 22, 1942) is a Japanese TV journalist and cosmonaut. ... Binomial name Hyla japonica {{{author}}}, {{{date}}} The Japanese tree frog (Hyla japonica) is a species of tree frog belonging to the genus Hyla. ... For other uses, see Mir (disambiguation). ... Genera Coturnix Anurophasis Perdicula Ophrysia † See also Pheasant, Partridge, Grouse Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds in the pheasant family Phasianidae, or in the family Odontophoridae. ...

Japan launched its first animals, a species of newt, into space on March 18, 1995. is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...

During the 1990s the U.S. carried crickets, mice, rats, frogs, newts, fruit flies, snails, carp, medaka, oyster toadfish, sea urchins, swordtail fish, gypsy moth eggs, stick insect eggs and quail eggs aboard Space Shuttle Columbia. Subfamilies See Taxonomy section Crickets, family Gryllidae (also known as true crickets), are insects somewhat related to grasshoppers and more closely related to katydids or bush crickets (family Tettigoniidae). ... For other uses, see Snail (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Carp (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Oryzias latipes Temminck & Schlegel 1846 The medaka or Japanese killifish, Oryzias latipes, is a very small ricefish, popular as an aquarium fish native to Southeast Asia. ... Subclasses Subclass Perischoechinoidea Order Cidaroida (pencil urchins) Subclass Euechinoidea Superorder Atelostomata Order Cassiduloida Order Spatangoida (heart urchins) Superorder Diadematacea Order Diadematoida Order Echinothurioida Order Pedinoida Superorder Echinacea Order Arbacioida Order Echinoida Order Phymosomatoida Order Salenioida Order Temnopleuroida Superorder Gnathostomata Order Clypeasteroida (sand dollars) Order Holectypoida Wikispecies has information related to... Binomial name Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 The green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) is a species of freshwater fish in family Poecilidae of order Cyprinodontiformes. ... Binomial name Lymantria dispar Linnaeus, 1758 The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a moth in the family Lymantriidae of Eurasian origin. ... Space Shuttle Columbia (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first spaceworthy space shuttle in NASAs orbital fleet. ...

2000s

The last flight of Columbia in 2003 carried silkworms, golden orb spiders, carpenter bees, harvester ants, and Japanese killifish. Nematodes (C. elegans) from one experiment were found still alive in the debris after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.^[6] Binomial name Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 For other senses of this word, see silkworm (disambiguation). ... In Aramaic culture, the term Nephila specifically referred to the constellation and myth of Orion. ... Genera Xylocopa (31 subgenera) Carpenter bees (the genus Xylocopa in the subfamily Xylocopinae) are large, hairy bees distributed worldwide. ... Ants known as Harvester ants include: Red harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) Atta Messor Pheidole This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A bluefin notho killifish, Nothobranchius rachovii, from East Africa. ... Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria    Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 80,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... Binomial name Maupas, 1900 Caenorhabditis elegans (IPA: ) is a free-living nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. ... For further information about Columbias mission and crew, see STS-107. ...

C. elegans are also part of experiments aboard the International Space Station as well as research using quail eggs. ISS redirects here. ...

Earlier shuttle missions included grade school, junior high and high school projects; some of these included ants, stick insect eggs and brine shrimp cysts. Other science missions included gypsy moth eggs. For other uses, see Ant (disambiguation). ...

On July 12, 2006, Bigelow Aerospace launched their Genesis I inflatable space module, containing many small items such as toys and simple experiments chosen by company employees that would be observed via camera. These items included insects, perhaps making it the first private flight to launch animals into space. Included were Madagascar hissing cockroaches and Mexican jumping beans — seeds containing live larva of the moth Cydia deshaisiana.^[7] On June 28, 2007, Bigelow launched Genesis II, a near-twin to Genesis I. This spacecraft also carried the Madagascar hissing cockroaches and added South African flat rock scorpions (Hadogenes troglodytes) and seed-harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex californicus).^[8] is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bigelow Aerospace is a North Las Vegas, Nevada space technology startup company that is pioneering work on expandable space station modules. ... Genesis I is an experimental space habitat designed and built by the private American firm Bigelow Aerospace and launched in 2006. ... Binomial name (Schaum, 1853) Hissing roaches kept as pets. ... Mexican Jumping Beans are a phonemenon native to Mexico. ... Binomial name Cydia deshaisiana Synonyms Carpocapsa dehaisiana Cydia saltitans Laspeyresia saltitans Carpocapsa saltitans Bean showing trap door, Pupal casing. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Genesis II is the second experimental space habitat designed and built by the private American firm Bigelow Aerospace. ... The red harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) is a large (5mm - 7mm) ant common in the southwest United States. ...

See also

• Model organism
• Russian space dogs
• Monkeys in space
• Spider webs in space

A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ... Strelka (pictured left) and Belka (right) orbited the Earth and returned safely on Korabl-Sputnik-5 During the 1950s and 1960s the USSR used a number of dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights to determine whether human spaceflight was feasible. ... Sam the rhesus monkey flew to an apogee of 88 km in 1959. ... An experiment into spider webs in space was conducted in 1973 aboard Skylab involving two spiders called Arabella and Anita, two females of the cross variety. ...

References

1. ^ The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946-1952. History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
2. ^ V-2 Firing Tables. White Sands Missile Range. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
3. ^ Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; James M. Grimwood and Charles C. Alexander (1989). MR-2: Ham Paves the Way. This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. NASA. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
4. ^ Gray, Tara (1998). Animals in Space. NASA History Division. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
5. ^ Timeline: China's space quest. CNN (2004-01-06). Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
6. ^ Brown, Irene. "Shuttle worms found alive", United Press International, 2003-04-30. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 
7. ^ Antczak, John. "NLV firm launches Genesis II", Las Vegas Review-Journal, 2007-06-27. Retrieved on 2007-06-30. 
8. ^ Chen, Maijinn. "Life in a Box", BigelowAerospace.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. 

• McDowell, Jonathan (2000-01-26). The History of Spaceflight: Nonhuman astronauts. The History of Spaceflight. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
• L. W. Fraser and E. H. Siegler, High Altitude Research Using the V-2 Rocket, March 1946-April 1947 (Johns Hopkins University, Bumblebee Series Report No. 8, July 1948), p. 90.
• Kenneth W. Gatland, Development of the Guided Missile (London and New York, 1952), p. 188
• Capt. David G. Simons, Use of V-2 Rocket to Convey Primate to Upper Atmosphere (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, AF Technical Report 5821, May 1949), p. 1.
• Lloyd Mallan, Men, Rockets, and Space Rats (New York, 1955), pp. 84-93.
• Dr. James P. Henry, et al, "Animal Studies of the Subgravity State during Rocket Flight," Journal of Aviation Medicine, Vol. 23, pp. 421-432 (October, 1952)

For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), formerly known as the White Sands Proving Grounds, is located in Otero County, New Mexico, mostly in the Tularosa Basin, a valley between the Organ Mountains, San Andres Mountains and the Sacramento Mountains of the U.S. state of New Mexico, it includes the northern... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Front of UPI Headquarters, Washington, D.C. “UPI” redirects here. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• History of chimpanzees in U.S. air and space research
• History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics (nasa)
• One Small Step: The Story of the Space Chimps. Documentary on History of Primates Used in Space Travel