Anisakis pegreffii Anisakis physeteris Anisakis schupakovi Anisakis simplex Anisakis simplex Anisakis typica Anisakis ziphidarum 

Anisakis is a genus of parasitic nematodes, which have a life cycle involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause Anisakiasis, and fish which have been infected with Anisakis spp. can produce an anaphylactic reaction in people who have become sensitized to Immunoglobulin E. Karl Asmund Rudolphi (b. ... Scientific classification - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ... See genus (mathematics) for the use of the term in mathematics. ... A parasite is an organism that lives in or on the living tissue of a host organism at the expense of it. ... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ... Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus, the most abundant fish species in the world. ... A marine mammal is a mammal that is primarily ocean-dwelling or depends on the ocean for its food. ... Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody from the gamma class of globulin blood proteins. ...

Life cycle

Anisakis spp. have a complex life cycle which passes through a number of hosts through the course of its life. Eggs hatch in sea water and larvae are eaten by crustaceans, usually Euphausids. The infected crustacean is eaten by a fish or squid. The nematode burrows into the wall of the gut and encysts in a protective coat, usually on the outside of the visceral organs, but occasionally in the muscle or beneath the skin. The life cycle is completed when an infected fish is eaten by a marine mammal, such as a whale or dolphin. The nematode excysts in the intestine, feeds, grows, mates and releases eggs into the sea water in the hosts faeces. As the gut of a marine mammal is functionally very similar to that of a human, Anisakis spp. are able to infect humans who eat raw or undercooked fish. The diversity of the genus has increased greatly over the past 20 years, with the advent of modern genetic techniques in species identification. It has been discovered that each final host species is home to its own biochemically and genetically identifiable sibling species of Anisakisspp., which is reproductively isolated. This finding has allowed the proportion of different sibling species in a fish to be used as an indicator of population identity in fish stocks. Life cycle refers to: Biological life cycle New product development Honeybee life cycle This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Larvae are the plural of larva, juvenile form of animals with indirect development. ... Binomial name Euphausia superba Dana, 1850 Krill is the Norwegian word for whale food. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and... A cyst is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a cavity or structure of the body. ... In mammalian anatomy, the viscera are the internal organs of the body, in particular the stomach and intestines. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. ... Model of the layers of human skin In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system; which is composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. ... Whales are the largest species of exclusively aquatic placental mammals, members of the order Cetacea, which also includes dolphins and porpoises. ... Genera See article below. ... Feces (also spelled faeces in British English, or fæces) are semi-solid waste products from an animal digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ... Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of and in living nature. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Scientific classification - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

Morphology

A scanning electron micrograph of the mouthparts of Anisakis simplex

Anisakids share the common features of all nematodes; the vermiform body plan, round in cross section and a lack of segmentation. The body cavity is reduced to a narrow pseudocoelom. The mouth located anteriorly, and surrounded by projections used in feeding and sensation, with the anus slightly offset from the posterior. The epidermis secretes a layered cuticle that protects the body from digestive juices. Vermiform is an adjective meaning worm-like. ... Cross section may refer to the following In geometry, Cross section is the intersection of a 3-dimensional body with a plane. ... Segmentation is a general term for the division or partition of something into separate pieces or segments. ... A pseudocoelom is a body cavity that surrounds the tissue of the endoderm layer of the cell. ... The mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity, is the opening through which an animal or human takes in food. ... In zootomy, several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ... Male Anatomy The anus, in anatomy, is the external opening of the rectum. ... In zootomy, several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ... Epidermis could refer to: In plants, the outermost layer of cells covering the leaves and young parts of a plant, see plant dermal tissue system. ... In botany the cuticle is the waxy covering produced by the epidermal cells of leaves to protect the plant from excessive water loss. ...

As with all parasites with a complex life cycle involving a number of hosts, details of the morphology vary depending on the host and stage of life cycle which it is in. In the stage which infects fish, Anisakis are found in a distinctive watch-spring coil shape. They are roughly 2cm long when uncoiled. When in the final host, Anisakids are longer, thicker and more sturdy, to deal with the hazardous environment of a mammalian gut. Life cycle refers to: Biological life cycle New product development Honeybee life cycle This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Anisakid larvae in the body cavity of a herring (Clupea harengus)

Health implications

Anisakids pose a risk to human health in two ways: through infection with worms from the eating of under-processed fish, and though allergic reactions to chemicals left by the worms in fish flesh.

Anisakiasis

Anisakiasis is the disease caused by infection with Anisakis worms. It is frequently reported in areas of the world where fish is consumed raw, lightly pickled or salted. The areas of highest prevalence are Scandinavia(from cod livers), Japan (after eating sushi and sashimi), Holland (by eating infected fermented herrings (Maatjes)), and along the Pacific coast of South America (from eating ceviche). Heating to 60°C, or freezing to below -20°C is an effective method of killing Anisakids. Scandinavia is the cultural and historic region of the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... Species Gadus morhua Gadus macrocephalus Gadus ogac This article is about codfish; for other meanings, see COD. Cod is the common name for the genus Gadus of fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety of other fishes. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ... Sushi variations with Kanji names behind. ... Sashimi (Japanese: 刺身 / Korean: 회 hoe) is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of the freshest seafoods thinly sliced served with only a dipping sauce (like soy sauce with wasabi, or ponzu sauce) and a simple garnish like shredded daikon radish. ... This article is about the region in the Netherlands. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Peruvian ceviche Ceviche (or cebiche) is the most famous dish of Peru. ...

Allergic reactions

Even when throroughly cooked Anisakis pose a health risk to humans. Anisakids (and related species such as the sealworm, Pseudoterranova spp., and the codworm Hysterothylacium aduncum) release a number of biochemicals into the surrounding tissues when they infect a fish. They are also often consumed whole, accidentally, inside a fillet of fish. Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. ...

People who are sensitized to nematodes can have severe anaphylactic reactions after eating fish which have been infected with Anisakis spp. This is often confused with a fish or shellfish allergy, as the allergenic components of Anisakids are difficult to test for and are often produce a reaction in tests for other allergens.

References

Akbar A. & Ghosh, H. (2005) Anisakiasis - a neglected diagnosis in the West. Dig Liver Dis. 37(1):7-9.

Lorenzo S, Iglesias R, Leiro J, Ubeira FM, Ansotegui I, Garcia M & Fernandez de Corres L. (2000) Usefulness of currently available methods for the diagnosis of Anisakis simplex allergy. Allergy 55:627-33

Mattiucci S., Nascetti G., Tortini E., Ramadori L., Abaunza P. & Paggi L.(2000) Composition and structure of metazoan parasitic communities of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) from Mediterranean and Atlantic waters: stock implications. Parassitologia, 42 (Suppl. 1): 176-186

Orecchia P, Paggi L, Mattiucci S, Smith JW, Nascetti G & Bullini L. (1986) Electrophoretic identification of larvae and adults of Anisakis (Ascaridida:Anisakidae). J Helminthol. 60(4):331-9

External links

• CDC page on Anisakiasis (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Anisakiasis.htm)

• Endoscopy video of Anisakiasis (http://dave1.mgh.harvard.edu/ViewFilms.cfm?film_id=220)

• HAACP analysis of risk of Anisakis infected foods (http://www.food-micro.nl/Pathogenen/parasiten/anisakis_simplex.htm)